Control Values Research Articles

Understanding and reflection on the prevention and control of pre-myopia in children

The International Myopia Institute introduced the concept of "pre-myopia" in 2019, defining it as children with refractive error ≤+0.75 D and >-0.50 D. By considering baseline refractive error, age, and other quantifiable risk factors, there is a significant likelihood that individuals falling into this category may develop myopia in the future. Therefore, it is deemed worthwhile to implement preventative intervention measures.This article delves into the epidemiology of premyopia in children and adolescents, the criteria for determining pre-myopia, the characteristics of refractive changes, and the existing evidence gaps in pre-myopia control technology. Furthermore, it explores the role and advantages of implementing pre-myopia control to enhance efforts in preventing and managing myopia. The paper highlights the essential value and future trajectory of pre-myopia control in the comprehensive management of myopia. The ultimate goal is to foster collaboration with professionals, aiming to discuss innovative strategies for effectively preventing and managing the onset and progression of myopia.

Sex toys for pleasure, but there are risks: In silico toxicity studies of leached Micro/Nanoplastics and phthalates

The widespread use of sex toys has sparked concerns about potential health risks associated with the leaching of micro/nanoplastics (M/NPs) and phthalates. In this in silico toxicity analysis, we investigated the immunotoxicity potential of compounds mechanically produced from sex toys. The research focuses on understanding their interactions with critical human cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP34A and CYP2D6), which are central to drug metabolism and immune function. Four types of M/NPs (polyethylene terephthalate - PET, polyvinyl chloride - PVC, polydimethylsiloxane - PDMS, polyisoprene) and eight phthalates (Diethyl phthalate - DEP, Bis(4-methyl-2-pentyl) phthalate, Bis(2-methoxyethyl) phthalate, Benzyl butyl phthalate - BBP, Dibutyl Phthalate - DBP, Diethylhexyl phthalate - DEHP, Dinonyl phthalate - DNP, Di-n-octyl phthalate - DnOP) from sex toys were analyzed. Molecular dynamics and docking simulations were conducted to assess the binding affinity of these compounds to the enzymes. PET exhibited the highest toxicity, with a binding affinity of -8.3 kcal/mol and -8.9 kcal/mol for CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, respectively, surpassing control values (-7.8 kcal/mol and -6.3 kcal/mol). BBP showed considerable toxicity, binding strongly to CYP3A4 (-7.8 kcal/mol) and CYP2D6 (-9.1 kcal/mol). PDMS and DEP were the lowest toxic compounds in both groups. Molecular interactions revealed hydrogen bonds, pi interactions, and unfavorable donor-donor effects between compounds and specific amino acid residues within the enzymes. While these in silico findings provide insights, they underscore the need for comprehensive chemical analyses and absorption studies to validate health risks. This research emphasizes the necessity of evaluating the toxicity of M/NPs and phthalates from sex toys, promoting further investigations to protect individuals' health during product use.

Hydrochar stability: understanding the role of moisture, time and temperature in its physiochemical changes

Limited information is available about potential physicochemical changes that can occur in hydrochar post-production, e.g. during drying and storage. Understanding these changes is crucial not just for shaping future research plans, but also for future practical applications. Here we studied the effect of moisture (69.2% and 2.4%) and three storage temperatures (− 18, 4, and 20 °C) over a year on selected organic and inorganic compounds in hydrochar produced from the Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of digested cow manure. Comparison of the control wet hydrochars (WHs) and dry hydrochars (DHs) showed changes in organic compound composition due to drying. Overall, the total amount of the selected organic compounds was notably greater in WH (15.2 g kg−1 DM) compared to DH (11.8 g kg−1 DM), with variations observed in individual compound concentrations. Drying, however, had no significant influence on the identified inorganic compounds. Storage caused significant changes in both WH and DH, particularly in organic compounds after 12 weeks. Sugars (2–sevenfold), acids (36–371%), and aromatics (58–120%) in stored samples at week 52 were significantly higher than their control values. Changes in the inorganic elements (e.g., Co, K, Mg, Mn, P, S, Sr, and Zn) occurred faster in WH, with significant differences starting from week 1 compared to their control values, while DH showed fewer changes. Based on these changes in both organic and inorganic content, we recommend the optimal storage conditions for future HTC studies to preserve hydrochar properties. Finally, we discussed potential applications for stored hydrochars, with DH showing greater stability, especially at − 18 °C, making it suitable for various applications.Graphical

The impact of chemical and hormonal treatments to improve seed germination and seedling growth of Juniperus procera Hochst. ex Endi.

Juniper (Juniperus procera) is a common forest tree species in Saudi Arabia. The decline in many populations of J. procera in Saudi Arabia is mainly due to seed dormancy and loss of natural regeneration. This study assessed the effects of chemical and hormonal treatments on seed germination and seedling growth in juniper plants. The seeds were subjected to either chemical scarification with 90% sulfuric acid and 20% acetic acid for 6 min or hormonal treatment by seed soaking in two concentrations (50 and 100 ppm) of three growth regulators, namely, indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellins (GA3), and kinetin, for 72 h. A control group without any seed treatment was also prepared. The experiments were performed in an incubator maintained at room temperature and under a light and dark period of 12 h for 6 w. The germinated seeds for each treatment were counted and removed from the dishes. The selected germinated seeds from different treatments were planted in a greenhouse and irrigated with tap water for another 6 weeks. The hormone-treated seedlings were sprayed with their corresponding hormone concentrations 1 w after planting. The highest percentage of seed germination was significantly recorded after seed soaking in 50 ppm GA3, whereas treatment with IAA (100 ppm) resulted in the best seedling growth. Seedlings treated with the three phytohormones showed a significant increase in photosynthetic pigments, total soluble sugars, proteins, percentage of oil, IAA, GA3, and kinetin contents of juniper seedlings compared with the control value, whereas abscisic acid content was decreased compared with chemical treatments. The investigated different treatments had an effective role in breaking seed dormancy and improving seedling growth of J. procera, which is facing a notable decline in its population worldwide. Moreover, such an effect was more pronounced in the three phytohormones that succeeded in breaking dormancy and growth of the Juniperus plant than in the other treatments.

Sucralose and stevia consumption leads to intergenerational alterations in body weight and intestinal expression of histone deacetylase 3

ObjectivesIt is unclear whether parental consumption of non-nutritive sweetener (NNS) can affect subsequent generations. The aim of this study was to determine whether chronic parental consumption of sucralose and stevia in mice affects body weight gain and liver and intestinal expression of histone deacetylase 3 (Hdac3) in these animals and in the subsequent first filial (F1) and second filial (F2) generations. MethodsMale and female mice (n = 47) were divided into three groups to receive water alone or supplemented with sucralose (0.1 mg/mL) or stevia (0.1 mg/mL) for 16 wk (parental [F0] generation). F0 mice were bred to produce the F1 generation; then, F1 mice were bred to produce the F2 generation. F1 and F2 animals did not receive NNSs. After euthanasia, hepatic and intestinal expression of Hdac3 was determined by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. ResultsBody weight gain did not differ between the three groups in the F0 generation, but it was greater in the F1 sucralose and stevia groups than in the control group. Consumption of both NNSs in the F0 generation was associated with lower Hdac3 expression in the liver and higher in the intestine. Hepatic Hdac3 expression was normalized to the control values in the F1 and F2 animals of the sucralose and stevia groups. Intestinal expression was still higher in the F1 generations of the sucralose and stevia groups but was partially normalized in the F2 generation of these groups, compared with control. ConclusionsNNS consumption differentially affects hepatic and intestinal Hdac3 expression. Changes in hepatic expression are not transmitted to the F1 and F2 generations whereas those in intestinal expression are enhanced in the F1 and attenuated in the F2 generations.

Balancing Flood Control and Economic Development in Flood Detention Areas of the Yangtze River Basin

Serving as a crucial part of the Yangtze River Basin (YRB)’s flood control system, Flood Detention Areas (FDAs) are vital in mitigating large-scale floods. Urbanization has led to the development of urban FDAs, but significant losses could ensue if these FDAs are activated. With improved reservoirs and embankments, flood pressure in the middle reaches has lessened, posing challenges in balancing flood control and economic benefits. This paper presents a comparative analysis of land use, GDP, and population in FDAs and adjacent cities, enhancing our understanding of their disparities and interrelations. Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)–Entropy Weight Method (EW)–Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) comprehensive evaluation method, we assess changes in flood control and economic values in FDAs. The results show a conflict between flood control and economic policies in FDAs, highlighting their underestimated economic potential, especially in urban areas. This study identifies differences in economic development across FDAs and a strong correlation between flood control value and inundation rates. Based on evaluations and simulations of the 1954 flood, we provide recommendations for the FDAs’ construction plan, which serves the development and flood management of the YRB and offer insights for similar assessments elsewhere.

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Blood Lead Testing in Children in the United States.

The study objective was to evaluate the impact of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic on pediatric blood lead testing in the United States. Clinical laboratory pediatric (ages <6 years) blood lead level (BLL) tests performed by Quest Diagnostics, January 2019-March 2022, were analyzed. Patients were categorized by age, by sex, and, through matching by ZIP code with US Census data, for race, ethnicity, pre-1950 housing, and poverty estimates. Over 2.8 million results from children (<6 years old) from all 50 states and the District of Columbia were included. Compared to March-May 2019, BLL testing was lower by 53.6% in March-May 2020 and lower by 14.6% in March-May 2021. Testing rebounded more for children in predominantly White non-Hispanic communities and among children living in communities, based on ZIP codes, with the least pre-1950 housing stock and lowest poverty rates. The proportion of children with BLL at or above the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reference values of 3.5 and 5.0 µg/dL fell by 19% and 24%, respectively, in 2021 versus 2019. In conclusion, pediatric BLL testing has rebounded from sharp declines during the early pandemic period but unevenly. Declines in the proportion of children with elevated BLL should be interpreted with caution, as testing rebounds were less robust among communities with the highest risk of lead poisoning, notably communities with the oldest housing stock and higher poverty rates. More public health efforts are needed to address lead toxicity throughout the United States, especially in communities that did not experience a full rebound subsequent to the early COVID-19 pandemic period.

Exploring the multifaceted bioactivities of Lavandula pinnata L. essential oil: promising pharmacological activities.

Introduction: This study investigates the biological activities of Lavandula pinnata essential oil (LPEO), an endemic lavender species from the Canary Islands, traditionally used in treating various ailments. Methods: LPEO was extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed using GC-MS. Antioxidant activity was assessed by DPPH radical scavenging and total antioxidant capacity assays. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by disc diffusion, MIC, MBC, and MFC determination against bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and fungal (Candida glabrata, Rhodotorula glutinis, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium digitatum) strains. Antidiabetic and anti-gout potential were investigated through α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and xanthine oxidase inhibition assays. Antityrosinase activity was determined using a modified dopachrome method. Cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT assay against breast (MCF-7, MDA-MB-468), liver (HepG2), colon (HCT-15) cancer cells, and normal cells (PBMCs). Results and discussion: LPEO exhibits potent antiradical activity (IC50 = 148.33 ± 2.48μg/mL) and significant antioxidant capacity (TAC = 171.56 ± 2.34μg AA/mg of EO). It demonstrates notable antibacterial activity against four strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) with inhibition zones ranging from 18.70 ± 0.30mm to 29.20 ± 0.30mm, along with relatively low MIC and MBC values. LPEO displays significant antifungal activity against four strains (Candida glabrata, Rhodotorula glutinis, Aspergillus niger, and Penicillium digitatum) with a fungicidal effect at 1mg/mL, surpassing the positive control (cycloheximide), and MIC and MFC values indicating a fungicidal effect. It exhibits substantial inhibition of xanthine oxidase enzyme (IC50 = 26.48 ± 0.90μg/mL), comparable to allopurinol, and marked inhibitory effects on α-amylase (IC50 = 31.56 ± 0.46μg/mL) and α-glucosidase (IC50 = 58.47 ± 2.35μg/mL) enzymes.The enzyme tyrosinase is inhibited by LPEO (IC50 = 29.11 ± 0.08mg/mL). LPEO displays moderate cytotoxic activity against breast, liver, and colon cancer cells, with low toxicity towards normal cells (PBMC). LPEO exhibits greater selectivity than cisplatin for breast (MCF-7) and colon (HCT-15) cancer cells but lower selectivity for liver (HepG2) and metastatic breast (MDA-MB-468) cancer cells. These findings suggest the potential of LPEO as an antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-gout, antidiabetic, and anticancer agent.

Capsular attachment on the anterosuperior femoral head-neck junction: A hypothesis about femoroacetabular impingement.

Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), characterized by a pathological contact between the proximal femur and acetabulum, is a common precursor of hip osteoarthritis. Cam morphology is a bony prominence that causes FAI and frequently forms on the anterosuperior femoral head-neck junction. Despite anatomical consensus regarding the femoral head-neck junction as a boundary area covered by the articular cartilage and joint capsule, it remains unclear whether the joint capsule is continuous with the anterosuperior articular cartilage. For the anatomical consideration of cam morphology formation, this study aimed to investigate the histological characteristics of the capsular attachment on the anterosuperior femoral head-neck junction, particularly focusing on the presence or absence of continuity of the joint capsule to the articular cartilage. A total of 21 anterosuperior regions (seven hips each for the 12:00, 1:30, and 3:00 positions) from seven hips (three males and four females; mean age at death, 68.7 years) were histologically analyzed in this study for quantitative evaluation of the capsular thickness using histological sections stained with Masson's trichrome, as well as qualitative evaluation of the capsular attachment. The present study showed that the joint capsule, which folded proximally to the femoral head-neck junction from the recess, exhibited a blend of the fibrous and synovial regions. Notably, it not only continued with the superficial layer of the articular cartilage, but also attached to the articular cartilage via the fibrocartilage. This continuous region was relatively fibrous with dense connective tissue running in the longitudinal direction. The capsular thickness at the recess point (mean, 1.7 ± 0.9 mm) and those at the distal end of the articular cartilage (0.35 ± 0.16 mm) were significantly greater than the control value for the most superficial layer thickness of the articular cartilage (0.019 ± 0.003 mm) (Dunnett's T3, both p-value <0.001). Based on the fibrous continuity between the joint capsule and articular cartilage and its thickness, this study suggests the anatomical possibility that some mechanical stress can be transmitted from the joint capsule to the articular cartilage at the frequent sites of cam morphology.

THE EFFECT OF AUTOMESOCONCENTRATE OF PLATELETS ON THE STAGES OF REGENERATION OF THE LIVER REMNANT OF RATS UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF PERFORMING VOLUMETRIC EXPERIMENTAL LIVER RESECTIONS

Introduction. Liver regeneration occurs in three stages, each of which is regulated by different factors: the initiation phase is regulated by interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNFα); expansion phase – by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and transforming growth factor alpha (TGFα); the terminal phase – transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) and activins. The work determined the level of markers of the main stages of liver regeneration after resection of 65-70% of the parenchyma of this organ in rats under the conditions of using different doses and schemes of administration of automesoconcentrate of platelets (AMС). The purpose of the study is to establish the characteristics of changes in the level of cytokines and growth factors in the homogenate of the liver of rats after resection of 65-70% of the parenchyma of this organ under the conditions of the use of different doses and schemes of AMС administration.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The study was conducted on white Wistar rats aged 1.5-2 months, weighing 150-180 g. AMС was injected: into the parenchyma of the liver remnant during resection at a dose of 0.5 ml/kg (group I); into the tail vein in the postoperative period at a dose of 0.5 ml/kg 3 hours and 48 hours after liver resection (group II); into the tail vein in the postoperative period at a dose of 1.0 ml/kg 3 hours and 48 hours after resection.&#x0D; Research results and discussion. It was shown that on the 7th day after liver resection, the level of TNF-α and IL-6 increased in all experimental groups, followed by a decrease on the 10th day to control values in the group of animals that received AMA intravenously at a dose of 1 ml/kg masses of animals. It was established that the values of HGF and TGFα in the liver homogenate of animals that underwent liver resection were significantly higher than in the control group on the 7th day of the experiment. At the later stages of the experiment, a decrease in the levels of HGF and TGFα in the liver homogenate was observed in the animals of groups I and III, but the studied indicators did not reach control values. In animals of group II, indicators of HGF and TGFα content remained at the highest level. The increase in the content of TGFβ and activins in the homogenate of the liver of rats in all experimental groups indicates the intensification of the terminal phase of liver regeneration on the 10th day after liver resection.&#x0D; Conclusions. Therefore, under the action of a dose of АМС equal to 1 ml/kg, the regeneration processes occur most intensively, the peak of which occurs 7-10 days after the resection. Administration of AMA into the liver parenchyma at a lower dose of 0.5 ml/kg or intravenous administration of the same dose does not contribute to the complete restoration of regenerative processes in the liver, as indicated by increased levels of TGFα and HGF on the 10th day after liver resection and administration of AMA.

Influencing Factors of Boredom Generation in Foreign Language Learning and Measures to Relieve It: A Perspective Paper

Learners' emotions profoundly affect foreign language acquisition. According to the control value theory, foreign language learning boredom is a kind of negative emotion. Foreign language learning boredom can dampen learners' interest in foreign language learning, reduce the efficiency of foreign language acquisition, and have a negative impact on foreign language learning. In view of this, the article aims to outline the influencing factors affecting the emergence of foreign language learning boredom and propose corresponding measures to alleviate it. It is hoped that this will reduce the negative impact of boredom on foreign language learning, improve the efficiency of foreign language learning, and reduce the resistance to foreign language learning. It is also used to refine foreign language classroom teaching, alleviate the negative impact of boredom in foreign language classrooms, and improve classroom efficiency.

The role of circulating neutrophils in the progression of kidney cancer

Introduction. Currently, the question of the role of neutrophils in the progression of kidney cancer remains relevant. Neutrophils are capable of exhibiting protumor properties through the secretion of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, which is determined by the expression of genes for these molecules. And the functional heterogeneity of neutrophils is characterized by differences in gene expression patterns.Aim. To assess the role of circulating neutrophils in the progression of kidney cancer.Materials and methods. In circulating neutrophils of patients with verified clear cell kidney cancer at stages I–III according to Tumor, Nodus and Metastasis (TNM) (n = 88) before surgical treatment and conditionally healthy donors (control group) (n = 20), the expression of NGAL genes was determined using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, MMP-13 and VEGF-A.Results. There was an increase in NGAL gene expression in circulating neutrophils (p = 0.05) at the initial stage and a decrease in it at advanced stages of kidney cancer (p = 0.03). High expression of the MMP-13 gene by circulating neutrophils was detected at all stages of kidney cancer relative to control values (at stage I p = 0.005; at stage II p = 0.003; at stage III p = 0.0008). A significant direct correlation was observed between the expression of the NGAL and MMP-13 genes in neutrophils at stage I kidney cancer (r = 0.696; p = 0.003). In the group of patients with kidney cancer, a direct correlation was found between the expression of the NGAL and VEGF-A genes (r = 0.322; p = 0.049). A multivariable Cox regression model for disease-free survival revealed the predictive value of VEGF-A and NGAL genes expression in circulating neutrophils. With an increase in the expression of the VEGF-A and NGAL genes in neutrophils by 1 unit, the risk of metastases increases by 0.80 (0.65–0.99; p = 0.043) and 1.42 (1.01–2.00; p = 0.046) times, respectively. The Kaplan–Meier analysis of disease-free survival in patients with kidney cancer showed the influence of NGAL expression in circulating neutrophils on progression-free time. In the group of patients with high NGAL expression, the median follow-up was 31.7 months, and in the group with low NGAL expression – more than 36 months (log-rank-test; p = 0.017).Conclusion. Thus, the data obtained suggest that circulating neutrophils play a leading role in the progression of kidney cancer. The level of expression of NGAL in circulating neutrophils can be used to predict the relapse-free period in patients with kidney cancer.

Patulin Biodegradation Mechanism Study in Pichia guilliermondii S15-8 Based on PgSDR-A5D9S1.

Patulin contamination has become a bottleneck problem in the safe production of fruit products, although biodegradation technology shows potential application value in patulin control. In the present study, the patulin biodegradation mechanism in a probiotic yeast, Pichia guilliermondii S15-8, was investigated. Firstly, the short-chain dehydrogenase PgSDR encoded by gene A5D9S1 was identified as a patulin degradation enzyme, through RNA sequencing and verification by qRT-PCR. Subsequently, the exogenous expression system of the degradation protein PgSDR-A5D9S1 in E. coli was successfully constructed and demonstrated a more significant patulin tolerance and degradation ability. Furthermore, the structure of PgSDR-A5D9S1 and its active binding sites with patulin were predicted via molecular docking analysis. In addition, the heat-excited protein HSF1 was predicted as the transcription factor regulating the patulin degradation protein PgSDR-A5D9S1, which may provide clues for the further analysis of the molecular regulation mechanism of patulin degradation. This study provides a theoretical basis and technical support for the industrial application of biodegradable functional strains.

Experimental study on the effect of cement alkali content on concrete ASR

Conduct alkali silica reaction (ASR) tests on concrete by using cement with different alkali contents and according to different test standards. The influence of cement alkali content on the alkali-silica reaction of concrete was explored, and the effects of different test methods on the results of alkali-silica reaction tests were compared. The results indicate that: the type of cement and the testing method used have no significant impact on the experimental results of the alkali silica reaction. The rate of alkali silica reaction accelerates with the increase of cement alkali content. When the alkali content of cement is greater than 2.0 %, there is no potential harm of alkali silica reaction in the aggregate, which will cause harm of alkali silica reaction. The research conclusion can provide reference for the control value of alkali content in engineering cement.

Experimental substantiation of the effect of chelated compounds of trace elements on the chemical composition of quail meat

The positive effect of chelate compounds of trace elements on the chemical composition of quail meat is justified. The experience used quails of the Japanese breed, egg-meat direction in the amount of 280 heads. Inclusion of chelate compounds of iron and zinc in the diet of quails provides positive correction of physical and chemical indices of meat raw materials. The greatest effect was noted when Bioferron 0,2 ml/kg was introduced into the diet: in 37-day quails, the level of raw protein in meat exceeded the control values by 1,33% (at p≤0,01), the level of raw ash - by 0,41%; in 98-day quails, the level of raw meat protein increased by 1,08%, and relative to the control group - by 1,92% (at p≤0,001), the level of raw meat ash increased by 2,85%, and relative to the control group - by 1,54% (at p≤0,01). In samples of meat raw materials of quail, which received Biocinc, 0,2 ml/kg was noted as the most effective dose: the level of raw protein in meat in 37-day quail exceeded the control by 0,78%, the level of raw ash - by 0,27%; in 98-day quails, the level of raw meat protein increased by 0,85%, and relative to the control group - by 1,14% (at p≤0,01), the level of raw ash increased by 3,45%, and relative to the control group – by 2,00% (at p≤0,01). The highest level of quail in meat raw materials among the elements was in iron, zinc and manganese. The largest amount of digested manganese in the muscles of 37-day quail was noted in a sample of the 5th experimental group (Biocinc 0,2 ml/kg) – 324,69% (p≤0,001) more than the control. In 98-day quails, the highest level of manganese accumulation was also noted in the sample of the 5th experimental group (Biocinc 0,2 mL/kg) – 306,25% (p≤0,001) more than the control one. In 37-day quails, the highest concentration of iron in meat raw materials (60,59±0,66 mg/kg at p≤0,001) was detected when Bioferron was included in the diet at a dose of 0,3 mL/kg, which is 156,63% more than the control. 98-day - 63,32±1,23 mg/kg (p≤0,001), which is 213,93% more than the control. The highest level of zinc was observed in the groups of 37-day quail, the diet of which included Biocinc at doses of 0,2 and 0,3 ml/kg, it was 43,30±0,95 and 44,49±1,41 mg/kg at p≤0,001, which is more than in the control group by 113,41 and 119,27%, respectively.

Competitive psychological climate and foreign language anxiety in junior high school learners in China: Roles of control-value appraisals, and cognitive reappraisal

In recent years, competitive climate has increasingly prevailed in some Asian regions with large numbers of foreign language learners. It is thus important for teachers to understand the impact of this classroom environment on language learners’ emotions and to develop ways to effectively reduce any potential negative impact associated with the competitive climate. The present study aims to contribute to this under-studied but necessary line of research by focusing on the exploration of possible mechanisms underlying the relationship between competitive climate and foreign language anxiety. Specifically, we assessed the roles of control and extrinsic value appraisals as mediators in the relationship between competitive climate and anxiety levels. We also investigated the moderating role of cognitive reappraisal (a typical form of adaptive emotion regulation) in the relationship between competitive climate and cognitive appraisals/anxiety, and that of intrinsic value appraisal in the relationship between extrinsic value appraisal and anxiety. Data were collected from 1,138 junior high school-level learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) from six public schools situated in different cities in China. Results show that competitive climate was directly and positively related to foreign language anxiety, and this relationship was complementarily mediated via extrinsic value appraisal, but competitively mediated via control appraisal. Moderation analysis showed that intrinsic value appraisal negatively moderated the relationship between extrinsic value appraisal and anxiety. Cognitive reappraisal was shown to be a buffer against the relationship between competitive climate and anxiety. Results reveal the complexity and dynamics of the relationship between competitive climate and foreign language anxiety, and the conditions under which their relationship is strengthened or weakened. Based on our findings, discussion and pedagogical implications are provided as are the study’s limitations.

Trueness evaluation of three intraoral scanners for the recording of maximal intercuspal position.

This clinical study aimed to assess the trueness of three intraoral scanners for the recor-ding of the maximal intercuspal position (MIP) to provide a reference for clinical practice. Ten participants with good occlusal relationship and healthy temporomandibular joint were recruited. For the control group, facebow transferring procedures were performed, and bite registrations at the MIP were used to transfer maxillary and mandibular casts to a mechanical articulator, which were then scanned with a laboratory scanner to obtain digital cast data. For the experimental groups, three intraoral scanners (Trios 3, Carestream 3600, and Aoralscan 3) were used to obtain digital casts of the participants at the MIP following the scanning workflows endorsed by the corresponding manufacturers. Subsequently, measurement points were marked on the control group's digital casts at the central incisors, canines, and first molars, and corresponding distances between these points on the maxillary and mandibular casts were measured to calculate the sum of measured distances (DA). Distances between measurement points in the incisor (DI), canine (DC), and first molar (DM) regions were also calculated. The control group's maxillary and mandibular digital casts with the added measurement points were aligned with the experimental group's casts, and DA, DI, DC, and DM values of the aligned control casts were determined. Statistical analysis was performed on DA, DI, DC, and DM obtained from both the control and experimental groups to evaluate the trueness of the three intraoral scanners for the recording of MIP. In the control group, DA, DI, DC, and DM values were (39.58±6.40), (13.64±3.58), (14.91±2.85), and (11.03±1.56) mm. The Trios 3 group had values of (38.99±6.60), (13.42±3.66), (14.55±2.87), and (11.03±1.69) mm. The Carestream 3600 group showed values of (38.57±6.36), (13.56±3.68), (14.45±2.85), and (10.55±1.41) mm, while the Aoralscan 3 group had values of (38.16±5.69), (13.03±3.54), (14.23±2.59), and (10.90±1.54) mm. Analysis of variance revealed no statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups for overall deviation DA (P=0.96), as well as local deviations DI (P=0.98), DC (P=0.96), and DM (P=0.89). With standardized scanning protocols, the three intraoral scanners demonstrated comparable trueness to traditional methods in recording MIP, fulfilling clinical requirements.

Noradrenaline and adrenoreceptors regulate prostaglandin F2A formation in endometrium after experimentally-induced inf lammation in the pig

Abstract Endometritis is the most common pathology in animals. However, in the context of an inflamed endometrium, alterations occur in the production of prostaglandins (PG s) and the noradrenergic innervation of the uterus, although the precise relationship between noradrenaline (NA), adrenoreceptors (AR s), and the output of PG F2α remains unclear. To clarify this issue, the participation of α1-, α2- and β-AR s in NA-influenced PG F synthase (PG FS) and PG 9-ketoreductase/carbonyl reductase (CBR1) protein abundances in the porcine inflamed endometrium, and the secretion of PG F2α from the tissue were determined. E. coli suspension (E. coli group) or saline (CO N group) was injected into the uterine horns. After eight days, severe acute endometritis was diagnosed in the E. coli group. Endometrial explants were treated with NA and/or α1-, α2- and β-AR s antagonists. In the CO N and E. coli groups, NA increased endometrial PG FS and CBR1 protein abundances and PG F2α secretion, compared to the control values (obtained from an endometrium that had not undergone any in vitro treatment). In the E. coli group, NA-stimulated CBR1 protein abundance and PG F2α release were higher, while PG FS protein abundance was lower than in the CO N group. In the latter group, the antagonists of α1A-, α1D-, α2B- and α2C-AR s isoforms and β2- AR s subtype decreased NA-stimulated PG FS protein abundances, compared to NA action alone. In the E. coli group, this effect on PG FS abundances evoked α1D-, α2C-, β1- and β2-AR s antagonists with NA. Antagonists of α1B-, α2B-, β1- and β2-AR s in the CO N group and antagonists of α1B-, α1D-, α2A-, α2C-, β1- and β2-AR s in the E. coli group eliminated a rise in the NA-stimulated CBR1 abundance of protein versus the NA influence alone. In comparison to NA effect alone, α1D-, α2C- and β2-AR s antagonists with NA reduced PG F2α secretion in both the CON and E. coli groups. Such effect on PG F2α release was also exerted in the E. coli group by α1B-, α2A- and β1-AR s antagonists with NA. Summarizing, in the porcine inflamed endometrium, NA increases PG FS protein abundance via α1D-, α2C- and β(1, 2)-AR s, and CBR1 protein abundance and PG F2α release by α1(B, D)-, α2(A, C) and β(1, 2)-AR s. The obtained findings suggest that, in an indirect manner, NA may affect the PG F2α-regulated processes by influencing its production and secretion. The results could offer new targets for drugs to regulate inflammation and improve uterine and ovarian functions.

Can attentional nudges improve efficiency of bilateral multi-attribute negotiations?

This paper reports the results from a lab experiment to simulate negotiation on innovative therapy commercialization. Using a between-subject design, we analyzed the consequences of two light choice interventions: (1) guiding negotiations towards early wins, and (2) inviting negotiators to share information about their priority goals. In both treatments, the total value created exceeded the control value by approximately 9 % of the maximal value that can be created in this experiment. However, it was essentially the buyer who captured the additional value. We found that, conditional on the success of the negotiation, the total value created increased with the time spent negotiating. Negotiator gender had an impact on the negotiation outcome, with women underperforming compared to men.

The effect of triterpene glycoside on survival and changes in the cytokine profile in the spleen of BALB/c mice under conditions of lethal influenza infection A/WSN/1/33(H1N1)

BACKGROUND: Currently, the search and development of compounds, including herbal ones, with anti-influenza activity are relevant.&#x0D; AIM: To study the effect of oral administration of the triterpene glycoside saponin tauroside Sx1 on survival and changes in the cytokine profile of the spleen of mice under conditions of lethal influenza infection.&#x0D; MATERIAL AND METHODS: 78 male BALB/c mice aged 4–6 weeks, weighing 16–18 g, were used. They were divided into groups: first — control group; the second was a group of animals infected with influenza virus A/WSN/1/33(H1N1); the third was a group of infected animals that received saponin tauroside Sx1, isolated from the Crimean ivy Hedera taurica (Hibberd) Carrière at a dose of 11.8 mg/kg per day against the background of a viral infection for 3 days. The survival and expression of interleukins-1β and -10 in the spleen of mice on the 4th and 14th days of the experiment were studied. Spleen fragments were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Microscopic analysis was performed using a video microscopy system. Immunohistochemical study was performed according to a standard protocol. Intergroup differences were assessed using the Kruskal–Wallis test and the Mann–Whitney U test using MS Office (Excel 2010) and Statistica 10.0.&#x0D; RESULTS: Administration of saponin tauroside Sx1 significantly increased the average life expectancy of animals by 4.6 days compared to the group without correction; survival rate was 30.0% (p=0.0233). Against the background of influenza infection, an increase in the number of cells secreting interleukin-1β was detected in the spleen of mice. In the mantle zone of the second group, the level of cytokine expression exceeded the control values by 3.41 times (p=0.0001), and the values of the third group — by 3.38 times (p=0.0001). By the 14th day of the experiment in the mantle zone, expression in the group with saponin administration increased, exceeding the indicators of the group without correction by 34.78% (p=0.0482). By the 4th day of the experiment, in both experimental groups, the number of cells positive for interleukin-10 increased in the mantle zone and decreased compensatoryly in the marginal zone. By the 14th day, in the group without correction, a decrease in expression by 24.86% (p=0.0487) was recorded; after the administration of saponin, the number of immunopositive cells was practically no different from the control (p=0.0443).&#x0D; CONCLUSION: Therapeutic administration of saponin tauroside Sx1 stabilizes the cytokine profile of the spleen of mice and promotes their better survival in conditions of lethal influenza infection.