Value Of International Trade Research Articles

Labour-Market Developments at a Time of Heightened Uncertainty

These are testing times for labour-market policies in Indonesia. The country faces two major challenges in an unpredictable international and domestic environment: providing people with better, more secure jobs and raising productivity to help raise living standards and reduce poverty. Over the past several months, new global and domestic threats to economic growth have emerged and may hinder progress in jobs and productivity. In the longer term, the government is searching for new strategies to increase productivity, with a focus on supply-side investments in skills and training. In relation to events abroad, uncertainty has increased over the early initiatives taken by the new US president and his nationalist administration, such as the scuttling of the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade deal. At home, likely to be of some significance for economic policy are mass actions that were levelled against Jakarta’s governor but de facto also directed against the government. In the medium term, our assessment of the record of the Joko Widodo (Jokowi) government on the labour market is mixed. Over the past two years, growth has been slower than under the previous administration and hence job creation has also been muted. The experience of a handful of countries in Asia suggests that the government might have done more to stimulate economic growth and create jobs. The disappointing performance of manufacturing stands out. Yet inflation has fallen and the slide in the value of international trade—both exports and imports—has reversed in recent months. Improved fiscal management and a generally successful tax amnesty are other pluses. There was also an unexpected but considerable fall in unemployment in 2015–16, according to labour-force statistics. Some policies, such as the new approach to minimum wages, seem to have had beneficial effects for both business and the economy, and Indonesia has done well in some international rankings, such as the World Bank’s Ease of Doing Business index. However, the picture for the medium to longer term seems less bright for the labour market. There has been much talk about raising productivity by improving skills through government support for investment in training and apprenticeships, as well as by expanding vocational training along the lines of the German model. Expanding tourism is seen as one solution to the lack of employment for young secondary- and tertiary-educated jobseekers. But we have an impression of policy-making on the run; often, the argument for government intervention has not been made clearly enough. We argue that Indonesia still lacks a coherent, well-thought-out plan to increase jobs and productivity.

СПРИЯННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНИХ ЛОГІСТИЧНИХ ПОСЛУГ В МІЖНАРОДНІЙ ТОРГІВЛІ

The role that trade logistics influence son volume and value of international trade and the extent to which poor quality logistics constitute a barrier to trade are determined. Analyzed various impacts of logistics quality, infrastructure and customs procedure son transportation costs. This study confirms strong impact of logistics quality on trade according the World Bank’s Logistics Performance Index. Improvement the quality of logistics services is associated with trade growth and exports. Building capacity to connect to global logistic networks of firms, suppliers and consumers is a primary issue in development of international trade where predictability and reliability become even more important than costs.

Sensitivity and trend analysis of carbon emissions embodied in China's international trade with input-output technique and nonhomogeneous exponential growth model

This paper provides a quantitative analysis of the sensitivity, amount, and the development trend of carbon emissions embodied in China's international trade. With the input-output technique, nonhomogeneous exponential growth model, and carbon transmission-relative data, the following conclusions were drawn: (a) The total (direct and indirect) carbon intensity of each industrial sector was measured. Of all the 27 industrial sectors, Production and Supply of Electric Power and Heat Power ranks first. Because of the large consumption of electric power by nearly all the industrial sectors, encouraging the electric power sectors to utilize non-fossil energy (especially wind and photovoltaics), to improve the generation efficiency, and to import electric power overseas is crucial for decreasing the overall level of China's carbon intensity. (b) The amount of carbon transmission embodied in exports and imports of each industrial sector was also measured. Owing to its enormous international trade values, the sector of Manufacture of Electrical Machinery and Equipment ranks first, with absolute predominance in both exports and imports. Adjusting China's industrial policy to decrease the net export of this sector would significantly reduce the amount of net carbon transmission in the country. (c) The future net carbon transmission of each industrial sector was forecasted. Trend analysis indicates that changes in the overall international trade situation would cause the carbon transmission amount embodied in exports in China to become less than that embodied in imports since 2015.

Interdependence of international trade and investment flows in the post-crisis period

The world economy was characterized by the continuous increase of international trade and international investments flows in the second half of the twentieth century and by intertwining of these flows especially in the period after 1990s. The aim of the paper is to show that there are mutual relationship, interconnection and intertwining of international trade flows and investment flows in the post-crisis period as well as in the period before the 2008 crisis. The post-crisis period has brought the recovery of both international trade flows and international investment flows and their higher levels. These developments haven't changed the fact that, the same as in the period before the crisis, international trade flows continue to perform increasingly more through investments flows, that is through foreign affiliates' sales, then through classic, cross-border trade. The sales through foreign affiliates remain the main channel of international trading. In this situation, only the approach that means the new coverage implementation of international trade flows will lead us to the real international trade values and international trade picture. If we look for the impetus and drivers of the economic growth in trade and investments flows, then we must take into account the connection and intertwining of these two types of flows in order to have a real picture of them and make adequate decisions in the field of investment, trade and economic policy.

Keynes and the International Monetary System: Time for a Tabular Standard?

This paper discusses the proposals for a tabular standard in the late 19th and early 20th century, as the gold standard unraveled. In particular, we focus on Keynes’ use of the tabular standard in his own international monetary proposals and consider how sympathetic he was to this idea of linking the value of an international reserve currency to a broad index of primary commodities, weighted in terms of their value in international trade. We argue that such a tabular standard was Keynes’ ideal long run vision for anchoring the international monetary system, even post Bretton Woods.

Influence of International Trade Flows on International Trade in Logistic Services in Macedonia

Analyzing relations between international trade of goods and international trade in logistic services has always been a challenge for researchers. Most of the studies point their focus on the impact of logistic services on international trade flows as these services are considered as an important factor for international competitiveness improvement of an economy. It must be kept in mind that there is a mutual interaction between international trade and logistic sector development. Volume and intensity of international trade of goods also has an impact on international trade in logistic services. Therefore, this paper aims to determine and to measure the effect that international trade of goods in Republic of Macedonia has on the international trade in logistic services. For that purpose, key indicators for international trade value and dynamics were calculated as well as the effects of an explanatory variable on the response variable were determined with correlation and regression analysis of selected data.

Chronique de jurisprudence

C’est dans la fidélité au fil directeur de cette chronique visant à appréhender les rapports entre la libéralisation du commerce international et les valeurs non marchandes que cette nouvelle édition illustre de nouveaux conflits de valeurs. La particularité de cette quasi double année de décisions de l’Organe de règlement des différends réside dans le focus mis sur l’Accord sur les OTC au cœur de plusieurs différends : États-Unis – Clous de girofle, États-Unis – EPO, États-Unis – Thon II. De nombreux et nouveaux éclairages nous sont ainsi apportés par la juridiction commerciale sur certaines dispositions clés de cet accord, dont les interprétations s’avèrent plus ou moins favorables à la protection des « intérêts légitimes », notion « refuge » des valeurs non marchandes. Parallèlement, les interrogations habituelles des chroniqueurs demeurent quant à savoir si les valeurs non marchandes ne seraient pas parfois – souvent ? – dévoyées au profit des intérêts économiques. Les soupçons d’utilitarisme à des fins protectionnistes sont, d’une édition à une autre, récurrents (voir notamment l’affaire Chine – Matières premières). Bien que condamnables, ces protectionnismes nationaux sont néanmoins compréhensibles quand ils assurent la survie d’une activité économique à caractère quasi national (cf. États-Unis – Gros porteurs).

Changes in some chemical components and in the physiology of rambutan fruit (Nephelium lappaceumL.) as affected by storage temperature and packing material

Introduction . Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) is a kind of tropical fruit with high commercial value in international trade. However, harvested rambutan fruits suffer from a short shelf life and show rapid postharvest deterioration problems due to spintern browning and flesh decay. Materials and methods . Rambutan fruit (cv. ‘Baoyan 5’) were harvested in 2009 and 2010. Changes in some chemical components and the physiology of fruits were investigated at different storage temperatures (25 °C and 10 °C) and with different packing materials (regular low-density polyethylene and anti-moisture polyethylene bags). Results and discussion . Changes in the development of the browning index, and contents of total soluble solids, titratable acidity and vitamin C greatly decreased during low temperature storage (10 °C); moreover, low temperature storage (10 °C) could maintain a significantly higher level of superoxide dismutase activity and lower values of malondialdehyde and cell membrane permeability. The effects of packing material were different according to the different storage temperatures. At 10 °C, the beneficial effects of anti-moisture polyethylene bags on fruit quality and physiology were observed. However, at 25 °C, fruit packed with regular low-density polyethylene proved to be of better quality than those packed with anti-moisture polyethylene bags. Conclusion . The overall results suggest that packing with anti-moisture polyethylene bags and storage at 10 °C were the most suitable conditions to maintain quality and to extend the storage life of rambutan fruit.

The Impacts of Private Standards on Global Value Chains - Literature Review Series on the Impacts of Private Standards, Part I

While standards play an increasingly important role in international trade and global value chains, little is known about their actual impacts in these chains. By applying a systematic literature approach, this paper summarizes the key research findings to this question. We provide insights into the following issues: (i) how do standards impact value chain governance, including whether standards allow for ‘hands-off’ governance, (ii) what are the effects of mainstreaming strategies, (iii) how do standards change actors’ roles following standard adoption, and (iv) what leads to exclude some and involve others. Research also provides a good understanding of how value chain structure has changed following the implementation of standards and, conversely, how a certain structure/governance type allows for standard implementation along the chain. While upgrading opportunities is an important question for producers in the developing world, only a few studies researched this issue and many questions remain open. On the other hand, studies show that smallholders struggled when adopting standards and pointed out that the distribution of benefits is not even along the chain.

Contract Avoidance: Drastic or Necessity?

With the ever increasing monetary value and volumes of International Trade, the author seeks to opine on whether contract avoidance is too drastic and harsh as a remedy or is it a necessity in International Trade based on and with a specific reference to Mr. Alexander Lorenz's article titled 'Fundamental Breach under the CISG.'

The Political Economy and Ecology of Capture Fisheries: Market Dynamics, Resource Access and Relations of Exploitation and Resistance

Capture fisheries are constituted through historically specific environmental conditions and social and economic relations of production. Fisheries, whether saltwater or freshwater, are an important source of animal protein, livelihoods and exchange value in international trade, and are presently undergoing rapid socio‐ecological change. To explore the political economy and ecology of capture fisheries around the world, this paper synthesizes the insights of 11 empirical studies and places fisheries in the broader context of the capitalist relations of production through which they operate. The competitive market dynamics of fisheries production and consumption are examined, as well as the forms of social‐property relations, social differentiation, labour exploitation and resistance that occur within them. This paper highlights some of the ways in which the unique combination of characteristics associated with fish and fisheries complement and complicate familiar questions in agrarian political economy. It concludes by identifying future research directions.

Chronique commentée des décisions de l'Organe de Règlement des Différends (juin 2010-novembre 2011)

Cette annee de decisions de l’Organe de Reglement des Differends (ORD) nous permet, a la suite des precedentes, d’observer, et aussi de tenter d’evaluer, les rapports entre la liberalisation du commerce international et les valeurs non marchandes. Valeurs non marchandes ou interets economiques ? Les plaignants qui mettent en avant ces valeurs (sante publique, environnement...) sont frequemment suspectes – parfois a juste titre – de ne les utiliser que comme pretexte a des attitudes protectionnistes (voir notamment affaires Chine – Matieres premieres, Etats-Unis – Cigarettes aux clous de girofle). Reussir a convaincre est d’une importance primordiale, d’ou une importance croissante des questions procedurales, ou liees a l’office du juge de l’ORD, qui tiennent une part non negligeable dans la presente chronique. Plusieurs Accords etaient invoques par les plaignants : le GATT de 1994, le plus frequemment, mais aussi l’Accord OTC, l’Accord SMC. Enfin, nous noterons la longueur de certains litiges (l’affaire Pommes – commencee en 2007, qui semble avoir trouve son epilogue – ou l’affaire Aeronefs gros porteurs – la plainte contre Airbus datant de 2004).

A Factor Augmentation Formulation of the Value of International Trade

We propose a normative assessment of the value of international trade that is rooted in production theory and embeds Ricardo’s 1817 formulation of the gains from trade into a multi-factor general equilibrium framework. Without imposing strong assumptions on consumer rationality or data from the economy’s autarky equilibrium, our formulation reveals information about both the magnitude and the sources of the gains from trade. A high quality data set on product and task-specific factor employments in 19th-century Japan permits us to apply this approach to answer the following counterfactual: What factor augmentation would have been necessary to compensate the economy for an overnight suspension of trade in its early trade years of 1865-1876? Over the entire period, we find that trade was revealed to be equivalent to a 5.5% increase in Japan's female labour force, a 3.3% increase in its male labour force and a 3.9% increase in its arable land. Efficiency losses associated with a counterfactual suspension of trade averaged between 6.3 and 7.7 percent of the economy’s productive capacity.

Lipofuscin-Like Substance Involved in Pericarp Browning of Postharvest Litchi Fruit During Storage

Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is a subtropical fruit of high commercial value in international trade. However, litchi fruit after harvest can rapidly lose their bright red skin color and turn brown with increasing storage time at ambient temperature. Postharvest browning of litchi fruit is mainly attributed to the degradation of anthocyanins and the oxidation of phenolics. In this study, the contents of lipofuscin-like substance in relation to the levels of anthocyanins and (-)- epicatechin, and browning index of litchi fruit during storage were investigated. In a storage period from 72 to 144 h, the relative content of lipofuscin-like substance increased by 51.1% while the contents of (-)-epicatechin and anthocyanins decreased by 41.2 and 98.1%, respectively, and the obvious accumulation of lipofuscin-like substance of pericarp tissue of litchi fruit was related to the reduced contents of anthocyanins and (-)-epicatechin. Furthermore, the increase in the con- tent of lipofuscin-like substance was significantly related to the increased browning index. It is suggested that lipofuscin- like substance could be one of the final products from the browning reaction of litchi fruit during storage.

Creative products in international trade statistics

The products generated by the “creative industries” consist of creative goods and creative services. The goal of this publication is to show that most creative products that are classified in international transactions as creative goods are, in fact, creative services embodied in goods. In practice it means that in international trade in creative products it is the service products that dominate and international trade in creative services is highly underestimated. Changes in international statistics relating to the methods of classifying trade transactions in goods and services are analyzed in the further part of this paper. The author of the study makes also an attempt to evaluate if these changes are aimed at increasing the inclusion of embodied services and services delivered electronically into the value of international trade in services.

CITES and Rural Livelihoods: The Role of CITES in Making Wildlife Conservation and Poverty Reduction Mutually Supportive

In 2005 alone, the value of legal international wildlife trade was estimated to sit at almost USD 300 billion, close to twice what it had been in 2001. 2 With financial rewards of this magnitude on...

Regional economies and potentials of Northeast China

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to focus on the regional development of Northeast China and recommend certain alternatives to revive its economies.Design/methodology/approachThe paper reviews and analyses the transitional situations of the major three constituent provinces of Northeast China, namely Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang during the economic reform.FindingsThe paper finds that, in the initial couple of decades since the foundation of The People's Republic of China, a significant part of the northeast economy mirrored the economic model of the USSR, which ineffectively reacted to market economy. The transitional economy reformed the weaknesses of the economic systems of Northeast China but led to regional economic issues in unemployment, productivity, non‐recurrent resources, and duplicated investments.Practical implicationsWith the state's northeast revitalization policy and the reform measures of provincial governments, the economic situation of the region has progressively improved over the years, reflected in a higher increase rate in added value of industrial output, international trade and investments. However, the northeast still has shortfalls compared with other economic poles in China.Originality/valueThe paper concludes that the Northeast should strengthen its regional comparative advantages and adopt industrial cluster development for its revival; and it is presumed that regional international trade and foreign direct investments will be further advanced through the more open policies implemented in recent years.

Addiction, Risk, and Resources

Addiction is a contemporary social issue bound to the myth of self-control and control of the other, which is typical of the contemporary “market ideology” society. In its broad definition it includes not only the use and misuse of “substances” and addictive behaviors, but also the concept of risk. There is a continuum between “addicted behaviors” and behaviors that are not “addicted” but may induce and/or be related to both physical and psycho-social problems on a micro- to macrolevel.Different studies have documented substantial changes in the consumption of tobacco, drugs, alcoholic beverages, as well as “junk foods” during the last decades in various countries. All too often politicians, health administrators, and local providers believe that consumption prevention programs are able, per se, to effect such changes. In fact, the impact of factors such as international trade, globalization and societal values, among many others, are considered relevant. On the other hand, sufficient place must be given to national and community-based preventive initiatives.

Advances in understanding of enzymatic browning in harvested litchi fruit

Litchi ( Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is a subtropical to tropical fruit of high commercial value in international trade. However, harvested litchi fruit rapidly lose their bright red skin colour. Peel browning of harvested litchi fruit has largely been attributed to rapid degradation of red anthocyanin pigments. This process is associated with enzymatic oxidation of phenolics by polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and/or peroxidase (POD). PPO and POD from litchi pericarp cannot directly oxidize anthocyanins. Moreover, PPO substrates in the pericarp are not well characterised. Consequently, the roles of PPO and POD in litchi browning require further investigation. Recently, an anthocyanase catalysing the hydrolysis of sugar moieties from anthocyanin to anthocyanidin has been identified in litchi peel for the first time. Thus, litchi enzymatic browning may involve an anthocyanase–anthocyanin–phenolic–PPO reaction. Current research focus is on characterising the properties of the anthocyanase involved in anthocyanin degradation. Associated emphasis is on maintenance of membrane functions in relation to loss of compartmentation between litchi peel oxidase enzymes and their substrates.

Advances in international marketing theory and practice

1. IntroductionRecent decades have witnessed the rise of global business, stemming from theconvergence of economic conditions world-wide, the liberalization of national tradepolicies, regional economic integration, and advances in communication, transpor-tation, and information technologies (Cateora & Ghauri, 2000). These sweepingchanges have led to an increasing number of firms seeking opportunities in inter-national markets to achieve their growth objectives, as well as to safeguard theirmarket position and ensure survival (Leonidou, Katsikeas & Samiee, 2002). Withthe value of international trade now standing at $7.6 trillion (World Trade Organiza-tion, 2002), international market entry and expansion decision-making is now a cru-cial aspect of contemporary business policy (Cavusgil, 1998). Notwithstanding this,firms often struggle to develop and maintain successful international market oper-ations, due largely to the multiple, diverse, and idiosyncratic nature of foreignenvironments (Samiee & Walters, 1990).The international marketing literature has grown exponentially in recent years inorder to offer sufficient support to corporate and public policy makers confrontingtoday’s hostile global business conditions. The advancement of international market-ing theory is of vital interest to national economies and individual firms alike. At themacroeconomic level, international marketing provides the opportunity to accumulateforeign exchange reserves, improve national productivity, and enhance general qual-ity of life (Czinkota, 1994). At the microeconomic level, firms see international mar-keting as a tool for boosting corporate growth, improving financial performance, and