Waste Valorization Research Articles

Tapioca Crispy Crackers with Ripe Banana Peel: Snack Enrichment with Dietary Fiber and Phenolic Compounds from an Agri-Food Waste

Banana peel is rich in bioactive compounds and dietary fiber. Both tapioca starch and bananas are naturally gluten-free. As a means of waste valorization and snack enrichment, tapioca crispy crackers were enriched with banana peel, with or without flesh. The peel was from cv.Namwa bananas are in the final stages of ripening. Phenolic compounds in the ripe banana peel led to the bitterness of the enriched crackers. To increase the amount of banana peel that could be used, the peel was boiled before being incorporated into a formulation of banana peel, at 30 g /100 g of tapioca starch, and flesh at 8 g/100 g of tapioca starch, by weight. The crackers contained no preservative or synthetic coloring or flavoring agent and were assessed without further seasoning. The product was very well-received with 100% acceptance and 93.33% of the respondents were interested in buying it. More than half of the respondents regarded it as being innovative and tasty. Proximate analyses revealed that the optimized formulation contained 2.28% ± 0.08 of total dietary fiber (about 2,280% compared to 0.01% ± 0.02 of the formulation without banana) whereas no significant increase in protein content was observed. The product contained phenolic compounds at 27.26 ± 0.19 μg TAE/g. Sensory evaluation predicted that the enriched crackers, stored at 35±1 °C in a closed container, were not likely to be rejected due to any unpleasant smell of rancidity for at least 10 days. The phenolic compounds contributed by the boiled banana peel significantly suppressed the rancidification process. The optimized formulation can be used for the development of healthy antioxidant-rich, high-fiber, and high-protein snacks using high-protein food processing by-products.

Sustainable waste valorization: hydrophobic sponge from coconut fibers and expanded polystyrene for effective oil–water separation

Sustainable waste valorization: hydrophobic sponge from coconut fibers and expanded polystyrene for effective oil–water separation

Biochar from Date Palm Waste via Two-Step Pyrolysis: A Modified Approach for Cu (II) Removal from Aqueous Solutions

Heavy metals such as copper, often discharged from industrial processes and agricultural activities, pose significant environmental and health risks due to their toxicity, particularly in the soluble form of Cu (II). This study investigates the effectiveness of biochar produced from date palm leaf midrib waste via a two-step pyrolysis process, as a sustainable and economical adsorbent for removing Cu (II) from aqueous solutions The biochar was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis. Adsorption experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, and initial Cu (II) concentration. The maximum adsorption capacity was observed at pH 6, with a capacity of 70 mg/g. The adsorption data were best described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, indicating chemisorption as the primary mechanism. Thermodynamic studies indicated that the adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic, with a Gibbs free energy change (ΔG) of −1.245 kJ/mol at 25 °C, enthalpy change (ΔH) of −15.71 kJ/mol, and entropy change (ΔS) of 48.36 J/mol·K. Reusability tests demonstrated that the biochar retained over 85% of its initial adsorption capacity after five cycles, with capacities of 60 mg/g in the first cycle, decreasing to 52 mg/g by the fifth cycle. This study highlights the potential of biochar derived from date palm waste as an efficient, sustainable adsorbent for the removal of Cu (II) from wastewater, contributing to both environmental management and waste valorization. Future research should focus on optimizing the biochar production process and exploring its application for the removal of other contaminants.

Valorization of food processing waste: Utilization of pistachio shell as a renewable papermaking filler for paperboard

Valorization of non-edible parts of food is an important method of reducing food processing waste. This study presents a potential application of nutshell wastes as a renewable and organic papermaking filler in paperboard packaging. Five pistachio shells particle (PSP) samples with different particle size distributions were prepared and their performance as a papermaking filler was examined relative to a conventional ground calcium carbonate (GCC) mineral filler. PSP fillers dispersed well in aqueous suspensions and showed better retention in handsheets compared to that of GCC, due to the improved retention by the larger particle sizes of PSPs. When PSP fillers had smaller particles than the pore sizes in the paper fiber network and their particle size distribution were narrow, they showed comparable mechanical properties in handsheets compared to that of GCC. Future research is suggested for successful applications of this organic and renewable filler in papermaking.

Ionic liquid pretreatment of lignocellulose for complete hemicellulose removal to produce high-purity cellulose mixed esters

Strategic valorization of agricultural waste can serve as waste management and promote sustainable biorefineries. Sugarcane bagasse is a readily available lignocellulosic biomass and can be converted into valuable cellulose-based thermoplastics. However, the cellulose purity significantly influences the material properties of the resulting thermoplastics, potentially limiting their applications. Therefore, conventional production necessitates harsh pretreatment of lignocellulose to isolate high-purity cellulose, followed by chemical modification. Here, we demonstrate a facile and green pretreatment method for complete removal of hemicellulose by incubating bagasse in a mixed system of an ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EmimOAc), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at 140 °C, followed by precipitation in water, achieving >99 % hemicellulose removal. The pretreated bagasse, containing 71 % cellulose and 28 % lignin, underwent homogeneous transesterification with vinyl decanoate and isopropenyl acetate, using EmimOAc as both the solvent and catalyst, assisted by a co-solvent of DMSO. The polysaccharide derivative in the resulting acylated bagasse was separated from the lignin derivative by precipitation in methanol. The obtained polysaccharide derivative with high cellulose purity displayed a high weight-average molar mass of 1.5×106 g mol−1 and a polydispersity of 4. It also exhibited superior thermal stability (thermal degradation temperature, Td−5 %: 359 °C; glass transition temperature, Tg: 144 °C) compared to pulp-derived cellulose acetate decanoate (Td−5 %: 349 °C; Tg: 129 °C).

Efficient fabrication of paper nanocomposites for superior flame retardancy and strengthening properties

Innovative and cost-effective paper sheets with superior fire safety and reinforcement properties have been developed. The paper sheets were fabricated via valorization of agricultural waste to paper and then coated with nanoparticles. Paper attained from rice straw was used to create the sheets. Afterward, bentonite sheets were incorporated in these sheets, and finally, PbO nanoparticles were coated on prepared paper nanocomposites. The mass ratio of bentonite sheets was altered. The flammability and mechanical properties of the developed paper nanocomposites were studied. The flame retardancy of developed paper nanocomposite was significantly improved achieving LOI value of 24% compared to 20% for bentonite and PbO nanoparticle-free sample. Additionally, the tensile strength was improved recording 44% enhancement compared to unmodified sample. Furthermore, the flame retardancy mechanism was proposed and studied.

Co-production of sugars and aroma compounds from tobacco waste using biomass-degrading enzymes produced by Aspergillus brunneoviolaceus Ab-10.

Biomass-degrading enzymes produced by microorganisms have a great potential in the processing of agricultural wastes. In order to produce suitable biomass-degrading enzymes for releasing sugars and aroma compounds from tobacco scraps, the feasibility of directly using the scraps as a carbon source for enzyme production was investigated in this study. By comparative studies of ten fungal strains isolated from tobacco leaves, Aspergillus brunneoviolaceus Ab-10 was found to produce an efficient enzyme mixture for the saccharification of tobacco scraps. Proteomic analysis identified a set of plant biomass-degrading enzymes in the enzyme mixture, including amylases, hemicellulases, cellulases and pectinases. At a substrate concentration of 100g/L and enzyme dosage of 4mg/g, glucose of 17.6g/L was produced from tobacco scraps using the crude enzyme produced by A. brunneoviolaceus Ab-10. In addition, the contents of 23 volatile molecules, including the aroma compounds 4-ketoisophorone and benzyl alcohol, were significantly increased after the enzymatic treatment. The results provide a strategy for valorization of tobacco waste by integrating the production of biomass-degrading enzymes into the tobacco scrap processing system.

Valorisation of Tannery Waste to Recover Chromium with a View to Reusing It in Industrial Practise.

This paper presents the basic assumptions of the concept of a new technology for the valorisation of chromium tannery waste. It assumes the use of an integrated system of the thermal pressure hydrolysis process and membrane filtration techniques for the recovery of chromium compounds and the use of a separated organic matter during anaerobic fermentation. According to the assumptions of the developed technological concept, at the first stage, the crushed mixture of chromium tannery waste is decomposed in the process of thermal pressure hydrolysis using appropriate process conditions in an alkaline environment. Then, the liquid product of this process (the so-called hydrolysate) is processed using centrifugal force separation and ultrafiltration. Such activities enable the recovery of chromium compounds for rawhide currying and concentration of organic matter (fats, proteins) with energy potential. Research carried out under conditions similar to real operating conditions proved that chromium compounds recovered from waste can be successfully used in the processing of cowhides intended for the production of footwear. The industrial implementation of the developed technology for valorising chromium tannery waste would enable the transition from a linear to a circular economy.

Valorization of food waste via surface modification by loading Fe to obtain an adsorbent for Cr(V) removal

Fe-loaded food waste (Fe-FW) utilization is an environmentally friendly and effective approach for eliminating Cr(VI). FW was blended with iron to enhance its adsorption capacity for Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solutions. The Fe-FW was characterized by examining its elemental composition, specific surface area, morphological properties, functional groups, and zeta potential. The Cr(VI) adsorption properties of Fe-FW were examined using batch experiments. Cr(VI) adsorption onto the Fe-FW occurred according to the pseudo-second-order model at various contact times, indicating that the Cr(VI) adsorption rate was primarily constrained by chemical adsorption. The coefficient of determination was more suitable for the Langmuir model than for the Freundlich model. Fe-FW achieved a maximum Cr(VI) adsorption capacity of 100.6 mg/g, comparable to that of adsorbents investigated in other studies. Thermodynamic experiments indicated that Cr(VI) adsorption onto Fe-FW occurs spontaneously, is endothermic, and follows a physical adsorption mechanism. As the solution pH increased from 3 to 11, the amount of Cr(VI) adsorbed decreased considerably (from 39.6 mg/g to 2.5 mg/g). HPO42- had a stronger negative effect on Cr(VI) adsorption compared to SO42-, NO3-, and HCO3-. HCl effectively facilitated the regeneration of Fe-FW. This study confirmed that FW treated with Fe is an effective adsorbent for improving Cr(VI) removal.

Wine waste valorisation: crushing the research domain

AbstractIn the past few years, the wine industry has shown an increasing interest in sustainability issues. There is growing agreement that circular economy solutions are essential for achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Implementing circular economy strategies can enhance the environmental and economic sustainability of wine production processes. In this context, waste valorisation and industrial symbiosis are widely discussed circular economy strategies. However, there is a gap between theory and actual practical implementation. The present paper uncovers the state of the art in the field of research by conducting a systematic literature review on a sample of 67 scientific papers, further including grey literature to obtain a more comprehensive overview of the phenomenon under investigation. The results of this study highlight the urgent need for the industry and the scientific community to investigate sustainable and profitable alternatives for wine waste valorisation. The tight ties between academia and business may support the wine industry in addressing this shift. Finally, this study proposes a research agenda for future studies. This includes sustainable practices for valorising raw materials at their maximum potential and the reduction of waste stream disposal. In order to implement circular strategies, including the recovery and recycling of valuable waste, modern wineries should implement technical, managerial, and valorisation strategies.

Waste-treating-waste: Effective heavy metals removal from electroplating wastewater by ladle slag

Ladle slag, a by-product of steelmaking, presents a valuable strategy for waste reduction and valorization in wastewater treatment. This work demonstrates the successful simultaneous removal of Al(III), B(III), Ba(II), Cr(III), Mg(II), Sr(II), Pb(II), and Zn(II), from electroplating wastewater by ladle slag. First, Cr(III) and Pb(II) removals were evaluated in single synthetic systems by analyzing the influence of pH, temperature, and ladle slag dosage. Competitive removal was observed in binary batch experiments of Cr(III) – Pb(II), achieving 88% and 96% removal, respectively, with fast kinetics following a pseudo-second-order model. The findings of XRD, SEM, EDX, and FTIR of the slag after removal helped to elucidate the synergic removal mechanism involving ladle slag dissolution, precipitation, ion exchange, and adsorption in a tight relationship with the solution pH. Lastly, ladle slag was tested in real electroplating wastewater with the aforementioned ions at concentrations ranging from <1 to 1700 mg/L. The removal was performed in two steps, the first attained the following efficiencies: 73% for Al(III), 88% for B(III), 98% for Ba(II), 80% for Cr(III), 82% for Mg(II), 99% for Pb(II), 88% for Sr(II), and 88% for Zn(II). Visual MINTEQ simulation was utilized to identify the different species of ions present during the removal process. Furthermore, the leaching tests indicated a minimal environmental risk of secondary pollution in its application. The results promote an effective and sustainable approach to wastewater treatment within the circular economy.

Sustainability Evaluation of a Paper and Pulp Industrial Waste Incorporation in Bituminous Pavements

The valorization of wastes as an alternative or secondary raw material in various products and processes has been a solution for the implementation of sustainability, a safer environment, and the concept of circular economy in the efficient use and management of natural resources. To promote sustainability through a circular economy approach, this work tries to demonstrate the environmental gains that are obtained by bringing together, in an industrial symbiosis action, two large industrial sectors (the pulp and paper and the road pavement sectors) responsible for generating large amounts of wastes. A sustainability assessment, based on a life cycle and circular economy approach, is presented here, and discussed using a simple case study carried out on a real scale. Two wastes (dregs and grits) from the pulp and paper industry (PPI) were used to partially replace natural fine aggregates in the production of bituminous mixtures used on the top surface of road pavements. The impacts at a technical, environmental, economic, and social level were assessed and it was shown that this simple waste valorization action is not only positive for the final product from a technical point of view, but also for the environment, causing positive impacts on the different sustainability dimensions that were evaluated.

PHBV cycle of life using waste as a starting point: from production to recyclability

Global concern about plastic pollution is forcing new policies and modifications of human consumption as well as promoting new research lines aiming at the replacement of non-degradable plastics with other polymers more environmentally friendly. Addressing food waste and promoting circular economy strategies, among other approaches, are crucial in reducing environmental impacts and fostering sustainability in several sectors like the agri-food industry. The European Union’s Circular Economy Action Plan is a significant initiative in this direction. Biotechnological processes, especially the valorisation of agri-food waste to produce highly marketed biomolecules like poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) using microorganisms as cellular factories, offer promising avenues for achieving these goals. PHBV is a biodegradable polymer firstly characterised as an isolated biopolymer from bacterial biomass. This biopolymer shows interesting physicochemical properties making possible immense potential in various applications due to its biocompatibility and sustainability, thus revealing it as a good candidate to replace plastics produced by chemical synthesis from petroleum (which are highly recalcitrant and consequently pollutants). This review critically analyses the PHBV synthesis and end-of-life scenarios from their synthesis using chemical and biological pathways, through the forms of biotechnological operation and production, to the forms described until the moment of recycling.

Insightful analysis of cyanobacterial-assisted degradation of different polymers and their kinetics

The usage of plastics has increased reliably over the years. Worldwide plastic pollution has grown to 460 million tons annually, increasing global greenhouse gas emissions by 3.4 %. In recent years, several studies have been performed utilizing microorganisms for bioremediation. The aggregation of microplastics affects marine aquatic life, posing a severe threat to the aquatic environment and hurting the global food chain. Bioremediation of various polymers is cost-effective and environmentally feasible compared to chemical, physical, and biophysical methods. Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, are photosynthetic organisms and can generate value-added products from waste, i.e., waste valorization and minimization. The present study uses Cyanobacterial sp. (Anabaena & Nostoc) to degrade the synthetic polymers prepared in lab-scale conditions. Weight loss of the degraded polymers was examined, and polymeric characteristics were analyzed through SEM, FTIR, XRD, and AFM. The experimental study observed that the polymers degraded by about 70 % and 82 % by Nostoc and Anabaena sp. in about eight weeks (approx. Two months). Polymers are degraded into monomers such as vinyl alcohol, ethylene, terephthalic acid, polycaprolactone from polyethylene terephthalate, and polyvinyl alcohol. They further break down into carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and water. These are identified from the LCMS-MS analysis. The experimental data for the degradation of polymers in Cyanobacteria sp. and control media fitted the Sinclair and Peppas kinetic model well. The results inferred that those cyanobacteria could degrade the polymers very effectively since it is a potent bioremediatory agent that can remove different organic and inorganic contaminants from the environment.

Recent Developments in Research on Food Waste and the Circular Economy

Food waste is a global challenge, with profound implications for food security, resource utilization, and sustainability. A circular economy represents a promising solution in addressing food waste effectively by keeping food materials and products in use and circulating them within the economy. To provide an overview of the research on food waste and the circular economy model in the past decade, this study examines 1022 documents on food waste and circular the economy to ascertain the state, themes, and knowledge structure of the field. The results showed that the number of publications has increased greatly in the past decade. “Circular economy of food”, “bioenergy”, “waste valorization”, “waste management”, “resource recovery”, and “environmental assessment” were the major research themes. Earlier studies focused on resource recovery from organic waste and the bioeconomy of bio-products; recent research interests shifted to sustainability and the valorization of agri-food waste. On the other hand, some highly cited documents and productive authors were important in the development of research on food waste and the circular economy. Furthermore, three groups of journals—“food and environmental sciences”, “open access”, and “environmental sustainability and resource management”—and five clusters of international collaboration—“European Union Group”, “advanced economy group”, “agricultural economies”, “global influencers”, and “isolated countries”—were identified. This study provides readers with an overview of the research field of food waste and the circular economy.

Simultaneous optimization of activation conditions of alperujo (two-phase olive mill waste) using a desirability function: Production of porous carbons for adsorption and energy storage

Valorization of agro-industrial waste is considered an essential step towards a circular economy. The potential reuse of these byproducts in practical applications requires feasibility assessments and optimization of variables in order to be profitable. In the present study, an abundant and problematic residue from the olive oil industry, “alperujo” (two-phase olive mill waste), was used as precursor material for activated carbons. A simultaneous optimization methodology was applied to maximize two response variables: energy storage capacity and lead (Pb) removal efficiency. The simultaneous optimum conditions were 3.66 g of KOH per g of carbonized residue and a temperature of 650 °C for 120 min. The result was a microporous activated carbon with an energy storage capacity of 252 F/g and a lead removal from aqueous solutions of 68.8 %. These values are comparable with those offered by commercial activated carbons, evidencing that porous materials obtained from alperujo using unique activating conditions for both applications present a remarkable performance. The novelty of the present study lies in the application of a useful statistical methodology for simultaneous optimization through the “desirability function”, resulting in a reduction in cost and time. Our results have demonstrated that it is possible to generate activated carbons with the highest performance for two different applications using the same combination of activation variables.

Valorization of agro-forest wastes (oak acorns, vineyard pruning, and olive pruning) through the cultivation of shiitake (Lentinula edodes) mushrooms

Experimental research has been focusing on developing new substrates for growing shiitake mushrooms as alternatives to the standard oak sawdust substrate. The selection of appropriate lignocellulosic materials is based on their availability in the production area and their compatibility with the requirements of the mushroom species being cultivated. In comparison to oak sawdust substrate (OS) as the control, this study evaluated the potential of oak acorns (OA), olive pruning (OLPR), and vineyard pruning (VIP), and various combinations: OA-OLPR:1-1, OA-VIP:1-1, OS-OLPR:1-1, and OS-VIP:1-1, prepared on a dry weight basis. In comparison to OS, complete mycelial development was hastened in OA, OA-VIP: 1-1, and OS-VIP:1-1 by 9.5, 7.9, and 4.2 days and delayed in OLPR and OS-OLPR:1-1 by 11.3 and 7.0 days, respectively. Also, harvest was earlier in OA, OA-VIP:1-1, and OS-VIP:1-1 by 9.3, 6.7, and 3.3 days, respectively, while it was significantly delayed in OLPR, VIP, and OS-OLPR:1-1 by 12.3, 3.7, and 8.0 days, respectively. While the total biological yield was significantly reduced in OLPR, OS-OLPR:1-1, VIP, and OS-VIP:1-1, it was comparable to OS in OA, OA-OLPR:1-1, and OA-VIP:1-1 (597.0, 552.0, 532.2, and 556.2 g/kg, respectively). Production was consistently high over two consecutive flushes in OS, OA, and OA-VIP: 1-1. Total biological yields were higher in OA-OLPR: 1-1 than OS-OLPR:1-1 and in OA-VIP:1-1 than OS-VIP:1-1. OA increased mushroom number and firmness, VIP and OLPR increased mushroom weight, and OA-VIP:1-1 increased pileus thickness. Mushrooms’ protein and fiber contents were higher than OS in all substrates and the highest in OA-OLPR:1-1 (8.7 %) and OLPR (2.8 %), respectively. Conclusively, the substrates OA, OA-VIP: 1-1, and OA-OLPR:1–1 may alternate oak sawdust; however, the first two substrates have an advantage over the third due to earlier harvests. Also, it is more favorable to use VIP and OLPR in combination with OA than to use them alone.

Pentagalloyl Glucose and Gallotannins from Mangifera Indica L. Seed Kernel Extract as A Promising Antifungal Feed Additive, In Vitro, and In Silico Studies

Recently, the valorization of agro-industrial wastes through their exploration of their bioactive compounds has become a necessary trend to maximize their applications in various production sectors, particularly animal feeding. In the study, mango seed kernels were used as agro-industrial wastes to extract gallotannins fraction (GF) and pentagalloyl glucose (PGG). The GF and PGG were mixed with poultry feeds to investigate their potential ability to control Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) growth and inhibit its production of aflatoxins (AFs). Ketoconazole was used as an antifungal standard. GF and PGG combat the growth of A. flavus, with minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of 21.7 ± 1.7 and 20 ± 0 mg/mL, respectively. Moreover, GF and PGG showed promising results in preventing the production of AFs (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2) at 5 and 10 mg/100-gram feed. Furthermore, to explain the mode of action of PGG as an antifungal agent, a molecular docking study has been performed against Type 1 Polyketide Synthase (PKS), which is found in many toxigenic Aspergillus species and has a highly active Acyl Carrier Protein (ACP) domain that is implicated in thiol ester-bound intermediates involved in fungal polyketides, fatty acids, and other non-ribosomal peptide formation, which are highly implicated in the construction of aflatoxin biosynthesis. The promising results prompt us to use mango seed extract as a cheap source of gallotannin components as a safe feed additive for reducing fungal and mycotoxin contamination in animal feeds.

Enhanced productivity of nutrient-rich single cell protein from Paradendryphiella arenariae PG1 through valorization of agro-industrial waste: A Green symphony from Waste-to-Protein Approach

The rise in global population strains agro-industrial waste management, positioning single-cell protein (SCP) production as a cost-effective solution. Evaluating eight agro-waste residues identified wheat bran with a high solid recovery rate (67.15 %). SCP production increased from 1.29 ± 0.23 gL−1 to 21.05 ± 0.33 gL−1, achieving a microbial conversion efficiency of 90.88 % by Paradendryphiella arenariae (PG1). Nucleic acid content in SCP was reduced by 31 % using NaOH and 36 % via heat shock, significantly enhancing SCP quality, digestibility, and safety. SCP's impact on Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) revealed a maximum lifespan of 18 ± 0.2 days, notable pharyngeal pumping rates (117 ± 2.541 and 67 ± 3.473 min−1 on days 5 and 10), and body bending rates (115.3 ± 0.86 and 44.8 ± 0.28 min−1 on days 5 and 10). This comprehensive approach demonstrates the promise of SCP production in sustainable waste management, resource optimization, and detailed toxicity analysis in C. elegans, broadening the potential applications of SCP in various fields.

Waste to wealth- a transformative perspective in greening the environment with a focus on fisheries and aquaculture: emerging cutting edge trends

This article explores the growing potential of the waste-to-wealth approach in the fisheries and aquaculture sectors. It argues that by viewing waste as a resource, these sectors can achieve significant environmental and economic benefits. The editorial highlights the concerning volume of waste generated in fisheries and aquaculture, including unwanted fish, aquaculture waste, and plastic pollution. It then discusses the potential of waste-to-wealth solutions, such as fish waste valorization, aquaculture wastewater treatment, and plastic pollution reduction. The editorial emphasizes the crucial role of environmental biology in driving this revolution by providing expertise in ecosystem understanding, waste management optimization, sustainable resource management, and monitoring and evaluation. Finally, it highlights the future direction of environmental biology in this context, focusing on innovative technology development, long-term ecological understanding, and stakeholder collaboration.. KEYWORDS :Circular economy,Fish waste valorization,Plastic pollution reduction,Sustainable resource management,Waste management,Waste-to-wealth