Rejection Values Research Articles

The use of petroleum derivative mixtures as bridging liquid for oil agglomeration of lignite coal

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to investigate the use of mixtures of petroleum derivatives as bridging liquids for oil agglomeration of Sivas/Gemerek lignite coal. The study investigated the effect of various physical process parameters, such as type and dosage of bridging liquid, pulp pH, pulp density, agglomeration time, and coal particle size. Oil agglomeration experiments were evaluated along with yield, organic matter recovery and ash rejection values. The optimum conditions for agglomeration were found as follows: adding engine oil (0w-30) as a bridging liquid at a dosage of 30%, maintaining a pulp pH of 2, using a pulp density of 3.6% w/w, agglomerating for 25 minutes, and using coal particles with a size of −500 µm. Under these optimum oil agglomeration conditions, a yield of 85.4%, an organic matter recovery of 94.1% and an ash rejection of 51.6% were obtained. Under the optimum oil agglomeration conditions achieved, the ash content of the Sivas/Gemerek lignite coal was reduced from 19.1% to 15.5% level.

Investigation of the water treatment performance of cyclodextrin functionalized-graphene oxide incorporated new generation nanoporous polymeric composite membranes

It is of great importance to meet the need for clean and usable water in the world, which is one of the main priority issues of the European Foresight Platform action plan, and to improve and develop existing technologies in this regard. Membrane technology is one of the most used technologies in water treatment, which can be easily and economically modernized. In this study, we aimed to eliminate some disadvantages that affect the performance and cost of membranes, such as physical/chemical stability and contamination of the surface, by incorporating cyclodextrin derivatives (x-CDs, x: α,β,γ) functionalized reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Membrane performance studies such as contamination tests using water permeability, bovine serum albumin (BSA), flux, and arsenic (As) removal in the table-top pilot system were examined and compared for each composite membrane prepared at different rates. The results showed that the salt rejection values were ranked as Na2SO4 > NaCl> MgSO4 > MgCl2 according to the salt type and it increased depending on the amount of substance. Besides, the arsenate removal studies were performed with the prepared membranes and it was observed that a maximum of 87.6% of the As was removed from the groundwater sample obtained from the Emet (Kütahya/Turkey) district.

The effect of pretreatment and the operating temperature on reverse osmosis in make-up water preparation

Raw water cannot be used directly to compensate for water losses in power plants. Thus, a series of technological steps are required to produce ultra-pure water from fresh- or seawater. This study recommends using a proper pretreatment consisting of two-steps of microfiltration, ultrafiltration and nanofiltration. Desalination was carried out using two stages of reverse osmosis. The effect of increasing feed temperature from 25 °C to 48 °C on the second stage of reverse osmosis was studied and showed an exponential increase in flux and permeability, and reduced operation time. For freshwater, no temperature effect was observed on rejection in this temperature range; however, the highest rejection values calculated based on conductivity were observed at a 40 % recovery at all temperatures in seawater (96.6 % and 97.6 % at 48 and 25 °C, respectively). As a result of the multiparameter evaluation using the ranking method for the second reverse osmosis stage, 36 °C is found to be the optimum temperature.

Cut-off conjugated diene values for rejection of vegetable oils

To determine the cut-off conjugated diene values for rejection of oleic, oleic-linoleic, and linolenic groups of vegetable oils, kinetics of change in the conjugated diene (CDV) and carbonyl (CV) values of olive, sunflower, and canola oils were investigated over oxidations at 60 °C and 90 °C. With respect to the cut-off CVs for sensory (24 μmol g−1) and toxicological (41 μmol g−1) rejections of edible fats and oils, the CDVs at the induction periods (IP) of the oils studied at 60 °C were adopted as the cut-off values for rejection purposes. The cut-off CDVs for discarding the oils were calculated to be 9.0, 13.5, and 13.0 μmol g−1 for the olive, sunflower, and canola oils, respectively. Moreover, the ratio between IP and CV at IP (OPIC, h g μmol−1) provided a more comprehensive measure than each one alone to show the higher oxidative stability of the olive oil (36.2 and 2.95 at 60 °C and 90 °C, respectively) than the canola (16.6 and 2.21 at 60 °C and 90 °C, respectively) and sunflower (8.72 and 1.67 at 60 °C and 90 °C, respectively) oils.

Hydrophilicity and surface charge modulation of Ti3C2T x MXene based membranes for water desalination.

Lamellar membranes obtained by stacking 2D layers possess ample transport pathways due to their intricate network of interlayer gaps. This makes them suitable for molecular separation applications. However, controlling the surface chemistry of the nanochannels within the membrane to tune the desired transport properties of water and ions is challenging. Ti3C2T x has been considered for water desalination because of its hydrophilic surface and negative surface charge. Most of the studies of Ti3C2T x membranes have presented promising salt rejection values in forward osmosis mode, which is less practical for water purification. Here, we investigate two types of reverse osmosis MXene-based lamellar membranes consisting of Ti3C2T x nanosheets hybridized with (i) WS2 nanosheets and (ii) polyvinyl phosphonic acid (PVPA). When hydrophilic and flexible Ti3C2T x nanosheets are interleaved with softer and more hydrophobic WS2 nanosheets in 2 : 1 mass ratio, nano capillaries with Janus chemistry are created with comparable rejection to bare Ti3C2T x membrane and threefold higher permeance values. Further, we find that decorating Ti3C2T x nanosheets with anionic polymers improves salt rejection. Our Ti3C2T x /PVPA composite membranes reject ∼97% of divalent ions and ∼80% of monovalent ions with ∼0.2 Lm-2 h-1 bar-1 of water permeance when tested with brackish water, and exhibit significantly improved chlorine resistance and cost benefits over the commercial Toray membranes.

Effect of hydrophobized PET TeMs membrane pore-size on saline water treatment by direct contact membrane distillation.

This paper describes the desalination process by membrane distillation (MD) using track-etched membranes (TeMs). Hydrophobic track-etched membranes based on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET TeMs) with pore diameters from 700 to 1300 nm were prepared by UV-initiated graft polymerization of lauryl methacrylate (LMA) inside the nanochannels. Modified PET TeMs were investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and contact wetting angle (CA) measurements. Hydrophobic PET TeMs were tested for treating saline solutions of different concentrations by the direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) method. The influence of membrane pore diameter and salt solution concentration on the water flux and rejection degree were investigated. Membranes with CA 94 ± 4° were tested in the direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) of 7.5-30 g L-1 saline solution. Hydrophobic membranes with large pore sizes showed water fluxes in the range of 1.88 to 11.70 kg m-2 h-1 with salt rejection values of up to 91.4%.

Dewatering poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) hydrogels by ammonium bicarbonate for desalination

Charged hydrogels can swell in salty water, while a portion of salt ions are repelled by the fixed charged groups in the hydrogels. This characteristic of charged hydrogels grants them with excellent potential for desalination. Attributed to their high osmotic pressure, hydrogels can absorb large amounts of water. Conversely, when a swollen hydrogel is exposed to an environment with higher osmotic pressure, it releases absorbed water, yielding comparatively dilute product water. In this study, ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3), which can be regenerated and recycled by waste heat, was introduced to provide high osmotic pressure to dewater swollen poly (acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) (PAAM) hydrogels. A water recovery of nearly 48 % and a salt rejection of 58 % were obtained for 0.85 g/L NaCl solutions. Even in real well water (~1.3 g/L NaCl), the hydrogel-NH4HCO3 system recovered 43 % of water and rejected 56 % of salt. Moreover, this method proved to be chemically gentle with regards to the hydrogel composition and stability; observations showed consistent water recovery and salt rejection values across >20 cycles. The mechanisms behind the dewatering and desalination process were elucidated through the calculation of osmotic pressure and Donnan ion distribution, offering valuable insights for the future utilization of hydrogels in desalination applications.

Low-cost photocatalytic membrane modified with green heterojunction TiO2/ZnO nanoparticles prepared from waste

The combination of photocatalysis and membrane procedures represents a promising approach for water treatment. This study utilized green synthesis methods to produce TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) using Pomegranate extract and ZnO nanoparticles using Tangerine extract. These nanoparticles were then incorporated into a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) nanocomposite photocatalytic membrane. Different devices were used to examine the properties of nanocomposite membranes. The prepared membranes' morphology was examined using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The hydrophilicity of the membrane surface was assessed through the measurement of contact angle, while the crystal structure and chemical bonding were analyzed using Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The study also encompassed an examination of the mechanical properties. The hydrophilicity of the modified membrane exhibited a significant improvement. Additionally, there was an observed increase in both the pure water flux and rejection values. The photocatalytic activity of the membrane was found to be enhanced when exposed to sunlight as compared to when kept in the dark. The TiO2/ZnO nanocomposites membrane exhibited the highest level of photocatalytic degradation, achieving a rejection rate of 98.7% compared to the unmodified membrane. Therefore, it was determined that the TiO2/ZnO nanocomposites membrane exhibited superior performance to the other membranes assessed. The potential utility of our research lies in its application within the water treatment industry, specifically as an effective technique for modifying PVC membranes.

The Removal of Potassium Phosphate using Ceramic Nanofiltration

In the current study, the separation and rejection behavior of potassium phosphate salt using NF membrane was studied theoretically and experimentally. The extended Nernst Planck equation was used to describe the NF separation behavior by using silver frost programming language using the version FTN95 model. Besides the modeling; an experimental work was done by preparing K3PO4 solution at concentration of 0.1 and 0.4 M. Where the rejections of K1+ and PO43- ions were obtain at different TMP values ranging between 1 to 5 bars. From theoretical results, it was noticed that the best rejection of K1+ and PO43- ions where at a volumetric fluxes ranging between was 2.5E-06 to 5E-07 m³/m².sec. Experimental results should that the rejection value for of PO43- ions increased as the concentration decreased and TMP increased; which is supported by the theoretical results. In the case of K1+ ion; the higher rejection values as the concentration increased and TMP increased

Modelling and Research on Intuitionistic Fuzzy Goal-Based Attack and Defence Game for Infrastructure Networks.

Network attack and defence games are gradually becoming a new approach through which to study the protection of infrastructure networks such as power grids and transportation networks. Uncertainty factors, such as the subjective decision preferences of attackers and defenders, are not considered in existing attack and defence game studies for infrastructure networks. In this paper, we introduce, respectively, the attacker's and defender's expectation value, rejection value, and hesitation degree of the target, as well as construct an intuitionistic fuzzy goal-based attack and defence game model for infrastructure networks that are based on the maximum connectivity slice size, which is a network performance index. The intuitionistic fuzzy two-player, zero-sum game model is converted into a linear programming problem for solving, and the results are analysed to verify the applicability and feasibility of the model proposed in this paper. Furthermore, different situations, such as single-round games and multi-round repeated games, are also considered. The experimental results show that, when attacking the network, the attacker rarely attacks the nodes with higher importance in the network, but instead pays more attention to the nodes that are not prominent in the network neutrality and median; meanwhile, the defender is more inclined to protect the more important nodes in the network to ensure the normal performance of the network.

Pioneering Biofouling Resistant PES UF Membrane with MnFe2O4/g-C3N4 Nanocomposite: Insight into Mechanisms and Fouling Dynamics

The advancement of ultrafiltration (UF) membranes with minimal biofouling ability and outstanding performance is essential for effective water treatment. This study reports the synthesis of graphitic carbon nitride modified with manganese ferrite to produce MnFe2O4/g-C3N4 nanocomposite by thermal treatment and co-precipitation methods. Textural and morphological characterizations confirmed the successful deposition of MnFe2O4 particles on g-C3N4 surface. Polyethersulfone (PES) membranes were constructed containing MnFe2O4/g-C3N4 nanofiller of varying loading (0.5–3 wt.%). The MnFe2O4/g-C3N4/PES membranes executed enhanced physicochemical properties with increasing nanofiller content. Filtration and rejection experiments using pure water, humic acid (HA), and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were performed to evaluate the membranes performance. The M−2 (2 wt.% of MnFe2O4/g-C3N4) membrane revealed the maximum pure water permeability (351.4 LMH), three folds better than the bare membrane. The modified membrane displayed excellent anti-biofouling capabilities, with up to 64 % and 76 % increase in HA and BSA fluxes, respectively and high rejection values (96.5 % HA; 97.2 % BSA). The M−2 membrane demonstrated high flux recovery ratios of 91.1 % for HA and 88.8 % for BSA. The long-term filtration and pH-stability studies suggested exceptional longevity, reusability and efficiency of the membranes, under normal and harsh conditions. Overall, the MnFe2O4/g-C3N4 nanocomposite was regarded as an effective filler for materializing the permeability and anti-biofouling performance of PES-based membranes.

Fabrication and Characterization of PSf/GO-SiO2 Membranes as Filtration of Detergent Contaminated Water

The increasing use of detergents in daily life can cause environmental pollution. So, to solve the problem, membrane technology is suitable to reduce various pollution from water. Graphene Oxide (GO) and SiO2 are very much of concern and have been studied in recent years because they can change many characteristics of materials and can expand the range of applications in membrane manufacturing. So, this study aims to analyze the results of PSf/GO-SiO2 membrane fabrication by phase inversion method and analyze the results of PSf/GO-SiO2 membrane performance as detergent polluted water filtration. In GO synthesis using Hummer’s method, GO-SiO2 composite synthesis using Tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) in-situ hydrolysis method, and PSf/GO-SiO2 membrane fabrication using the phase inversion method. So, it is concluded that the PSf/GO-SiO2 membrane fabrication has been successfully carried out, as indicated by the SEM results; with the increasing presence of SiO2, the membrane pore size is getting bigger. For the performance of the PSf/GO-SiO2 membrane with UV-Vis test, the results showed that the flux value of the PSf; PSf/GO and PSf/GO-SiO2 (0.6) membranes was 119.58 L/m2.h; 140.35 L/m2.h and 157.79 L/m2.h respectively. In line with the results of the membrane rejection values are 95.22%, 97.68%, and 98.55%, respectively. The membrane with the best performance in the filtration of detergent-polluted water is the PSf/GO-SiO2 (0.6) membrane. The presence of SiO2 in the membrane causes a higher flux value because the larger membrane pore size influences it, so the PSf/GO-SiO2 membrane can be used to filtrate detergent-contaminated water.

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ ПО ОЦЕНКЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ СВОЙСТВ МОТОРНОГО МАСЛА БЕЗ И С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ ОПЕРАЦИИ ПРОМЫВКИ СИСТЕМЫ СМАЗКИ ДВИГАТЕЛЯ ТРАКТОРА

The results of studies assessing the properties of oils for removing contaminants from the lubrication system during routine replacement of motor oils in tractor engines are presented. It has been established that when used motor oil is drained, some of the contaminants remain in the lubrication system and negatively affect both engine operation and the service life of freshly filled motor oil. Dependences of changes in the content of mechanical impurities, tar deposits, alkaline and acid numbers on operating time were obtained. It has been established that the alkaline number of the oil during the engine operating period can decrease from 8.7 mg KOH/g to 2.0 mg KOH/g and reach the rejection value by 250 hours of oil operation in the engine. The influence of the operation of flushing the lubrication system with Lukoil mineral-based flushing oil in MTZ-1221 tractor engines is considered. The flushing operation made it possible to reduce the accumulation of impurities by 20...30% over the same operating period and to reduce the accumulation of tar deposits in the engine oil from 9.8% to 0.7%. Removing contaminants from the lubrication system reduces the consumption of additives, their waste in motor oils, and precipitation along with contaminants. For an operating period of 250 hours, the alkaline number content was 4.9 mg KOH/g, while over the same operating period without flushing the lubrication system it approached the rejection value. Removing contaminants stabilizes the change in oil acid number. In general, it is noted that carrying out the operation of flushing the lubrication system of tractor engines can improve their performance and increase the service life of the engine oil before it is replaced.

Preparation and performance evaluation of Polycarbonate/Polysulfone blend membranes for removal of Bovine serum albumin from water

ABSTRACT Blend membranes of polycarbonate and polysulfone were studied for removal of bovine serum albumin (BSA) from water. The membranes were prepared by blending (1–10) wt.% of polysulfone with polycarbonate and then non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) of blend solutions. Structural analysis, thermal and tensile properties, water uptake, porosity, water contact angle, and morphological studies were conducted. Water treatment performance of membranes were tested in a crossflow system in terms of pure water flux, rejection, and fouling. BSA rejection value was improved from 85.65% to 92.88% for polycarbonate membrane in the presence of 10 wt.% polysulfone.

Fabrication of negatively charged nanofiltration membrane of modified polystyrene intercalated graphene oxide for pervaporation desalination

Polystyrene intercalated graphene oxide (GO) membranes with and without sulfonation were successfully prepared for pervaporation desalination applications. The membrane was deposited on nylon support and linked with Zn2+ (c) as a crosslinker. To improve membrane performance, modification of polystyrene via sulfonation was also carried out to convert polystyrene (PS) into polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSSA). The interlayer spacing (d-spacing), hydrophilicity, and stability were observed as the membrane characteristics which greatly influenced the desalination performance. Experimental results show that intercalation of GO with PS and PSSA increases the interlayer spacing and membrane stability. The addition of PS decreased the hydrophilicity of the membrane, while the addition of PSSA increased the hydrophilicity. Calculations for optimizing desalination using Central Composite Design (CCD) on c-PSSA-GO/Nylon membranes show that the optimum temperature and time can be achieved at 57 °C and 71 min. The c-PSSA-GO/Nylon membrane showed the best results with a NaCl rejection value of > 99% and a water flux of 15.56 ± 0.6 kg m-2h−1, which was applied to 1% NaCl feed. The c-PSSA-GO/Nylon membrane also shows consistent NaCl rejection and water flux when applied for an extended period. So, the c-PSSA-GO/Nylon membrane has excellent potential for pervaporation desalination.

Acrylonitrile-Acrylic Acid Copolymer Ultrafiltration Membranes for Selective Asphaltene Removal from Crude Oil.

In this study, ultrafiltration membranes were developed via a nonsolvent-induced phase separation method for the removal of asphaltenes from crude oil. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and acrylonitrile copolymers with acrylic acid were used as membrane materials. Copolymerizing acrylonitrile with acrylic acid resulted in an improvement in the fouling resistance of the membranes. The addition of 10% of acrylic acid to the polymer chain decreases the water contact angle from 71° to 43°, reducing both the total fouling and irreversible fouling compared to membranes made from a PAN homopolymer. The obtained membranes with a pore size of 32-55 nm demonstrated a pure toluene permeance of 84.8-130.4 L/(m2·h·bar) and asphaltene rejection from oil/toluene solutions (100 g/L) of 33-95%. An analysis of the asphaltene rejection values revealed that the addition of acrylic acid increases the rejection values in comparison to PAN membranes with the same pore size. Our results suggest that the acrylonitrile-acrylic acid copolymer ultrafiltration membranes have promising potential for the efficient removal of asphaltenes from crude oil.

Center variability in the prognostic value of a cumulative acute cellular rejection “A-score” for long-term lung transplant outcomes

The acute rejection score (A-score) in lung transplant recipients, calculated as the average of acute cellular rejection A-grades across transbronchial biopsies, summarizes the cumulative burden of rejection over time. We assessed the association between A-score and transplant outcomes in 2 geographically distinct cohorts. The primary cohort included 772 double lung transplant recipients. The analysis was repeated in 300 patients from an independent comparison cohort. Time-dependent multivariable Cox models were constructed to evaluate the association between A-score and chronic lung allograft dysfunction or graft failure. Landmark analyses were performed with A-score calculated at 6 and 12 months posttransplant. In the primary cohort, no association was found between A-score and graft outcome. However, in the comparison cohort, time-dependent A-score was associated with chronic lung allograft dysfunction both as a time-dependent variable (hazard ratio, 1.51; P < .01) and when calculated at 6 months posttransplant (hazard ratio, 1.355; P = .031). The A-score can be a useful predictor of lung transplant outcomes in some settings but is not generalizable across all centers; its utility as a prognostication tool is therefore limited.

Rejection of perfluoroalkyl acids by nanofiltration and reverse osmosis in a high-recovery closed-circuit membrane filtration system

Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), especially perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), have garnered broad attention due to their near ubiquitous presence in environmental and biological matrices, recalcitrant nature, and reported negative human health impacts. Processes using high-pressure membranes such as reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) have been investigated as PFAA treatment technologies due to their ability to separate dissolved solutes such as inorganic ions, and small molecular weight organic compounds. The major drawback associated with high-pressure membranes is management of the concentrate stream produced during treatment. As a result, high recovery membrane system configurations have been developed with the goal of minimizing volume of concentrate requiring disposal. In the context of PFAS treatment, high-recovery membrane applications may be beneficial; PFAS residuals could be concentrated allowing advantages in terms of disposal, e.g., more effective application of PFAS destruction technologies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the PFAA rejection performance of commercially available high-pressure membranes in a pilot-scale closed-circuit membrane filtration (CCMF) system. The rejection of nine PFAAs by four spiral wound membrane products spanning characteristics ranging from loose NF to seawater RO was investigated during and through two closed-circuit sequences each operating up to 97% recovery. Mechanisms of PFAA rejection including steric and electrostatic exclusion were investigated through analysis of generated data, and ionic strength experiments. Additionally, short-term foulant accumulation during CCMF and normalized energy analysis were performed by monitoring the calculated temperature corrected specific flux (TCSF) and design software simulations, respectively. Results from this study demonstrate that tight NF and RO membranes are effective for separating and concentrating PFAAs during high recovery CCMF operation. During CCMF sequences to 97% water recovery, the NF90, CR100, and SW30 membranes evaluated exhibited overall rejection values of > 98.3% for the PFAAs quantified in this study. The loose NF membrane element investigated (NF270) exhibited the lowest PFAA rejection performance during the high recovery experiments, particularly at water recoveries > 90%. Diminished PFAA rejection performance of the NF270 is likely a result of both steric and electrostatic exclusion being significant separation mechanisms. Feed water amended with sodium sulfate yielded lower rejection for PFAAs by the NF270 compared to unamended feed water supporting the hypothesis that that high recovery CCMF operation may negatively impact PFAS rejection by loose NF membranes, particularly membranes that rely on electrostatic exclusion for separation of anions.

Improvement of salt rejection efficiency of cellulose acetate membrane through modification by poly(amidoamine) dendrimer-functionalized graphene oxide

In this work, the grafting method using graphene oxide (GO) - poly(amidoamine) dendrimer (PAMAM) nanocomposite as filler for the functionalization of cellulose acetate membrane is reported. Here, cellulose acetate membrane incorporated by nanocomposite in the polymer solution was prepared through the phase inversion technique. The effect of embedding GO-PAMAM on the characterization properties and rejection performance was studied. The results of zeta potential, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), contact angle measurements, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) established successful modification. Based on the data found, adding the filler improves membrane properties. Loading of 1.00 wt% of GO/PAMAM was found to be the optimized amount of the filler in the membrane processing with the highest porosity (74%), antifouling behavior (88%), reversible fouling ratio (45.71%), and the least contact angle (∼40°). Hence, the rejection and permeability tests of the prepared membrane were examined by Na2SO4 (98.40%), NaCl (52%), and MgCl2 (57%) solutions through a lab dead-end cell. According to the results, the value of salt rejection established more permeability and rejection than neat cellulose acetate membrane.

Characterization of Cellulose Acetate Membrane from Nutmeg Shells

The membrane is a semipermeable selective thin layer that is used as a barrier between two phases, the feed phase and the permeate phase. Several studies have been carried out on the synthesis of cellulose acetate membranes, but research on cellulose acetate membranes from nutmeg shell waste is still rare. Therefore, the characterization of cellulose acetate membrane from a nutmeg shell was conducted. This study aims to characterize cellulose acetate membranes from nutmeg shells using the phase inversion method with variations in the weight of cellulose acetate 0.1 and 0.2 grams. The plasticizers used are polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and dope solution. Characterization was carried out in thickness, tensile strength, morphology by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), functional groups, membrane permeability, rejection value, degree of swelling, and membrane standards. The results obtained for good morphological characterization were found in membranes number 2 and 4, the value of rejection and flux on membrane number 2 (t = 1 minute) was 31.1%, and the flux value was 4.6 L/m2.h for membrane number 3 (t) (t = 3 minutes) 31.6% and the flux value was 0.3 L/m2 per hour. The good thickness and strength of the membrane are found in the number 1 membrane, with a thickness of 0.11 mm and tensile strength of 3.06 MPa. Swelling degree and suitable membranes are found in membrane number 1, 59.52%, and 32.2%, respectively. The functional groups contained in the FTIR spectrum include the C – H group, which is located in the wave number range of 2959.79 cm-1, C = O is located at 1722.06 cm-1, C –O acetyl is located at 1271.04 cm-1 and C – O stretching is located at 1072.13 cm-1, and the presence of a PVC group is located at 742.12 cm-1. The conclusion is that membrane number 1 is good for further application.