Valuable Theoretical Guidance Research Articles

Prediction of SO2 concentration at desulfurization outlet of thermal power units based on ReliefF-SC and ISAO-ARELM

Abstract The flue gas desulfurization (FGD) system of thermal power units operates under complex conditions and exhibits significant nonlinearity. Establishing an accurate prediction model for outlet SO2 concentration is crucial for optimizing the control of the FGD system. The study constructs an autoregressive limit learning machine (ARELM) prediction model for SO2 concentration at the desulfurization outlet of thermal power units, leveraging the improved feature selection algorithm ReliefF-SC and the improved snow ablation optimizer (ISAO). Initially, the time delays of the input variables are compensated and the ReliefF-SC algorithm, which incorporates the Spearman correlation coefficient and cosine similarity, is designed to obtain the optimal feature set for predicting SO2 concentration at the outlet. To enhance the ELM's capacity to process time-series data, the autoregressive (AR) concept is integrated into the ELM framework. Furthermore, to mitigate the impact of random initialization of ARELM network parameters on model stability, the ISAO algorithm is proposed by introducing the sine-cosine position update strategy and adaptive adjustment of subpopulation size. Finally, experimental validation is conducted using actual plant operation data. The results indicate that the established SO2 concentration prediction model for desulfurization outlets of thermal power units is highly accurate and offers valuable theoretical guidance and technical support for optimizing the control of the FGD systems.

The impact of health literacy on health-promoting lifestyle among community residents: the chain-mediating role of family health and physical activity

BackgroundAdopting health-promoting lifestyle (HPL) is crucial for improving overall well-being and reducing the risk of chronic diseases. The relationship between health literacy (HL) and HPL among Chinese community residents is complex, with potential mediating factors yet to be fully understood. Family health and physical activity (PA) may play significant roles in this relationship. This study aims to construct a chain mediation model to explore whether family health and PA mediate the effects of HL on HPL in Chinese community residents.MethodsUsing the convenient sampling method, 1,072 Chinese community residents were selected for a cross-sectional study. All participants completed a self-report questionnaire that collected demographic information, as well as data from the Health Literacy Scale Short-Form (HLS-SF12), Family Health Scale Short-Form (FHS-SF), Physical Activity Rating Scale (PARS-3), and Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile-II Revise (HPLP-II R). Data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0, with mediation analysis performed using the SPSS PROCESS macro.ResultsThere were significant pairwise correlations between HL, family health, PA, and HPL (p < 0.01). HL was directly linked to HPL (effect = 0.442; SE = 0.025; 95% CI: 0.392, 0.491). Additionally, three indirect pathways were identified: family health independently mediated 6.02% of the effect (effect = 0.032; SE = 0.010; 95% CI: 0.013, 0.051), PA also independently mediated 9.02% of the effect (effect = 0.048; SE = 0.010; 95% CI: 0.030, 0.068), and a combined chain mediation through both family health and PA accounted for 1.88% of the effect (effect = 0.010; SE = 0.003; 95% CI: 0.005, 0.017).ConclusionHL not only has a direct impact on promoting HPL but also influences it indirectly through the mediating roles of family health and PA. These insights elucidate the mechanisms by which HL affects HPL, providing valuable theoretical guidance for the development and implementation of effective strategies to encourage healthy lifestyle practices.

The resonance effect for the CP asymmetry associated with the process $\omega \rightarrow \pi^{+}\pi^{-}\pi^{0}$

Abstract The direct CP asymmetry in the weak decay process of hadrons is commonly attributed to the weak phase of the CKM matrix and the indeterminate strong phase. We propose a method to generate a significant phase difference through the interference between $\rho$ and $\omega$ mesons, taking into account the G-parity allowed decay process of $\omega \rightarrow \pi^{+}\pi^{-}\pi^{0}$ and the G-parity suppressed decay process of $\rho^{0} \rightarrow \pi^{+}\pi^{-}\pi^{0}$ in B meson decays. 
It can lead to a significant CP asymmetry changes in the interference region. 
Besides, we also calculate the integral results of different phase space regions for the four-body decay process. We hope that our work can offer valuable theoretical guidance for future experimental investigations on CP asymmetry in these decays.Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Article funded by SCOAP3 and published under licence by Chinese Physical Society and the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Science and the Institute of Modern Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and IOP Publishing Ltd.

Selection of optimal spectral features for leaf chlorophyll content estimation

Leaf chlorophyll content (LCC) is crucial for monitoring the physiological processes of crops. Many studies have utilized spectral features to develop regression models for accurate LCC estimation, enabling the quantitative assessment and evaluation of crop growth status. The selection of optimal spectral features and regression algorithms significantly affects the precision of LCC estimation. In this study, we compared and analyzed the optimal spectral features for LCC estimation, as well as the consistency of machine learning methods across different crop types, phenology periods, and sensors. First, we extracted various spectral features, including the original spectral features (OS), first-order derivative spectral features (FDS), original continuum-removed spectra (CR) along with their four related derivative spectral features, principal component variables derived from different spectral features, and highly correlated spectral features with LCC. These extracted spectral features were then employed to construct the LCC models using six common regression algorithms on different datasets. Finally, we analyzed the optimal combination of spectral features and regression algorithms for accurate LCC estimation considering various dimensions, such as crop type, phenological period, and sensor used in observation conditions. The results demonstrate that the combinations of the principal component variables of continuum-removed derivative reflectance with the top 10 correlations with LCC (PCA_CRDR_R) combined with Gaussian process regression (GPR) can be considered as the optimal choice for estimating LCC under diverse observation conditions at a canopy scale, and its R2 can reach 0.62 for sugar beet LCC estimation; thus providing valuable theoretical guidance for selecting appropriate spectral features for LCC estimation.

Optimal strategy for stabilizing protein folding intermediates.

To manipulate the protein concentration at a certain functional state through chemical stabilizers is crucial for protein-related studies. It not only plays a key role in protein structure analysis and protein folding kinetics, but also affects protein functionality to a large extent and thus has wide applications in medicine, food industry, etc. However, due to concerns about side effects or financial costs of stabilizers, identifying optimal strategies for enhancing protein stability with a minimal amount of stabilizers is of great importance. Here, we prove that either for the fixed terminal time (including both finite and infinite cases) or for the free one, the optimal control strategy for stabilizing the folding intermediates with a linear strategy for stabilizer addition belongs to the class of bang-bang controls. The corresponding optimal switching time is derived analytically, whose phase diagram with respect to several key parameters is explored in detail. The bang-bang control will be broken when nonlinear strategies for stabilizer addition are adopted. Moreover, the above theory is applied to the stabilization of erythropoietin by ten different kinds of chemicals, providing theoretical guidance for the selection and rational usage of stabilizers. Our current study on optimal strategies for protein stabilizers not only offers deep insights into the general picture of protein folding kinetics but also provides valuable theoretical guidance on treatments for protein-related diseases in medicine.

Research on the Optimization Method of Bus Travel Safety Considering Drivers’ Risk Characteristics

Bus drivers have an important role in ensuring road safety, as their driving circumstances fluctuate due to the combined influence of physiological, psychological, and environmental dynamics, which can cause complex and varied driving dangers. Quantifying and assessing drivers’ risk characteristics under various scenarios, as well as finding the best fit with their work schedules, is critical for enhancing bus safety. This research first uses the entropy weight method, which is based on historical warning data, to examine the risk characteristics of bus drivers in various complicated contexts. It then creates an objective function targeted at minimizing the operational risk for a specific bus route. This function uses the quasi-Vogel approach and an improved simulated annealing algorithm to optimize and restructure the scheduling table, taking individual driver risk characteristics into account. Finally, the analysis is confirmed and examined with actual operational data from the Zhenjiang Bus Line 3. The data show that enhanced bus operations resulted in a 7.22% gain in overall safety and a 33.76% improvement in balancing levels. These insights provide valuable theoretical guidance as well as practical references for the safe operation and administration of public buses.

The impact of stress and interface composition on the study of CsF/CsPbX3 inorganic perovskite heterojunctions

In this paper, using first-principles calculations, we have shown that the electronic properties of the CsF/CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) heterojunctions can be effectively modulated by applying in-plane strain. The CsF/CsPbX3 heterojunction structures exhibit low-lattice mismatch ratios (Cl-Br-I, 3.6 %-1.8 %-4.3 %). Pb²⁺ and F⁻ attract each other to form PbF2, Cs+ and X−attract each other to form CsX. The binding energies are -0.578, -0.406, and -0.723 eV (Cl, Br and I), respectively, indicating that CsF/CsPbI3 exhibits the superior stability. Three heterojunctions are direct band gap semiconductors and the band gaps increase compared to inorganic perovskites (ΔEg:CsPbCl3CsPbBr3CsPbI3, 0.640–0.652–0.601 eV). The partial density of states indicates that the band gap contribution is related the [PbX3]− octahedron and F−. It is evident from the absorption spectra that the interaction of the CsF/CsPbX3 heterojunctions produces a blue shift. By combining multiple layers of CsF and CsPbX3, an overall broad spectral response can be achieved. The optical parameters of CsF/CsPbX3 are consistent with the changes in the band gap. This study demonstrates that CsF can enhance the stability adjust of the spectral response range of inorganic perovskite sensors, and improve the optical absorption performance. The study provides valuable theoretical guidance for the research of high-performance CsF/CsPbX3 heterojunction sensors.

Main cable structure analysis and construction control of short span suspension bridge within three-tower

The Feng Chu suspension bridge in Xiangyang holds the distinction of having one of the shortest span lengths among global suspension bridges, measuring less than half the length of conventional designs. This paper focuses on the engineering background of the bridge and delves into the analysis of the main cable structure and construction control methods for short-span suspension bridges with three towers. The study examines the impact of elastic modulus deviation in the main cable and the dead-load error of the stiffening beam on key parameters such as the unstressed length of the main cable, pre-deflection of the cable saddle, and mid-span elevation of the empty cable. Additionally, the effects of temperature, span, and cable length on the sag of the empty cable during the erection process are analyzed. Findings reveal that the elastic modulus and dead-load error significantly influence the unstressed length of the main cable, pre-deflection of the saddle, and the shape of the empty cable. This study establishes a relationship between changes in cable length and mid-span sag, providing valuable theoretical guidance for aligning and adjusting the main cable strands. Furthermore, synchronized alignment adjustments for the two mid-span sections are proposed to prevent main cable strand sliding, which may occur due to significant differences in sag between the sections.

Optimization of oak sawing parameters based on energy consumption and surface roughness

AbstractHigh energy consumption and poor processing quality are common problems in wood sawing. To address these issues, in this article, specific cutting energy and surface roughness were investigated with saw blade speed as control variables. Analysing the effect of parameters on specific cutting energy and surface roughness. The sawing parameters were optimised with the objectives of minimum specific cutting energy and minimum surface roughness. The findings indicate that specific cutting energy and surface roughness reduction with increasing rake angle; specific cutting energy and surface roughness decrease with increasing spindle speed; specific cutting energy decreases and surface roughness increases with increasing feed rate. ANOVA analysis reveals that sawing speed (n) has the most significant impact on specific cutting energy during oak cutting. The optimal solution derived from TOPSIS suggests a specific cutting energy of 2E7 J/m3 and a surface roughness of 1.758 μm. The innovation of this paper is the study of the specific cutting energy and the optimisation of parameters. These findings provide valuable theoretical and practical guidance for enhancing the efficiency and quality of oak processing while minimizing energy consumption.

Response processes to water quality changes driven by the dynamic regeneration of the surface microlayer film in slow-flowing freshwater bodies

The freshwater surface microlayer film (SMF) is a dynamically evolving micro-ecosystem closely related to water quality and microbial growth in water. However, the mechanisms of dynamic regeneration of SMF after their destruction and their impacts on the aquatic environment are still largely unknown. Herein, we modeled the dynamic processes of SMF destruction and recovery in the natural environment by constructing a water-SMF ecosystem. Chemical and biological changes in the dynamic regeneration of SMF were investigated. The results showed that the dynamic regeneration of SMF was very fast, with a regeneration thickness of up to 300±50 μm in two days, and at the same time, it would rapidly enrich organic matter and Fe ions. In addition, the cyclic dynamic regeneration process of SMF is significantly correlated with the surge metabolic growth of microorganisms associated with organic matter metabolism (e.g., Methylophilus, Nevskia) and iron-redox-associated (e.g., Curvibacter). The experimental results suggest that the microbial-mediated process of iron-organic matter coupled oxidation-reduction in SMF may be another important mechanism driving water quality changes. Overall, our study provides valuable theoretical guidance for predicting changes in water quality in slow-flowing water bodies.

A study on radial oil seal leakage failure due to viscoelasticity under dynamic eccentricity

Purpose This study aims to investigate the causes of leakage in radial oil seals under dynamic eccentricity, elucidate the influence of operating parameters on leakage failure and develop methods for predicting and preventing such leakage. Design/methodology/approach Based on the principle of cam motion and considering viscoelasticity, develops a motion model of the compression and release of the shaft seal and proposes a method to determine its failure. In addition, this study quantifies the leakage gap and formulates a quantitative calculation model to accurately determine the location and shape parameters of the leakage gap. Findings Leakage gaps predominantly occur during the release phase of the shaft seal. Their presence can be identified by comparing the descending times of the seal and the shaft during this phase. An increase in rotation speed and eccentricity heightens the likelihood of gap formation, with both the dimensions and leakage rate of the gap increasing as these factors escalate. Eccentricity, in particular, has a more pronounced effect on gap formation. Originality/value This study clarifies the failure mechanisms of radial oil seals under dynamic eccentricity and introduces a criterion for identifying leakage gaps, providing valuable theoretical guidance for the design and optimization of radial oil seals. Peer review The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-05-2024-0192/.

Effect of trace niobium on the microstructure and properties of full-pearlite steel used in the high-strength hypereutectoid wire rods

The present study investigated the impact of 20–80 ppm Nb on the microstructure and properties of hypereutectoid pearlite steel. Remarkably, even trace amounts of Nb exhibited a favorable effect on the refinement of austenite grain. The addition of the Nb element resulted in a reduction of pearlite transition temperature, leading to a decrease of approximately 13% in lamellar spacing and 11% in the size of pearlite colonies. Furthermore, the dragging effect of the Nb element on the carbon atoms in hypereutectoid steel facilitated the control and refinement of network carbides. These findings offer valuable theoretical guidance for the production of ultra-high-strength wire rods. When the Nb content reached 80 ppm, it promoted the precipitation of (Ti, V)C, while simultaneously improving the morphology of square carbides. The grain refining strengthening mechanism accounted for about 70% of the overall strengthening effect observed in high carbon wire rods, with the influence of the Nb element primarily targeting grain refinement. Consequently, the incorporation of minute quantities of Nb presents a promising avenue for the development of ultra-high-strength hypereutectoid wire rods, offering significant potential for enhancing their strength properties.

Effect of social support on Muslim women's sporting activities: mediating effect of psychological adjustment.

This study explores the relationship between social support and sporting activities of Muslim women and constructs a mediation model through role of psychological adjustment. Using stratified cluster sampling, 301 Muslim women were measured in group psychology using the Social Support Scale and the Sports Activities and Psychological Adjustment Scale. The statistical software SPSS 24.0 and SPSS PROCESS 3.3 were used for statistical processing. The common-method variation test was carried out using the Harman single-factor control test. Finally, the Bootstrap sampling test method and process plug-in were used to test the significance of the intermediary effect. (1) Social support has a significant predictive effect on sports activities (β = 0.32, p < 0.001); (2) psychological adjustment (β = 0.552, p < 0.001) mediates the relationship between social support and sporting activities [social support → psychological adjustment → sporting activities (95% Cl, 0.093, 0.323)]. Social support positively influences sporting participation among Muslim women, and psychological adjustment mediates this relationship. Strengthening social support for Muslim women can enhance their psychological adjustment, thereby improving their participation in sporting activities and offering valuable theoretical and practical guidance.

Efficient removal and separation of cationic dyes by microbubbles for electroflotation coupling membrane electrosorption

In order to enhance the treatment efficiency of cationic dyes wastewater, a dual chamber reactor was ingeniously designed to combine electroflotation and electrosorption technologies. The electrochemical system effectively removed representative single and mixed cationic dyes within 64 min at 150 mA. The observable reaction process phenomena, microbubble photos, clear Tyndall effect phenomena, and electrochemical experimental results all indicated the crucial role of electroflotation in removing cations dyes. Furthermore, changes in surface color, morphology, and functional groups of the anion exchange membrane before and after electrolysis suggested that the electrosorption process also contributed significantly to the removal process. Analysis using UV–vis absorption spectrum and high-resolution mass spectroscopy indicated that no significant chemical reaction occurred with the cationic dye during this process; thus, confirming that the separation of the cationic dye was a physical removal process. This study provides valuable theoretical guidance for efficient removal and separation of cationic dyes in wastewaters.

Transcriptome analysis and characteristics of drought resistance related genes in four varieties of foxtail millet [Setaria italica]

Foxtail millet [Setaria italica] plays a crucial role as a multigrain crop in agricultural production. However, due to future extreme weather conditions, drought remains the main abiotic stress that limits foxtail millet yield, it is highly significant to screen for drought-tolerant varieties throughout the entire growth period and identify the regulatory genes associated with drought resistance in foxtail millet breeding. We identified 217 foxtail millet seed resources for drought resistance during the maturity stage in the field, and subsequently categorized them into different levels of drought resistance. Two cultivars with extremely strong drought resistance during the maturity stage in the field, JKH4 (Chi 5422) and JKH6 (Chigu 26), as well as two cultivars with extremely weak drought resistance during the maturity stage in the field, JRK3 (17M1309) and JRK6 (Canggu 9), were selected for physiological comparison and transcriptome sequencing before and after drought treatment. Transcriptome analysis at the seedling stage revealed that JRK3 and JRK6 cultivar primarily regulated phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, MAPK signaling pathogen-plant, and plant hormone signal transduction pathway in response to drought stress. On the other hand, the fatty acid elongation pathway of JKH4 and JKH6 variety was found to be more significant. Furthermore, 22 drought resistance related genes were screened through transcriptome analysis of four foxtail millet varieties. These findings could offer valuable theoretical guidance for breeding foxtail millet with enhanced drought resistance and potentially facilitate the development of genetically engineered drought-resistant foxtail millet varieties.

Microstructure evolution and property characteristics in hot-pressed Mo-W-Cu refractory functional alloys with varying tungsten content

Mo-W-Cu refractory functional alloys (RFAs), combining property advantages of MoCu and WCu alloys, have great application potential in microelectronics, aerospace technology, and military equipment due to their excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, low coefficient of thermal expansion, and high-temperature properties. W content in the alloy is a key factor influencing these properties. However, there is a lack of systematic investigation on the microstructure and properties of hot pressing (HP) processed Mo-W-Cu RFAs with different W contents these days. In this study, Mo-W-20Cu alloys with varying W content of 0–50 wt% RFAs are prepared by mechanical activation (MA) followed by hot pressing. The effect of W content on the microstructure and properties of the alloy is investigated in detail. The results show that all Mo-W-Cu RFAs mainly consist of Mo phase, W phase, and Cu phase after adding W. The microstructure observation shows that the Cu powder particles undergo a plastic deformation during the HP processing, resulting in the closure of the pores and the good metallurgical bonding with Mo phase and W phase at a relatively low temperature. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) determination indicates that the MoCu phase interface and that of WCu both possess a semi-coherent structure. The property measurements demonstrate that the electrical and thermal conductivity properties of Mo-W-Cu RFAs continuously increase with W content rising while the relative densities of all the alloys are over 94 %. This study can provide a valuable theoretical and technological guidance for the investigation on preparation, microstructure, and properties of high-performance RFAs.

Analysis of extrusion characterization of Nd-Fe-B permanent magnet ring based on Normalized Cockcroft & Latham fracture criterion

The hot deformation behavior of hot-pressed Nd-Fe-B material was investigated using a Gleeble-3500 thermal simulation machine, with deformation of 50 %, temperatures ranging from 700 to 850 °C, and strain rates ranging from 0.01 to 1 s−1. A hyperbolic sine model was employed to establish a constitutive equation suitable for this material. In addition, the chosen fracture criterion and damage threshold in the simulations were validated against the experimental results. Then, a three-dimensional thermo-mechanical coupled model was developed to simulate the damage evolution of the material during the extrusion process. The effects of different extrusion processes and positions of the back pressure tool on the magnetic performance and forming quality of the material were investigated. The simulation results indicate that both the combined extrusion process and the back pressure tool located at the half of the workpiece will contribute to improve the uniformity of the magnetic properties, and effectively ensuring the regularity of the forming process at the top of the magnetic ring and suppressing the occurrence of cracks. The results of this paper will help to a better understanding of the deformation mechanism of Nd-Fe-B permanent magnet and provide a valuable theoretical guidance for the preparation of high-performance Nd-Fe-B magnetic rings.

Investigation on Enhancement of AP/HTPB/Al Composite Solid Propellant Combustion Characteristics via DC Electric Field

ABSTRACT To investigate the influence mechanisms of DC electric fields on the combustion of solid propellants, a numerical model for the combustion characteristics of AP/HTPB/Al composite solid propellant under the DC electric field is established. Effects of the applied electric field on combustion flame structure, combustion surface temperature distribution, and mixing fraction distribution are analyzed. The results indicate that the applied electric field enhances the mixing effect of the propellant gas phase decomposition products, thereby altering the flame structure and bringing it closer to the combustion surface. The application of the electric field leads to an increase in the combustion surface temperature by 20–70 K. The effect of the negative electric field on the combustion surface temperature and burning rate is more significant compared to that of the positive electric field. The results provide valuable theoretical guidance in the field of solid engine combustion control.

Enhancing mechanical properties of additively manufactured voronoi-based architected metamaterials via a lattice-inspired design strategy

Voronoi-based architected metamaterials have gained significant recognition as promising candidates for bone defect repair implants. However, the demanding requirements for reliable and adjustable load-bearing capacity pose challenges in applying irregular Voronoi-based architected metamaterials in implant applications. In this study, we propose a lattice-inspired design methodology for these metamaterials, enabling precise control over topologies and porosities to enhance their mechanical properties. We demonstrate the influence of unit cell topology on the printability, mechanical properties, and permeability of lattice-inspired Voronoi-based metamaterials (LIVMs) fabricated via laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) additive manufacturing. The LPBF-printed LIVMs exhibited yield strengths ranging from 3.35 to 17.59 MPa and specific energy absorption ranging from 3.81 to 14.29 J/g. Through finite element modeling and experimentation, we show that the deformation behavior of LIVMs with various topologies plays a crucial role in enhancing mechanical performance through mechanisms such as homogeneous load transfer between unit cells and multistage-contact strengthening within a unit cell. Additionally, we analyze the impact of unit cell type and porosity on the mass-transport behavior of LIVMs using computational fluid dynamics simulations. The LIVMs achieved experimental permeability values ranging from 3.88 × 10−9 to 16.83 × 10−9 m2 (consistent with trabecular bones), indicating that multiple fluid flow channels can be utilized to enhance mass transport by distributing flow pressure and increasing fluid mobility. The proposed design method effectively achieves a favorable combination of superior mechanical properties and tunable permeability in Voronoi-based architected metamaterials. These findings provide valuable theoretical guidance for the development of architected metamaterials for bone implant applications.

Effect of WC-17Co content on microstructure, mechanical properties and wear resistance of WC-17Co/Ni composites produced with cold spraying

Aluminum alloys face increased performance demands when exposed to harsh environments, which requires enhanced surface protection and damage repair to such components. This study examines the fabrication of high-performance WC-17Co/Ni composite coatings on AA2024 alloy substrate using cold spraying and elucidates the influence of WC-17Co content on microstructures, mechanical properties, and wear resistance. The fatigue life and fracture mechanism of coatings under various loadings were subjected to analysis. The study demonstrates that an increase in the hardness of the composite coating is significantly associated with the addition of hard phase, while the bonding strength remains unaffected. The steady-state friction coefficient of the coating goes through a maximum, and the wear mechanism is characterized by fatigue wear and abrasive wear. The composite coating exhibits excellent corrosion resistance. The increased hard phase WC-17Co content (63.5 %) in the coating and the increased hardness (434.7 HV0.3) of the coating allow it to withstand large loads, and reduce the impact of fatigue cycle loads on the coating, thereby improving its fatigue resistance. This study offers valuable theoretical guidance for enhancing the performance and extending the service life of aluminum alloys in harsh environments. It holds significant engineering application value within the field of surface engineering.