Tourism Value Research Articles

The perceived value of local knowledge tourism: dimension identification and scale development.

Local knowledge tourism encompasses the rich cultural heritage, historical narratives, and traditional practices of a specific destination. Despite its significance in enhancing the tourist experience, there is a dearth of research examining the subjective perceptions and values of visitors engaging in local knowledge tourism. Consequently, there is a pressing need to explore the composition of perceived tourist values in this unique context. Due to the exploratory nature of this research, a constructivist grounded theory and content analysis are applied to analyze the data. This study identifies and conceptualizes five distinct dimensions of perceived values in local knowledge tourism: functional value, emotional value, social value, cognitive value, and self-actualization value. Furthermore, an 18-item scale is developed to measure these dimensions quantitatively. This research makes several significant contributions: (1) it expands the scope of perceived value research within the tourism domain and enhances our understanding of the tourist experience in local knowledge tourism; (2) it provides a reliable instrument for future quantitative investigations into the behavior and mindset of local knowledge tourists; and (3) it offers theoretical foundations and practical insights for destination managers seeking to develop tourism products tailored to the preferences and expectations of local knowledge tourists.

Pro Poor Tourism Initiative in Lagoi Tourism Area: An Empirical Study Food Value Chain

This study aims to identify the tourism value chain and its contribution to improving the local community's economy, especially in the food supply chain of 10 hotels/resorts in the Lagoi tourism area, Bintan Regency, Riau Archipelago Province. This study uses a qualitative method related to the food supply chain consisting of vegetables & fruits, fish & seafood, poultry and meat. This study uses primary data through semi-structured interviews with sources from hotel/resort managers, collectors, farmers, fishermen, traders, and suppliers. Foodstuff transaction data obtained directly from the sources. Secondary data obtained from reports by related sources. The results of this study indicate that the existence of the Lagoi tourism area contributes to the economic turnover of the people in Bintan. This shows that all food needs for hotels/resorts are supplied by local economic actors, i.e., supplied by business actors in the agriculture, fish/seafood, poultry and local meat sectors. Local suppliers have become the priority for hotels/resorts. When the requested item cannot be obtained, hotels/resorts will seek it from outside of Bintan. The economic impact is felt directly by producers, be they farmers or fishermen. However, the four sectors mentioned above, the fish/seafood supply chain has a high economic value compared to others, so that it has a broad and real impact, especially for fishermen and related stakeholders. This is shown by the image that Bintan is an archipelago that has a wealth of marine products, supported by various beach and sea destinations that attract tourists to enjoy the processed marine products.

Impact of sustainability communication on German tourists’ willingness to pay for a Finnish cottage holiday

ABSTRACT Using the contingent valuation method, this study examines the determinants of German tourists’ willingness to pay for accommodation in a Finnish holiday cottage. A particular focus is on the communication of credentials relating to three dimensions of sustainability (environmental, socio-cultural, and economic). The results suggest that there are significant differences in how tourists value the different sustainability attributes of their accommodation. The environmental dimension was the only sustainability dimension to have a positive and statistically significant effect on tourists’ willingness to pay. In terms of tourists’ demographic characteristics, meanwhile, employment status was the only socio-demographic factor to have a significant effect on the tourists’ willingness to pay. The managerial implications include investing in, and actively communicating, environmental sustainability features as part of a successful business strategy for Finnish cottage service providers targeting German tourists.

Conceptualising the health-related values within wine tourism

Wellness value is a neglected research area within the field of wine tourism. The connection between wine and wellness in this context is just starting to appear. Using an inductive approach, we established two research questions (RQs) to guide this study. RQ1: Who is concerned with the health-related values of wine tourism? RQ2: What are the dimensions of health-related values in wine tourism? An in-depth and semi-structured interview was conducted. Informants aged 18–45 years, who have health awareness and suffer from wellness problems, are concerned with health-related values in wine tourism. Findings indicated six relevant dimensions: wine health attributes, knowledge, wine destination attributes, mental benefits, social and space needs, and wellness facilities. Further, this study proposes a conceptual framework linking wine-drinking behaviour and destination facilities and attributes with affective and cognitive beliefs that contribute to the overall value of wellness. This proposition shifts the traditional affective and cognitive approach towards values.

Impact of Street Lighting Level on Floodlights

The article presents selected results of research related to the use of outdoor lighting, mainly street lighting, in the design of facility illumination. The indicated subject matter primarily concerns architectural structures that are located in urbanized city spaces and in the strict centers of old cities. It is in these areas that there is usually a significant saturation of historic secular and sacred buildings with significant tourist values. At the same time, the immediate surroundings of the structures are usually wrapped by a dense network of street lighting infrastructure. This illumination can be a major setback in the process of illumination planning. Therefore, it is necessary to take into account the extent of this impact on the planned illumination work, related to the selection, mounting, and direction of illumination equipment. This is related to the distance of the street luminaires from the facade, the height of their installation, the distance of the poles from each other, the power of the street luminaires, and the luminous flux distribution of the luminaires used. The purpose of the work undertaken was to analyze the extent to which outdoor lighting influences the planned illumination of an architectural structure and to explore the possibility of its potential use as a component of illumination. Analytical work was conducted at two levels of detail using advanced graphical computer applications. After general considerations and the derivation of conclusions, an example of illumination of a large sacral building was realized successfully using the element of street lighting as a component of illumination.

ASSESSING THE VALUE CHAIN IMPACTS OFTHEUKRAINEWARONTHETOURISMOF THE UKRAINE WAR ON THE TOURISM INDUSTRYOFGEORGIA

This paper explores the eff ects of the Ukraine confl ict on Georgia's tourism industry and its implica-Ɵ ons through a value chain analysis. The study examines various perspecƟ ves, including the eff ects of the war on Georgian tourism with and without migraƟ on and the subsequent eff ect of migraƟ on on the country's economy. The paper highlights the economic and safety-related eff ects that led to a slow recovery of visitors aŌ er the war. AddiƟ onally, the paper discusses the posiƟ ve impact of migraƟ on on future tourism fl ows, sƟ mulaƟ ng domesƟ c tourism and regional exploraƟ on. However, the infl ux of Russian migrants also increased short-term accommoda-Ɵ on rental prices, aff ecƟ ng vulnerable groups and potenƟ ally contribuƟ ng to inequality and poverty. Furthermore, the paper addresses the global implicaƟ ons of the Ukraine confl ict on internaƟ onal tourism, with Georgia being vulnerable due to its dependence on Russian tourists. The analysis also idenƟ fi es key fi ndings regarding the ef-fects of Russian migrants on various agents within the tourism value chain, including travel agencies, internaƟ onal transportaƟ on, accommodaƟ on, food and beverage, local transportaƟ on, culture, sports, recreaƟ on, and tour-ism-related products. The study concludes by outlining potenƟ al soluƟ ons to miƟ gate the negaƟ ve impact of the confl ict on Georgia's tourism industry, such as markeƟ ng campaigns, introducing new and more aff ordable fl ights, economy-related incenƟ ves, and improvements in service quality. This paper provides a comprehensive evaluaƟ on that off ers valuable insights into the complex impacts of the Ukraine confl ict on Georgia's tourism industry and its broader signifi cance for the global tourism economy.

The touristic values of Jordan pavilion at Expo 2020 Dubai and its most prominent challenges from visitors’ standpoint

هدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على الواقع السياحي للجناح الأردني وأبرز تحديّاته من وجهة نظر زائري الجناح في إكسبو 2020 دبي، واستخدمت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي التحليلي و(الاستبانة) كأداة، بلغت عينتها (135) من زائري الجناح. وأظهرت النتائج: أن الواقع السياحي وتحديّاته في الجناح الأردني المشارك في إكسبو 2020 دبي من وجهة نظر زائريه، بشكلٍ عام جاءت ككل بدرجة متوسطة، حيث بلغ المتوسط الحسابي (1.80) بانحراف معياري (0.25)، وبلغ المتوسط الحسابي للمجال الأول ككل (1.82) وبانحراف معياري (0.250) وبدرجة متوسطة. بينما بلغ المتوسط الحسابي للمجال الثاني ككل (1.67) وبانحراف معياري (0.50) وبدرجة متوسطة. وبناء على نتائج الدراسة، أوصت الباحثة بعدة توصياتِ منها الاقتراح بإمكانية استنساخ نموذج المدينة المستدامة في إكسبو 2020 دبي، وإمكانية تطبيقه في الأردن لما له من فائدة مهمة في التطور والتنمية، وضرورة التنسيق بين القطاعين الحكومي والخاص في الأردن بطريقة منظمة وفاعلة أكثر تساعد على تميز وإنجاح المشاركات القادمة وضرورة التخطيط السياحي والتنظيم المحكم والدقيق من الجهات المنظمة والمختصة للتحضيرات قبل المشاركة الفعلية.

Risk and ambiguity of COVID-19 inhibit intentions for post-pandemic travel via reduced valuation of tourism

PurposeThis study aims to examine how the initial ambiguity of COVID-19 contributed to tourists' intentions for visiting a once-viral outbreak site in the future.Design/methodology/approachThe present study (N = 248) used partial least-squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to examine whether perceptions of ambiguity and mismanagement of COVID-19 are indirectly related to intentions to travel to Wuhan in a post-pandemic world through perceptions of risk and tourism value. Further, whether the model effects differed as a function of individual safety orientation was examined.FindingsPerceptions of COVID-19 risk and tourism value serially mediated the effects of perceived COVID-19 ambiguity on post-pandemic travel intentions. Safety orientation did not moderate any paths. Perceived risk was a negative direct correlate of post-pandemic travel intentions.Originality/valueThe current study's strength is rooted in its specific targeting of post-pandemic travel intentions to Wuhan—the first city to experience a widescale outbreak of COVID-19 and subsequent international stigma—compared to general travel inclinations.

Research on Township Industry Development under GEP Accounting—A Case Study of Hanwang Town in Xuzhou City

The protection and utilization of ecological environment are very important for urban and rural development. At present, a large number of relevant theoretical and practical explorations have been carried out, which confirms the important conclusion that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets. The sustainable development of ecological environments is based on coordination with human production and life. In this paper, by constructing an accounting system for the gross ecosystem product (GEP) applicable to Hanwang town, using the market value method, the alternative cost method, the travel cost method, the willingness to pay method and other technical methods, the GEP of Hanwang town is calculated from three aspects: product supply, regulation service and cultural tourism. Finally, the spatial distribution characteristics of value are used to guide the development and layout of ecological industry in Hanwang town. The results showed that the total ecosystem product value of Hanwang town in Xuzhou was relatively high, reaching 1.165 billion CNY, with per capita reaching 30 million CNY, which was 49.16% of the town’s GDP in 2020. The value of cultural tourism is 820 million CNY, the value of regulatory services is 239 million CNY, and the value of product provision is 106 million CNY. The ecological value of Hanwang town varies greatly in spatial distribution. On the whole, the price is low in the southwest, but high in the northeast. The high-value areas are mainly concentrated in three areas: Yudai River Riverside, Xuzhou Paradise in the north, Hanwang Scenic Spot in the middle and the Panaxi Valley tourist spot in the south. Based on the principle of ecological value transformation, combining with the spatial distribution characteristics of ecological value in Hanwang town, four modes of promoting ecological value transformation were proposed: ecological industrialization management, ecological governance and value promotion, ecological resource index trading and ecotourism. This paper preliminarily explores a method to calculate and transform the value of ecological space, which provides feasible concrete strategies for the protection of ecological space and the development of ecological industry in towns.

Development of a travel recommendation algorithm based on multi-modal and multi-vector data mining.

Given the rise of the tourism industry, there is an increasing urgency among tourists to access information about various tourist attractions. To address this challenge, innovative solutions have emerged, utilizing recommendation algorithms to offer customers personalized product recommendations. Nonetheless, existing recommendation algorithms predominantly rely on textual data, which is insufficient to harness the full potential of online tourism data. The most valuable tourism information is often found in the multi-modal data on social media, characterized by its voluminous and content-rich nature. Against this backdrop, our article posits a groundbreaking travel recommendation algorithm that leverages multi-modal data mining techniques. The proposed algorithm uses a travel recommendation platform, designed using multi-vector word sense segmentation and multi-modal data fusion, to improve the recommendation performance by introducing topic words. In our final experimental comparison, we verify the recommendation performance of the proposed algorithm on the real data set of TripAdvisor. Our proposed algorithm has the best degree of confusion with various topics. With a LOP of 20, the Precision and MAP values reach 0.0026 and 0.0089, respectively. It has the potential to better serve the tourism industry in terms of tourist destination recommendations. It can effectively mine the multi-modal data of the tourism industry to generate more excellent economic and social value.

The Impact of the Development of the Sasak Sade Traditional Tourism Village Destination in Rembitan Village, Pujut District, Central Lombok Regency

The Sade Traditional Tourism Village is one of the mainstay tourist villages on Lombok Island, especially in the Central Lombok region. With local traditions, villages that are still natural and complete with traditional buildings, as well as ancestral heritage that continues to be maintained today, the privilege and added value of tourism for this village, are still being maintained. Tourism development in an area will have an impact on society, both positive and negative. This research was conducted in the Sasak Sade Traditional Tourism Village, in Rembitan Village, Pujut District, Central Lombok Regency. This study aims to determine the impact of tourism development on the economy, socio-culture and environment for the local community of the Sasak Sade Traditional Tourism Village, both positive and negative. This study uses qualitative data, with secondary and primary data sources, data collection through observation, documentation and in-depth interviews and literature studies. This study also used descriptive qualitative data analysis with the determination of informants carried out using a purposive sampling technique with key informants including: Head of Rembitan Village, Head of Management of Sasak Sade Traditional Tourism Village, Head of Local Guides, Traders, Hamlet Heads, Academics, and Communities involved in the development of the Sasak Sade Traditional Tourism Village. The results of processing data from 13 indicators, research results from the development of Sasak Sade Traditional Tourism Village tourism are considered to have a positive impact on economic, socio-cultural development and no negative impacts on the environment were found.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Dynamics of wetland tourism in China: studying wetland tourism park service quality with post-trip tourist intention and tourism value co-creation.

The research intends to assess the dynamics of wetland tourism in China using nexus between tourism service quality, post-trip tourist intention and tourism value co-creation. The study taken the visitors of wetland parks of China as study sample and applied the fuzzy AHP analysis technique and Delphi analysis method. The results of study confirmed reliability and validity of the constructs. It is found that there is significant connection between tourism service quality and value co-creation of Chinese wetland park tourists with the mediating role of tourists' re-visit intention. The findings also lend credence to the "wetland tourism dynamics" which postulates that an increase in capital investment in wetland tourism parks increases tourism service quality and value co-creation and decrease environmental pollution in larger extent. Moreover, findings state that sustainable tourism policy and practice for wetland tourism parks of China has also a significant role in enhancing the stability in wetland tourisms dynamics. The research recommends that administrations obligation urgencies in enhancing scope of wetland tourism in a manner to enhance tourism service quality, which is essential for tourists' re-visit intention after a trip and tourism value co-creation.

Community inclusion in tourism development: young people’s social innovation propositions for advancing sustainable tourism

ABSTRACT Different community groups and members hold varying power positions in tourism development discussions and decision-making. From the sustainable development perspective, tourism planning and management should involve a diversity of voices, including also those with limited political or economic power. This article focuses on relatively little studied young people’s views on tourism development. The article uses the concept of social innovation for analysing local youths’ needs and propositions for transforming tourism towards sustainability. Empirical data is derived from ethnographic research and a design anthropology-oriented workshop for young adults in Kemi, northern Finland. At the workshop, social innovations were used to imagine alternative futures for local life and the role of tourism in development. The participants co-created three social innovation propositions for enhancing the flow of information regarding tourism, developing activities, liveliness and spaces to hang out, and attracting passing-by visitors. These propositions reflect sustainability transformations that recognise young adults’ inclusion in tourism planning, create more inclusive services for locals, and enhance diverse, locally grounded, and socially valuable tourism. Even though the propositions are dependent on existing power structures, they challenge the status quo of tourism planning and development.

The brownfield revival: experts’ perceptions on the decommissioning of San Juan Memorial Park, La Union, Philippines

The public’s demand for more open spaces as brought about by the effects of the pandemic has resulted in increased interest in an existing brownfield in La Union. The San Juan Municipal Cemetery is located along the National Highway, near the existing tourism destination of the municipality. Its presence has raised concerns about it being a visual blight as it is visible from the highway. According to the Comprehensive Land-Use Plan (CLUP) of the Municipality of San Juan, La Union (SJLA), the existing Municipal (People’s) Park is 11,500 square meters (sqm). The 2022 Area Requirement for SJLU’s recreational spaces is estimated at 30,907 square meters (sqm). However, the lack of recreational function and facilities of the San Juan Municipal Cemetery may lead to its removal from the total open space for recreational spaces, resulting in the reduction of the total area to only 19,407 square meters (sqm). This may affect the capacity of the municipality to provide for the residents’ recreational needs, forcing the residents to travel to other cities for their recreational needs. This leads to the examination of the function of memorial parks in their everyday function, their significance in the economic development, environmental risks, and tourism value for the residents. Using a descriptive methodology in gathering insights from the relevant Experts on culture, environment, culture, and tourism, the research found the necessity of converting this memorial park into a culturally-relevant space that reflects the identity of the residents while at the same time improving the tourism image of the municipality.

ANALYSIS AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF GEODIVERSITY AT KARYA MURNI, GORONTALO, INDONESIA

Karya Murni is one of the areas in the northern arm of Sulawesi that has been tectonically influenced. Tectonic processes have implications for the formation of rocks and geological features that have the potential to be developed into geodiversity sites. The development of geological features as a geodiversity site in aspiring geopark Gorontalo can protect valuable geological features from frequent degradation. This research aims to analyze and conduct quantitative assessments of geological diversity in Karya Murni, Gorontalo. The research method used is field observation, laboratory analysis, and geodiversity assessment. Field observations included observing landform, collecting rock samples, and measuring geological structures. Field observations were also carried out to observe aspects of the geodiversity assessment which included science, education, tourism, and risk degradation. Laboratory analysis consists of geomorphological analysis, petrographic analysis, and geological structure data analysis. Geodiversity assessment uses the Geological Survey Center of Indonesia assessment. The results suggest that the geomorphology of the study area can be divided into four geomorphic units - the volcanic hills, denudational hills, Karst hills, and fluvial plain units. The stratigraphy of the research area is divided into four units from the age of the early Eocene to the Holocene - the andesite lava, volcanic breccia, reef limestone, and alluvial deposit units. The geological structure of the study area is a trending northeast–southwest to northwest–southeast. Active faults at the location of the study area consist of the Apitalawu normal fault. At recent states, generally geosites of the Karya Murni have moderate scientific values, the low educational and touristic values and high risk of degradation. The geodiversity potential of the research area can be utilized for further research and education.

The conceptualization of smart tourism service platforms on tourist value co-creation behaviours: an integrative perspective of smart tourism services

The question remains how to integrate the core service proposals within a smart tourism platform setting for further facilitating tourist value co-creation behaviours in sustainable ways. This paper investigates the paradigm of smart tourism service (STS) platforms within the context of an ecosystem space. It conceptualizes concepts by laying a reasonable theoretical foundation (service-dominant logic) and proposing a scale for smart services. Applying sequential mixed methods to an exploratory research design, with seven interlocking stages and data from Fuzzy Delphi experts and tourist surveys in Taipei City, a smart city in Taiwan, this paper proposes a second-order scale with six dimensions, comprising smart services of attractions, transportation, accommodation, diet, purchase, and payment. The final 32-item STS scale is thoroughly developed and subsequently validated in different contexts (i.e. travellers in different phases of travel, pre-travel and during the trip, respectively). The scale significantly reveals the tourist-operated technologies for the provision of STS, determining the development of conceptual STS platforms in this paper. Next, the platforms disclose the locus between ICT functions, information-related services, tourist applications and behaviours, and sustainable value co-creation. The potential path of “STS → behaviour → sustainable value co-creation” explored herein is helpful for illustrating the conceptualization of STS platforms. Moreover, predictions from the platforms of tourists’ smart behaviours make it practically relevant in assessing demands about smart services for tourism. In the end, this paper describes the theoretical implications and managerial implications for tourism practitioners.

Intangible Cultural Heritage as a Resource for Development of Sustainable Cultural Tourism

Thе article examines the Intangible Cultural Heritage as a valuable tourism resource not only for the national authorities but to local communities as well. It examines and analyzes the latest trends and developments in the field to sustainable cultural tourism and the normative documents of the leading international organizations in the field. Synergies between intangible cultural heritage and sustainable cultural tourism are traced and brought to the fore.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cross-border shopping tourism: the case of Hungary

By today the smooth functioning of the global economy has been highly dependent on the uninterrupted flow of factors across borders. The free flow of tourists is also inevitable for the proper functioning of the global tourism industry. However, tourism and various forms of cross-border (tourism) activities were put under unprecedented pressure due to the COVID-19 pandemic, since most countries, including Hungary, introduced serious restrictions on mobility to slow down the spread of the virus. This paper focuses on a relatively under-researched topic, cross-border shopping tourism in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Before the outbreak of the pandemic, shopping tourism was deemed to be an increasingly important component of the tourism value chain. Several studies have demonstrated that shopping has become one of the most favourable activities among tourists and one of the major categories of tourists’ expenditure. Based on the review of the relevant literature, the paper introduces the notion and forms of shopping tourism and discusses the major research topics with special regard to the effects of the pandemic and other types of crisis events. The impact of the pandemic on shopping tourism is observed through the example of Hungary, whereby the effects of restrictions, exchange rate fluctuations, and price-level differences on the number of in- and outbound shopping trips, and the related expenditures, are evaluated. Results show that re-bordering processes due to the pandemic have not only resulted in an unprecedented decline in cross-border shopping tourism, but they also contributed to the spatial restructuring of shopping (tourism) and retailing. The pandemic not only sustained cross-border differentials vital to shopping tourism but sometimes even created new forms of them; these differences, however, could not counter the negative effects of restricted international mobility. The paper aims to contribute to the literature on cross-border tourism by reviewing the effects and consequences of COVID-19 and related restrictions on shopping tourism.

How Ski Tourism Involvement Promotes Tourists’ Low-Carbon Behavior?

China’s ski tourism industry has grown tremendously in the past few years, leading to an increasing amount of tourism-related carbon emissions with negative environmental impacts. Although the government and other market participants are trying to solve the problem from both legislative and technological perspectives, encouraging tourists to engage in low-carbon behavior may play a more important role. This study aims to explore how tourism involvement influences ski tourists’ low-carbon behavior. A sampling survey was conducted to collect 422 valid responses from two ski resorts (indoor and outdoor). Findings from structural equation modeling revealed a significant positive impact of tourism involvement on both low-carbon tourism behavior and low-carbon daily behavior, and this impact can be serially mediated by place attachment and environmental responsibility. In addition, we confirmed that the impact of ski tourism involvement on place attachment is more significant for outdoor ski resorts compared with indoor ones. This study expands the categories of destinations for research on ski tourism and low-carbon behavior. It provides implications for encouraging visitor pro-environmental behavior while corroborating the social value of ski tourism in addressing environmental issues. It also offers insights for government low-carbon campaigns, business management practices, and individuals with actionable attitudes. However, it is worth noting that this study was conducted in a single latitude region and did not conduct a comparative analysis with different locations across latitudes. Future research could investigate skiers in cities of different latitudes to gain a more comprehensive understanding.

How does the integration of cultural and tourism industries impact the value added to tourism value chain: Evidences from Jiangsu Province of China.

China has been fully implementing the policy of the cultural and tourism industrial integration since 2018. However, the value-added benefits of this policy are not prominent, and the relationship between industrial integration and the value added to the tourism value chain was seldom addressed by researchers. In the context of China's high-quality development, it is necessary to conduct the impact of the integration of cultural and tourism industries on the value added to tourism value chain. This paper proposed four theoretical hypotheses and the corresponding econometric models based on the panel data from 2013 to 2020 in China's Jiangsu Province. According to empirical results, the integration of cultural and tourism industries is spatially unbalanced, with notable imbalances between the south and the north. This paper identified a new connection between cultural and tourism integration and the tourism value chain. It is found that the integration of cultural and tourism industries can enhance the value added to tourism value chain either directly or indirectly through the information technology, with the direct effect being positively moderated by tourism agglomeration. Moreover, this paper may overturn how people generally think about the integration between cultural and tourism industries. It reveals a single-threshold effect that only when the integration of cultural and tourism industries reached a high level will it exert a positive effect. To be more specific, not all Chinese cities are suitable for implementing cultural and tourism integration, because the integration is likely to be ineffective in regions where the cultural industry is substantially less developed than the tourism industry.