Valuable Theoretical Guidance Research Articles

Functional Study of Different Lignocellulases from Trichoderma guizhouence NJAU4742 in the Synergistic Degradation of Natural Straw

The enzyme-based degradation of lignocellulose for bioenergy production is an eco-friendly and sustainable approach. This study aimed to elucidate the enzymatic characteristics of endoglucanase (EGL), β-glucosidase (BGL), and xylanase (XYN) from Trichoderma guizhouence NJAU4742, and to explore the potential mechanisms underlying their synergistic degradation of different natural substrates. The results demonstrated that the three enzymes possessed remarkable high-temperature catalytic activity, broad pH adaptability, and responsiveness to different metal ions. The functional group absorption peaks of different substrates were shifted and altered after the synergistic action, particularly for C=O and O-H. Simultaneously, the crystallinity index of wheat straw, soybean straw, rice straw, and corn straw decreased by 7.40%, 2.37%, 20.60%, and 7.67%, respectively, compared to CK (natural straw). Additionally, the dense structure of different substrates was destroyed, and the inner parenchyma began to be exposed after the synergistic action, as observed by SEM. These findings offer valuable theoretical guidance for the development of lignocellulase applications.

Optimally Splitting Solar Spectrums by Concentrating Solar Spectrums Splitter for Hydrogen Production via Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell

The concentrating solar spectrums splitter (CSSS)-driven solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) is an attractive technology for green hydrogen production. The CSSS mainly comprises a concentrating photovoltaic (CPV), which converts sunlight with shorter wavelengths into electricity, and a concentrating solar collector (CSC), which converts the remaining sunlight into heat. However, the optimal splitting of the solar spectrums is a critical challenge that directly impacts the efficiency and normal operation of the SOEC. To address this challenge, a mathematical model integrating the CSSS with the SOEC is developed based on principles from thermodynamics and electrochemistry. By analyzing the requirements of electricity and heat for the SOEC, the model determines the optimal configuration and operational parameters. The results show that the anode-supported type, higher operating temperature, larger inlet flow rate of water, higher operating pressure of the SOEC, higher operating temperature of the CSC, and larger electric current of the CPV contribute to allocating more solar spectrums to the CSC for heat generation. However, the greater effectiveness of the heat exchangers, higher operating temperature, and larger optical concentration ratio of the CPV exhibit contrasting effects on the spectrum allocation. The obtained results provide valuable theoretical guidance for designing and running the CSSS for hydrogen production through SOEC.

Evolved photovoltaic performance of MAPbI3 and FAPbI3-based perovskite solar cells in low-temperatures

Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites have emerged as an up-and-coming contender for photovoltaic devices owing to their exceptional photovoltaic properties. However, current research predominantly concentrates on their performance under ambient conditions at room temperature. In this work, we delve into the novel territory by investigating MAPbI3-based and FAPbI3-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) in the temperature range of 300 to 150 K. Remarkable efficiency enhancements of nearly 5% and 20% were obtained at 250 and 210 K, respectively. However, further decreasing the temperature impairs the photovoltaic performance. We propose an underlying mechanism influencing the performance change in perovskite devices at low temperatures by examining the temperature-dependent ultraviolet-visible and photoluminescence spectra results. At the beginning of the cooling process, from 300 to 250 K for MAPbI3 and from 300 to 210 K for FAPbI3, the performance enhancement stems primarily from the enhanced open-circuit voltage by the tuned band gap of the perovskite films. Further lowering the temperature would change the perovskite structure, impairing the performance of PSCs. FAPbI3-based PSCs show a better tolerance in low temperatures owing to the more stable perovskite crystal structure. The present findings offer valuable theoretical guidance for preparing outstanding PSCs for low-temperature applications.

Preparation, characterization, and combustion properties of NGO/GF/B composite system

Boron is a potential fuel for energetic materials due to its high volumetric and gravimetric energy density. However, its application has long been constrained by ignition difficulties and insufficient combustion. In this study, a mixture of NGO and GF was introduced as an additive to boron particles. We prepared NGO/GF-coated B complexes and performed several characterizations, showing that NGO combined with GF had a good coating effect on B. The combustion heat was measured by an oxygen bomb calorimeter, while the combustion mechanism was proposed. Its effect on the thermal decomposition behavior of AP was also analyzed. The results showed that the combustion efficiency of NGO/GF-modified B was significantly improved, which was 14.34% higher than that of pure B. This enhancement was attributed to the synergistic effect of NGO and GF, which promoted ignition and combustion by releasing heat, gases, and fluorocarbon radicals. In addition, both boron and NGO/GF-modified boron accelerated the decomposition of AP, especially, in the presence of NGO/GF, the decomposition temperature of AP was advanced by 73.2 °C compared to that in the presence of boron alone. These findings may provide valuable theoretical guidance for the design and potential application of NGO/GF modified boron in energetic materials.

Influence of seaweed dietary fibre as a potential alternative to phosphates on the quality profiles and flavour attributes of frankfurters

This study primarily aimed to investigate the influence of seaweed dietary fibre (SDF), as a potential alternative to phosphates, on the quality profiles and flavour attributes of frankfurters. The results revealed that SDF addition can significantly improve the cooking yield and texture characteristics of phosphate-free frankfurters (P < 0.05), and 1.00% SDF proved to be the optimal concentration for replacing phosphates in frankfurters. Moreover, electronic nose and electronic tongue analyses demonstrated that SDF incorporation potentially influences the aroma and taste of phosphate-free frankfurters. Furthermore, volatile compound analysis revealed that SDF addition potentially compensates for the decrease in volatile flavour compound content caused by phosphate deficiency. Generally, our results indicate that SDF can be successfully applied as a potential alternative to phosphates and subsequently improve the quality profiles and flavour attributes of phosphate-free frankfurters. Moreover, they provide valuable theoretical guidance for the processing of phosphate-free emulsified meat products.

Lagrangian perspective on the expansion dynamics and shielding effect of femtosecond laser-induced copper plasma plumes

Femtosecond laser ablation of metals generates a strongly ionized plasma plume near the irradiated surface. The resulting plasma shielding effect can reduce subsequent laser energy deposition and lower nanomachining efficiency, especially during multi-pulse irradiation. Understanding the spatiotemporal evolution of the laser-induced plasma and its associated shielding effect is, therefore, crucial. A hybrid two-temperature and direct simulation Monte Carlo (TTM-DSMC) computational model is developed in this study, which synergistically couples the ultrafast laser–metal interaction physics and the plasma collisional transport. The model simulates the plasma properties including electron density, temperature dynamics, reflectivity, and energy attenuation throughout the plume expansion process from femtosecond to nanosecond timescales. A complex “penguin-shaped” plasma plume with internal shockwaves is observed due to the effects of double-pulse irradiation. Significantly enhanced plasma reflectivity and reduced laser energy deposition demonstrate the accumulated shielding effect, which increases with higher plasma density accumulation when the pulse separation is insufficient. Our model provides valuable theoretical guidance for optimizing processing parameters to enhance efficiency and precision in femtosecond laser machining. The integrated TTM-DSMC approach could also facilitate the study of laser-induced plasmas in other contexts like material characterization and nanoparticle synthesis.

Pd-Adsorbed SiN3 Monolayer as a Promising Gas Scavenger for SF6 Partial Discharge Decomposition Components: Insights from the First-Principles Study.

Gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) equipment must be protected by detecting and eliminating the toxic SF6 partial discharge decomposition components. This study employs first-principles calculations to thoroughly investigate the interaction between a Pd-adsorbed SiN3 monolayer (Pd-SiN3) and four typical SF6 decomposition gases (H2S, SO2, SOF2, and SO2F2). The study also investigates the associated geometric, electrical, and optical characteristics along with the sensing sensitivity and desorption efficiency. The ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations demonstrated the favorable stability of the Pd-SiN3 monolayer. Furthermore, the Pd-SiN3 monolayer exhibited strong chemisorption behavior toward H2S, SO2, SOF2, and SO2F2 gases because of the higher adsorption energies of -2.717, -2.917, -2.457, and -2.025 eV, respectively. Furthermore, significant changes occur in the electronic and optical characteristics of the Pd-SiN3 monolayer following the adsorption of these gases, resulting in remarkable sensitivity of the Pd-SiN3 monolayer in relation to electrical conductivity and optical absorption. Meanwhile, all of these gas adsorption systems exhibited extremely long recovery times. The aforementioned theoretical findings suggest that the Pd-SiN3 monolayer has the potential to be an effective gas scavenger for the storage or removal of the SF6 decomposition components. Additionally, it might function as a reliable one-time sensor for detecting these gases. The results potentially provide valuable theoretical guidance for maintaining the normal operation of the SF6 insulation devices.

Synergistic enhancement of phase change materials through three-dimensional porous layered covalent triazine framework/expanded graphite composites for solar energy storage and beyond

The challenges of leakage and low thermal conductivity have emerged as obstacles that hinder the advancement of long-term thermal stability and versatility of phase change material (PCM). This study aims to address the challenges of high leakage rate and low thermal conductivity associated with paraffin wax (PW) in phase change energy storage. A composite PCM with a layered microstructure was successfully synthesized by physically blending expanded graphite (EG), covalent triazine framework (CTF), and adsorbed PW. For the first time, the encapsulation of (phase change materials) PCMs using covalent organic frameworks (COF) was realized. Subsequently, various aspects of the prepared materials were thoroughly characterized and analyzed, demonstrating excellent performance. The material exhibited a leakage rate of only 0.18 %, a thermal conductivity approximately 10 times higher than that of pure PW, and a high latent heat of phase change (111.26 J/g). After undergoing 500 thermal cycles of storage and release, the latent heat of phase change remained stable at around 72 %, indicating robust thermal cycle stability. Furthermore, photothermal tests revealed an impressive photothermal conversion efficiency of 86.9 % for the composite PCM, highlighting its remarkable photothermal conversion capability and efficiency. This study provides an innovative solution to the challenges of high leakage rate and low thermal conductivity in paraffin-based phase change energy storage. Additionally, it delivers valuable theoretical guidance and an experimental foundation for the development of more efficient and stablePCMs.

Effects of processing methods on the aroma of Poria cocos and its changing regulations during processing

Poria cocos is a natural source of fungal food raw materials. Processing method is a key effecting the aroma of Poria cocos. In this study, the aroma compounds of Poria cocos products processed using sweating-low-temperature drying (SW-LD), sweating-high-temperature drying (SW-HD), steaming-low-temperature drying (ST-LD), and steaming-high-temperature drying (ST-HD) were compared by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and the changes in aroma compounds of Poria cocos products during processing were analyzed. GC–MS analysis showed SW-HD product had highest content of aroma compounds. Aroma activity value (OAV) analysis indicated that 9 aroma compounds contributed to the overall aroma of Poria cocos. Among 9 compounds of Poria cocos, 1-octen-3-ol, hexanal, nonanal, octanal, trans-2-octenal, and heptanal contributed to mushroom, refreshing, sweet and fatty characters. In addition, the aroma compound changes during the processing were analyzed, revealing that steaming and sweating were the key processes affecting the aroma of Poria cocos products. The findings of this study provide valuable theoretical guidance for the development of Poria cocos processing technology.

Genome-wide investigation of sucrose synthase gene family in pineapple: Characterization and expression profile analysis during fruit development

ABSTRACT Sucrose content influences the flavour and quality of fruits. Sucrose synthase (SUS; EC 2.4.1.13) mediates the reversible conversion of uridine diphosphate and sucrose to uridine diphosphate-glucose and fructose. Although genome-wide analyses of SUS gene families exist for various species, such studies are lacking for pineapple. The specific SUS gene(s) involved in sucrose metabolism during pineapple development remain unknown. This study identified six SUS genes (AcSUS1–6) and analysed their chromosomal locations, synteny, structure, motif composition, sequence alignments, and phylogenetic relationships. Gene promoter analysis revealed a predominance of light-response elements in the AcSUS gene family. AcSUS1 was predominantly expressed in the peduncle, pericarp, and core, whereas AcSUS4 was highly expressed in the flesh. The levels of sucrose, glucose, and fructose increase during pineapple fruit development. Further gene expression analysis indicated that AcSUS2, AcSUS3, and AcSUS5 were down-regulated during this period. These results suggest that AcSUS2, AcSUS3, and AcSUS5 may modulate sucrose breakdown in pineapple. This study contributes to our understanding of SUS gene function in regulating sucrose metabolism and offers valuable theoretical guidance for the genetic improvement of pineapples.

Unravelling the role of work function difference on supported Ru nanoclusters for alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction

Fine tuning the work function difference (ΔΦ) between support and Ru which in turn affects the electron distribution of Ru is an effective method for the design of high-performance alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts. However, it remains a challenge to understand the intrinsic relationship between HER activity and ΔΦ at the atomic level. Herein, taking N doped graphene supported Ru nanoclusters (Ru/CxNy) as the theoretical model, we demonstrate that the HER activity can be correlated with the variation of ΔΦ. For Ru/C50 with smaller ΔΦ, we find that the Ru atoms located at the top layer of Ru nanoclusters (Ru-t) with lower coordination numbers are the main reaction sites. For Ru/C30N20 with larger ΔΦ, the stronger charge redistributions of Ru is observed, and the electron-deficient Ru atoms closing to the interface (Ru-i) are the main reaction sites with significant improvement HER activity. Our findings demonstrate the role of ΔΦ on Ru/CxNy systems for the alkaline HER, which can provide valuable theoretical guidance for the design of high efficient HER catalysts.

Development of an efficient procedure for preparing high quality Camellia oleifera seed oil by enzymatic extraction and demulsification

Camellia oleifera seed oil is rich in unsaturated fatty acids, and has various nutraceutical and health benefits, but the application of it is hindered by inappropriate processing methods. In this work, we developed an efficient procedure for preparing high quality Camellia oleifera seed oil using enzymatic extraction and demulsification. Through the screening of enzyme types, acid protease was found to be the optimal enzyme for extraction, resulting in a clear oil yield of 66.94±0.70% under the optimized conditions determined by using response surface methodology (RSM). In order to address the issue of excessive emulsion formation during enzymatic extraction, enzymatic demulsification was utilized to recover the clear oil from the emulsion layer. After successively addition of medium temperature α-amylase and acid protease under the optimized conditions, a demulsification rate of up to 74.31±0.27% and a clear oil yield of 16.01% were obtained. Therefore, a total clear oil yield of 82.95% was achieved. Finally, the quality indexes of three clear oil samples were analyzed, and all of them attained level one of Chinese National Standard GB/T 11765–2018. These results demonstrate the efficient preparation of high-quality Camellia oleifera seed oil by full enzymatic extraction and demulsification. It provides valuable theoretical guidance for the environmentally friendly extraction of Camellia oleifera seed oil, with potential applications in its production.

A Novel Prediction Model for Steam Temperature Field of Downhole Multi-Thermal Fluid Generator

Aiming at the low efficiency of heavy-oil thermal recovery, a downhole multi-thermal fluid generator (DMTFG) can improve the viscosity reduction effect by reducing the heat loss of multi-thermal fluid in the process of wellbore transportation. The steam generated by the MDTFG causes damage to the packer and casing, owing to the return upwards along the annular space passage of the oil casing. To mitigate this damage, a heat transfer model for multi-channel coiled tubing wells and a prediction model for the upward return of the steam temperature field in the annulus were established with the basic laws of thermodynamics. Models were further verified by ANSYS. The results indicate the following four conclusions. First of all, when the surface pressure is constant, the deeper the located DMTFG, the shorter the distance for the steam to return would be. It is easier to liquefy the steam. Second, the higher the temperature of the steam produced by the downhole polythermal fluid generator, the larger the upward distance of the steam would be. Third, the higher the steam pressure at the outlet of the downhole polythermal fluid generator, the smaller the distance of steam upward return would be. Finally, the larger the diameter of the multi-channel conversion piping, the greater the distance of the steam return would be. It is meaningful to provide valuable theoretical guidance for packer position designing in the field. Meanwhile, the study also provides a modeling basis for the subsequent study of artificial intelligence in the downhole temperature field.

Tungsten Inert Gas Welding of 6061-T6 Aluminum Alloy Frame: Finite Element Simulation and Experiment.

In order to address the irregularity of the welding path in aluminum alloy frame joints, this study conducted a numerical simulation of free-path welding. It focuses on the application of the TIG (tungsten inert gas) welding process in aluminum alloy welding, specifically at the intersecting line nodes of welded bicycle frames. The welding simulation was performed on a 6061-T6 aluminum alloy frame. Using a custom heat source subroutine written in Fortran language and integrated into the ABAQUS environment, a detailed numerical simulation study was conducted. The distribution of key fields during the welding process, such as temperature, equivalent stress, and post-weld deformation, were carefully analyzed. Building upon this analysis, the thin-walled TIG welding process was optimized using the response surface method, resulting in the identification of the best welding parameters: a welding current of 240 A, a welding voltage of 20 V, and a welding speed of 11 mm/s. These optimal parameters were successfully implemented in actual welding production, yielding excellent welding results in terms of forming quality. Through experimentation, it was confirmed that the welded parts were completely formed under the optimized process parameters and met the required product standards. Consequently, this research provides valuable theoretical and technical guidance for aluminum alloy bicycle frame welding.

Relational model of compositions of enamel coatings and sintering temperature based on back propagation neural network algorithm

Declining the sintering temperature of enamel coatings is traditionally by reducing the content of network-forming agents (such as SiO2) and increasing the content of flux (for example, alkali metal oxides), which will lower the density of the [-Si-O-] network structure, and adversely affect the corrosion resistance of enamel coatings. To ensure a low sintering temperature of enamel coatings as much as possible under a high SiO2 content, it is essential to develop novel enamel coating formulas. However, abundant compositions of enamel coatings cause enormous verification workloads. To address this issue, this paper establishes a relational model of the compositions of enamel coatings and the sintering temperature using the back propagation (BP) neural network algorithm and proposes a formula that meets the requirement of lower the sintering temperature under a high SiO2 content. When the SiO2 content is 55 %, the sintering temperature can be diminished to around 400 °C. Furthermore, the influences of common enamel components on the sintering temperature are identified in this paper using the sensitivity algorithm. The obtained general law of formulas is that the total weight value of the formula at low sintering temperatures should be around −0.3. This paper can provide valuable theoretical guidance for subsequent research and expand the application range of enamel coatings.

Optimization of process parameters for laser cladding Stellite6 cobalt-based alloy

As a new remanufacturing technology, laser cladding can repair damaged parts in large valves in nuclear power plants. The objective is to enhance the surface morphology quality of parts post-remodeling, the paper optimizes the key process parameters in the laser cladding process. Numerical simulation was used to analyze the influence of each process parameter ( laser power, scanning speed, powder feeding speed) on the morphology of the cladding layer. The laser power and powder feeding rate were positively correlated with the width of the cladding layer, and the scanning speed was negatively correlated with the width of the cladding layer. The orthogonal experiments are designed based on the Taguchi method, and the Stellite6 single cobalt-based alloy cladding layer was prepared on the WCB low-carbon steel substrate. Analysis of variance and RSM was used to analyze the experimental results. The influence order of process parameters on the morphology of the cladding layer was determined. The regression prediction model was established to analyze the relationship between the process parameters and the morphology quality (width and height) of the cladding layer. The errors of the model are 5% and 3.5%, respectively. The optimal combination of process parameters is determined as follows: P = 1700 W, Vs = 8 mm/s, Vf = 26 g/min. The cladding layer prepared by the optimal process parameters has fine structure and good bonding. The accuracy of the predictions was validated using this model, which offered valuable theoretical guidance for predicting and controlling the geometric characteristics of the laser cladding of Stellite6 alloy.

Microcosmic mechanism of asphalt-aggregate interface adhesion failure under freeze-thaw cycles based on molecular dynamics

ABSTRACT In order to investigate the micro-mechanisms of adhesive failure at the asphalt-aggregate interface under freeze-thaw cycling, this study presents a novel model for freeze-thaw cycling of asphalt mixtures constructed using molecular dynamics. The model is employed to explore the micro-mechanisms of adhesive failure between asphalt and aggregate surfaces under freeze-thaw cycling conditions. Utilising the four-component model of asphalt, asphalt molecules were constructed, with silicon dioxide and calcium carbonate chosen to represent acidic and alkaline aggregates, respectively. Subsequently, an asphalt-aggregate-water freeze-thaw cycling model was developed. Building upon this foundation, the variations in interface interactions between asphalt and the two types of minerals were analysed under the same freeze-thaw cycling conditions but differing freeze-thaw cycle counts. This analysis was conducted through the examination of Radial Distribution Function (RDF), water molecule coordination numbers, and hydrogen bond quantities at the interfaces between asphalt and the two mineral types. The research findings indicate that acidic aggregates exhibit a greater affinity for water molecules compared to alkaline aggregates. Hydrogen bond interactions exist between aggregates and water molecules, with the hydrogen bond energy being greater than the interactions between asphalt molecules and aggregate surfaces. The cohesive energy decreases with an increasing number of freeze-thaw cycles, leading to a gradual reduction in asphalt viscosity and facilitating the detachment of asphalt from the aggregate surface. Consequently, acidic aggregates tend to absorb water molecules more readily, and water can lower the viscosity of asphalt molecules, ultimately resulting in the macroscopic delamination of asphalt from the aggregate surface. These research outcomes provide valuable theoretical guidance for a deeper exploration of the adhesive failure mechanisms in asphalt-aggregate interactions.

Role of Edge Reconstruction in the Synthesis of Few-Layer Black Phosphorene.

Recent advancements in preparing few-layer black phosphorene (BP) are hindered by edge reconstruction challenges. Our previous studies have revealed the factors contributing to the difficulty of growing few-layer BP. In this study, we have successfully identified three reconstructed edges in bi- and multilayer BP through a combination of the crystal structure analysis by particle swarm optimization (CALYPSO) global structure search and density functional theory (DFT). Notably, the reconstruction between adjacent layers proves more beneficial than self-passivation or maintaining pristine edges. Among the reconstructed edges, the reconstructed ZZ edge is the most stable, regardless of the number of layers. Calculated electronic band structures reveal a significant transition in the electronic properties of black phosphorus nanoribbons (BPNRs), changing from metallic to semiconducting. This insight not only enhances the understanding of the fundamental properties of BP but also provides valuable theoretical guidance for the experimental growth of BPNRs or black phosphorus nanowires (BPNWs).

Atomistic investigation of surface modification effect on interfacial properties of CNTs reinforced AAS geopolymer

To prolong the life of eco-friendly alkali-activated slag-based (AAS) geopolymers, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been adopted as reinforcements due to their outstanding properties. However, the hydrophobic nature of CNTs poses challenges in establishing a strong interfacial compatibility with the hydrophilic calcium-aluminum-silicate-hydrate (C-A-S-H) gel, which plays a crucial role in determining the strength of these geopolymers. This disparity leads to inadequate interfacial adhesion between CNTs and C-A-S-H gel, primarily resulting in material failure at the interface of CNTs reinforced AAS geopolymers. Despite employing various surface modification techniques to address this issue, the precise impact of functional groups on the interfacial interaction at the nanoscale between CNTs and C-A-S-H gels remains uncertain. In this work, the atomistic-scale impact of functional groups on the interfacial properties between CNTs and C-A-S-H gels has been investigated. Compared to unmodified CNTs, CNTs functionalized with carboxyl groups exhibit a remarkable 16.9 % increase in the maximum pull stress during the pull-out process, whereas those functionalized with hydroxyl groups show a more modest 3.5 % improvement. Water molecules gradually desorb from the functionalized CNTs and re-adsorb onto the C-A-S-H structure during the pull-out process, which consumes energy. Functional groups amplify this effect by involving more water molecules in these dynamic processes during interface failure. These findings provide valuable theoretical guidance for optimizing the surface modification techniques of CNTs and underscore the untapped potential of CNTs in enhancing the performance of AAS geopolymer composites.

Tolerance of Forage Grass to Abiotic Stresses by Melatonin Application: Effects, Mechanisms, and Progresses

Climate change related abiotic stress has been potentially impacting the quantity and quality of forage grass. Melatonin, a multifunctional molecule that has been found to be present in all plants examined to date, plays a crucial role in improving forage grass tolerance to both biotic and abiotic stresses. However, research on melatonin’s role in forage grass is still developing. In this review, the effects of melatonin application on abiotic stress are the primary topic, and we try to find relative mechanisms. In order to determine whether melatonin has a good effect on forage grass, we compared and summarized the adapting ability of different forage grasses under abiotic stress after melatonin application in aspects of growth and development, photosynthesis, antioxidant systems, plant hormone interactions, and ion homeostasis. According to part of the data, we found that different forage grasses exhibited varying responses to endogenous melatonin content and exogenous melatonin dose applications. Meanwhile, the regulatory mechanisms of melatonin application include the expression of chlorophyll synthesis and degradation genes, electron transport and phosphorylation genes, stress regulation pathway genes, and plant hormone synthesis genes. We propose possible future studies that can further explore the metabolic pathways of melatonin and the molecular mechanisms of melatonin regulation of abiotic stress in forage grass. Specifically, research can focus on elucidating the signaling pathways, gene expression of regulatory networks, and interactions with other plant hormones. This will provide valuable theoretical and practical guidance for adapting to climate change and forage grass development.