Validity Of Statements Research Articles

Online assessment of students’ reasoning when solving example-eliciting tasks: using conjunction and disjunction to increase the power of examples

We argue that examples can do more than serve the purpose of illustrating the truth of an existential statement or disconfirming the truth of a universal statement. Our argument is relevant to the use of technology in classroom assessment. A central challenge of computer-assisted assessment is to develop ways of collecting rich and complex data that can nevertheless be analyzed automatically. We report here on a study concerning a dedicated design pattern of a special kind of task for assessing student’s reasoning when establishing the validity of geometry statements that go beyond a single case, concerning the similarity of triangles. In each task students are given three relations that exist either in every triangle or in special types. Their task is to verify, by creating an example, claims that argue for logically compounded claims built out of the given relations. 50 students, aged 15–16, were asked to verify or disprove claims. Their submissions were automatically characterized along categories based on the correctness of the claims they chose and the examples they used to support the claims. We focus on characterizing the properties of the conjunction/disjunction design for automatically assessing conceptions related to examples generated by the learner with interactive diagrams. Our analysis shows that our automated scoring environment, which supports interactive example-eliciting-tasks, and the design principles of conjunction and disjunction of geometric relations, enable one to assess students’ exploration of the logic of universal claims, characterize successful and partial answers, and differentiate between students according to their work.

Вектор Пойнтинга и новая теория трансформатора. Ч. 9. Размещение обмоток на разных стержнях магнитопровода

It is shown that in a transformer with windings placed on different limbs of its magnetic circuit, the load active and reactive power are transmitted only by the winding halves arranged in the transformer aperture. In the areas where the winding external parts (outside the aperture boundaries) are located, the Poynting vector is a purely reactive quantity. In view of this finding, the approach according to which the operation of power transformers is explained by considering a transformer with the high- and low-voltage windings placed on different magnetic core limbs leads to a distorted picture of the physical processes in them. For transformers with windings spaced apart from each other, it is more convenient to use universal 6T equivalent circuits means that, first, they reflect all magnetic fluxes in the iron and in the transformer aperture and, second, that they can be used to analyze both steady-state conditions and transients. The validity of all statements formulated in the article is confirmed by the vector potential and flux function distribution patterns within the transformer boundaries. This approach makes it possible to obtain a clear explanation of the occurrence of superfluxes and antifluxes (in comparison with the no-load flux) in the limbs with the short-circuited state of one of the windings, which play the key role in estimating the electrodynamic withstand capacity of transformers.

Fostering critical thinking skills among future teachers

Today, a person who thinks critically is able to conduct a dialogue, determine the nature of any problem and find alternative solutions, and distinguish fact from assumption. This person is not afraid to question established opinions and judgments. That is why such kind of people are considered to be competitive and in demand on the labor market. The article, based on modern scientific positions, reveals the meaning of “critical thinking”. The development of critical thinking is based on observation skills; on the ability to ask questions and find the necessary resources; on the ability to check beliefs, assumptions and opinions, contrary to the evidence; on the ability to distinguish and identify a problem; on the ability to assess the validity of statements and arguments; and on the ability to find and make smart decisions, and understand the logic and logical arguments. The authors of the article found that the process of solving pedagogical problems was the basic unit of critical thinking skills among future teachers. The availability of critical thinking skills among future teachers is determined by using a critical thinking test, developed by Lauren Starkey, an American author (Starkey, 2004). The analysis of the survey results shows that the majority of respondents have an average level of critical thinking skills. The average level of critical thinking skills indicates that an average future teacher’s forms of thinking are unevenly developed. That is why it is difficult for a future teacher to make important decisions. We propose to foster critical thinking skills by solving pedagogical problems, which involves the use of modern interactive forms, methods and techniques of teaching.

Understanding conservation decisions of agriculture producers

ABSTRACTMost land in the United States is privately owned and used for agriculture. To address the effect of agriculture on wildlife, conservation professionals and organizations need to understand the land use decisions made by farmers and ranchers. We developed a tool for categorizing farmers and ranchers by their conservation land use values (LUVs) to understand how those values affect their land use motivations and resultant decisions. We defined land as the whole natural environment including soil, water, plants, fish, and wildlife. We used principal axis factoring and reliability analysis to identify statements representing human‐centered values and nature‐centered values of farmers and ranchers. We tested the validity of the combined statements with a survey of South Dakota's private landowners (n = 4,000, Jan through May 2016), resulting in the LUV scale. Crossing the average scores on the human‐centered and nature‐centered statements identified 4 LUV types: humans first (20%), nature first (29%), interconnected (29%), and disconnected (22%). Analysis of variance and chi‐square tests showed that, compared to the humans first and disconnected LUV types, the nature first and interconnected LUV types reported significantly greater importance of the following: most categories of wildlife in their land use decisions, conservation‐related motivations for participating in a United States Farm Bill Conservation Program, conservation‐related motivations for land use decisions, and participation in conservation‐related behaviors. Conservation professionals and organizations can use the LUV scale to better understand landowners’ land use decisions to evaluate and inform conservation policy, programs, messaging, and improve conservation outcomes. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.

Analysis of Appraisal Performance in Preparation of Financial Statements at Makassar Public Appraisal Services Office

This article aims to know in general about Independent Appraisal Services and become an evaluation material for the financial section of the Public Appraisal Service Office with the purpose of making a case study paper for Public Appraisal Services Office. The research approach used in this article is a qualitative approach. The data used are primary data, namely data sourced from the results of direct interviews. Secondary data, namely data obtained from the local Public Appraisal Services office and others that have been available in the form of general location conditions which include a description of location, a brief history. Analysis of Appraisal Performance in the preparation of Financial Statements the performance of the appraisal profession is also because they depend on the amount of work they complete and the validity of the financial statements that have been made by the finance department and from the beginning the approval of the administration's offer should be synchronized with the completed work and the payment or payment In short, the assignor has repayment, there is a report that must be issued to fulfill the request.

A comparative study of Tarski's fixed point theorems with the stress on commutative sets of L-fuzzy isotone maps with respect to transitivities

The paper deals mainly with a fuzzification of the classical Tarski's theorem for commutative sets of isotone maps (the so-called generalized theorem) in a sufficiently rich fuzzy setting on general structures called L-complete propelattices. Our concept enables a consistent analysis of the validity of single statements of the generalized Tarski's theorem in dependence on assumptions of relevant versions of transitivity (weak or strong). The notion of the L-complete propelattice was introduced in connection with the fuzzified more famous variant of Tarski's theorem for a single L-fuzzy isotone map, whose main part holds even without the assumption of any version of transitivity. These results are here extended also to the concept of the so-called L-fuzzy relatively isotone maps and then additionally compared to the results, which are achieved for the generalized theorem and which always need a relevant version of transitivity. Wherever it is possible, facts and differences between both the theorems are demonstrated by appropriate examples or counterexamples.

Querying Rural Content Experts Using an Online Questionnaire

Purpose: Obtaining feedback from rural content experts is critical in developing valid and reliable instruments to advance the science of rural health. However, traditional methods, i.e., focus groups are impractical due to location and distance. Using an online questionnaire combined with telephone and email contacts to obtain content experts’ feedback is discussed. Item statement analysis and efficiency and effectiveness of the process are presented. Methods: The process included the development of an online questionnaire, asking experts to rate 51 item statement for their relevancy, sufficiency of description, and clarity and readability. To increase the response rate, a series of four contacts (one telephone and three email) were planned and implemented. An item content validity index (I-CVI) was calculated for all items. Results: Distribution of the online questionnaire to rural content experts separated by geographic distance was efficient and effective in gathering feedback on item statements for content validity. Content experts completed the questionnaire in less than one hour suggesting the overall efficiency of the process; an 84% response rate supports process effectiveness. Following I-CVI evaluation, item statements were reduced from 51 to 24. The analysis resulted in retaining, with or without revision, 47% of the item statements. Conclusions: The online questionnaire and four-contact strategy were effective in gathering input from a representative sample of rural content experts separated by great distances; thereby, strengthening the content validity of the item statements. The process demonstrates new opportunities for using online technologies to reach rural content experts.

Reader, interrupted: Do disruptions during encoding influence the use of inaccurate information?

SummaryPeople routinely rely on inaccuracies they have read to complete subsequent tasks, even when they should already possess accurate prior knowledge. This problematic reliance maintains even when people are warned about potential inaccuracies prior to reading. In contrast, reductions have been observed when interventions target encoding of inaccuracies during reading. We investigated whether interruptions during encoding would similarly prove beneficial for disrupting attention to and memory for inaccuracies. Participants read a story containing both accurate and inaccurate assertions. Their readings were interrupted at 300‐word intervals (Experiment 1) or immediately after each assertion (Experiments 2 and 3). After reading, participants judged the validity of statements summarizing the assertions. Interruptions were ineffective: Participants overall made more incorrect judgments after reading inaccurate than accurate assertions, at rates comparable with participants who read without interruption. These results help identify the mechanisms that underlie reliance on inaccuracies, and suggest useful targets for more effective interventions.

The Fact/Value Dichotomy: Revisiting Putnam and Habermas

Under the influence of Hilary Putnam’s collapse of the fact/value dichotomy, a resurging approach that challenges the movements of American pragmatism and discourse ethics, I tease out in the first section of my paper the demand for the warranted assertibility hypothesis in Putnam’s sense that may be possible, relying on moral realism to get rid of ‘rampant Platonism’. Tracing back to ‘communicative action’ or the Habermasian way that puts forward the reciprocal understanding of discourse instigates the idea of life-world as composed of ‘culturally transmitted and linguistically organized stock of interpretative patterns’, this section looks for whether Habermas’ psychoanalysis of prolonged discussion can accord with Putnam’s thick ethical terms or not. The last section of the paper pitfalls Putnam’s stance to accepting Habermas’ ‘discourse ethics’ that centers around the context of entangling ‘rational thoughts’ to ‘communication’, but he introduces the idea of fallibilism in a rational query that also attacks the Habermasian metaphysical idea of the validity of ethical statements that goes towards the truth. My next attempt is to see whether Putnam’s objective dictum towards morality that resonates the collapse of fact/value dichotomy from a universalistic stand can successfully evade Rorty’s naive realism (structured by linguistic representation) and Habermas’ ‘sociologism about values’ (a kind of minimalist ethics depending on solidarity) respectively. This sort of claim insists on a universalizable pattern of culture-relative value. I consider that the idea of a fact/value dichotomy engages with the inextricable entanglement between the normative and descriptive content, besides the epistemic values having exclusively intertwined with the structure of factual discourse that intends towards collapsing the fact/value dichotomy, a subjective universalizability predilection.

The Sequent Calculus Trainer with Automated Reasoning - Helping Students to Find Proofs

The sequent calculus is a formalism for proving validity of statements formulated in First-Order Logic. It is routinely used in computer science modules on mathematical logic. Formal proofs in the sequent calculus are finite trees obtained by successively applying proof rules to formulas, thus simplifying them step-by-step. Students often struggle with the mathematical formalities and the level of abstraction that topics like formal logic and formal proofs involve. The difficulties can be categorised as syntactic or semantic. On the syntactic level, students need to understand what a correctly formed proof is, how rules can be applied (on paper for instance) without leaving the mathematical framework of the sequent calculus, and so on. Beyond this, on the semantic level, students need to acquire strategies that let them find the right proof. The Sequent Calculus Trainer is a tool that is designed to aid students in learning the techniques of proving given statements formally. In this paper we describe the didactical motivation behind the tool and the techniques used to address issues on the syntactic as well as on the semantic level.

Rational Approaches to Correcting for Multiple Tests

The logic of the Bonferroni correction for multiple tests, or family-wise error, is to set the criterion to reduce the expected number of erroneous false positives, or Type I errors, below 1. This is a very stringent criterion for false positives in cases where the test may be applied millions of times, and will necessarily introduce a large proportion of false negatives (missed positives, or Type II errors). A proposed solution to this problem is to adjust the criterion for False Discovery Rate (Benjamini & Hochberg, 1995), which allows the number of false positives to increase proportionally to the number of true positives, though remaining at a small proportion, dramatically reducing the number of false negatives. This approach may be conceptualized as working with a relaxed confidence level that any one test is a true rather than a false positive, bringing the criterion more into line with our societal assessment of the validity of statements in general, and even in science, as having less than 100% certainty. The analytic strategy to the assessment of statistical significance provides a more intuitive approach to the identification of sparse signals in large datasets than the standard Bonferroni approach to correction for multiple tests.

A doctor in social networks: opportunities or limitations?

Social media opens great opportunities in doctors' practice, education and communication with patients. The information is published easily and instantly, just by 'click', but sometimes it's not enough time for the author to think over issues of ethics, compliance with the professional standard, the validity of statements and their reliability. On the other hand, the capabilities of the Internet can detect any publication even after its removal. Currently there are no official guidelines regulating the rules of doctor's behavior in social media in Russia. In this article we will discuss what to keep in mind while using these new opportunities effectively and safely.

Energy Planning Considering the Policy Dimension Seeking for Sustainable Development

The objective of this work is to analyze the intrinsic aspects for policy dimension inside the energy planning and energy long term sustainability. In that sense, the methodology intends to take the Brazilian example as a case study and offer a somewhat unorthodox perspective on the subject of State energy planning. This matter is, beyond a purely technical question or a problem for the field of exact sciences, a point of primary interest to the field of social and human sciences. More the backbone methodology in this research is the Integrated Energy-Resources Planning (IRP), chosen for its ability to integrate both the supply and demand perspectives in the discussions about energy planning [1] [2]. A historical perspective is a guideline to approach issue: starting at the early Twentieth century, this study covers the major landmarks of the country energy concern to the present day; particularly noteworthy are the implications of the realpolitik—that is, the elements in politics that are developed within the institutional frameworks, such as governmental plans and decisions. As a result, it presents a complex picture, which we try to understand from the perspective of supply and demand integration. The originality of the study lies in the refusal to accept fallacious technical statements, as we consider the issue primarily a human and social problem, but considering the validity of technical statements that are correct.

Social Knowledge: The Study of Three Processes of Metamorphosis

Social knowledge is more dynamic than natural science. A full recognition of this character is the precondition for upholding the validity of statements in social knowledge. In order to maintain the validity of such statements and to avoid the metamorphosis of social knowledge into other theoretical constructs, this paper, based on referring to the ideal type of social knowledge, aims to describe and explain three processes whereby social knowledge is metamorphosed into theoretical dogmatism, theoretical alienation, and theoretical slavery.

О значении курса методологии науки в послевузовском образовании

This article considers the relationship between the concepts of philosophy of science, philosophyof economics, theory and methodology of economic science, learning and thinking. Also proven thenecessity of strengthening of methodological training of postgraduate students to prepare the professionalsable to fill up with new knowledge area of his scientific interests. The main idea of this articleis based on the premise that the human world consists of areas of reality, mentality (thinking) and theresults of thinking about the facts of reality in the form of theoretical statements of different levels. Nowintroduction of modern methodology is one of the most important components of educational services.The methodology of science must give an explanation of the interrelation of these three levels and, ultimately,to ensure that the validity of theoretical statements to the facts of reality, preferably in the formof one or more laws, which would offer a full explanation of functioning and development of reality. Inaddition, the article gives specific recommendations on the development of post-graduate education,contributing to the economic growth of the country. It concludes that most schools and directions inmodern economic science is not conducive to solving current economic problems.

A hierarchical model for the analysis of inter-laboratory comparison data

This paper discusses the analysis of inter-laboratory comparison (ILC) data where there may be some doubt about the validity of the uncertainty statements. We develop a hierarchical model that treats the stated uncertainties as estimates of parameters representing the variances associated with the reported values of the measurand. The degree of belief in these estimates is modelled by an additional set of constants that can also be treated as parameters in the model. The hierarchical model is motivated by the analysis of repeated measurements drawn from a Gaussian distribution with unknown variance and represents a natural extension of the model underlying standard approaches to the analysis of ILC data based on a weighted least squares approach. Using Bayesian inference, the model provides a natural mechanism for updating the input distributions associated with the values reported by the participating laboratories based on the information available from all the participants. Importantly, the shapes of the input distributions are adjusted, not just their standard deviations. The distribution for the measurand is derived in terms of t-distributions and can be calculated using simple numerical quadrature schemes. The approach is illustrated on a number of data sets available in the literature.

Students’ Use of Intuitive Reasoning to Decide on the Validity of Mathematical Statements

This study explored students’ approaches to mathematical statements with unknown truth values. Task-based interviews utilizing the think-aloud method revealed students’ reasoning processes in depth. The students in this study used three distinct types of intuitive reasoning to decide the truth value of mathematical statements. The results of this study indicate that in each intuitive response there seems to be an underlying logical schema, or a mental model intuitively accepted by the students, which interacts with the specific restrictions of the presented mathematical statement.

IMPACT OF FUNCTIONAL-TRUE OPERATIONS FOR THE CONTENT OF NATURAL LANGUAGE SENTENCES

The article considers complex natural language sentence as atomic predicates, and functional-true operations between them effect on representation of content of sentences. The article analyzes the validity of logical statements and defines the formal conditions under which two atomic predicates can be considered identical. Transactions in which complex conditions are formed from simple ones considered to be functional-true and directly impact on representation of logiс and linguistic model of content of natural language sentences. The study analyzes certain forms of logic and linguistic models of text information as well as formation of semantic relationships between concepts of natural language sentences. For each functional-true operation there are defined conditions when logic operation incorrectly interprets the semantic links that has been demonstrated by examples. For each functional-true operation there is a certain form of separate logic and linguistic model. The formulation of the basic principles of usage of logical operations according to semantic relationships between concepts allows to form identity rules of natural language sentences to their further comparison by content.

The Number of Seymour Vertices in Random Tournaments and Digraphs

Seymour's distance two conjecture states that in any digraph there exists a vertex (a vertex) that has at least as many neighbors at distance two as it does at distance one. We explore the validity of probabilistic statements along lines suggested by Seymour's conjecture, proving that almost surely there are a large number of Seymour vertices in random tournaments and even more in general random digraphs.

Improving methods estimation of the investment climate of the country

This article discusses the key problems of assessing the country’s investment climate. The subject in the light of recent political events, has received increased attention. For reasons of increasing political tensions between Russia and the West, the investment activity is significantly reduced among foreign investors in our country. Studies have shown that the main problems of the current investment climate assessment methodologies are objectivity, comprehensiveness, relevance and comparability of proposed assessments. This article provides a mechanism for solving the above problems by using a multifactor model of investment attractiveness. The information base for the study served as the official annual statistical reports and bulletins of international organizations such as: IBCA, Moody’s, Standard & Poor’s, Monetary Fund, OPEC, UNCTAD, UNESCO, World bank, etc. The key theoretical positions on the assessment of the investment climate in the country were presented the results of the analysis reports and reviews of the international consulting company Ernst and Young and Deloitte, the official Internet resource of Russian and international business publications: Euromoney, Fortune, The Economist, The Financial Times, BBC, Bloomberg, RBC, Vedomosti and Komersant. The reliability and validity of scientific statements, conclusions and recommendations contained in this article provides the correct use of sufficient analytical and statistical information on the directions of research. In this article, the key attention is paid to the method of mathematical modeling and forecasting. With the introduction of the multiplicative model, where the multipliers are the separately calculated factors and potential risk factors, it is planned to bring the most accurate and objective evaluation model of investment climate in the country. The results articles as data and mathematical models will allow foreign investors to use the most objective assessment of the investment climate in the country in order to build their strategies market functioning. The article describes two methods to obtain an estimate of the investment climate, a fundamental and expertise. Studies have shown that the fundamental method provides the most accurate and objective assessment of, but not all of the investment potential factors can be subjected to mathematical evaluation. The use of expert opinion on the practice of subjectivity difficult to experts, so its use requires special care. In modern economic practice it proved that the investment climate elements directly affect the investment decisions of companies. Improving the investment climate assessment methodology, it allows you to build the most optimal form of cooperation between investors from the host country. In today’s political tensions, this path requires clear cooperation of subjects, both in the domestic and international level. However, now, these measures will avoid the destabilization of Russia’s relations with foreign investors.