Validity Of Scale Research Articles

The Effects of Dynamic Link Between Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) And Medical Tourism: A Study of Medical Tourist Intention in Malaysia and Indonesia

Purpose: The study attempts to examine the behavioural intention of the medical tourist in choosing Malaysia and Indonesia as medical tourism destination. Theoretical framework: There are three determinants (behavior intention, perceived destination image, perceive value and trust as mediator are included in the current study. The theory of Planned Behavior shall form the basis of the conceptual framework for this study. Design/methodology/approach: This descriptive study aims to investigate the phenomenon of medical tourism through questionnaires. It assesses measurement scales for reliability and validity, and explores relationships between perceived destination image, perceived value, and behavioral intention, ultimately seeking to generalize findings to the broader population. Findings: This study illustrates that all the variables are vital in influencing Malaysia and Indonesia as destination for medical tourism. Based on the theory of Planned Behavior have form the basis of the variables. Hence, all antecedent factors need to be taken into consideration which will influence the medical tourists. Research, Practical & Social implications: Future research should focus on the comparative discussion for public hospitals and private hospitals in order to improve Malaysia’s and Indonesia’s performance in competing with other country as well as building trust among the medical tourists so that we (Malaysia and Indonesia) will be their first choice for medical tourism. Originality/value: By understanding the relationships between behavioral intention, destination image, perceived value and trust, the destination country would have a better idea how to and improve their marketing efforts in attracting as many medical tourists as possible.

Avoiding siloed approaches: Integrating psychological insights into sustainable farming.

This study enhances our understanding of the psychological factors influencing farmers' adoption of sustainable farming practices, specifically those related to achieving NetZero emissions. It achieves this by integrating various psychological theories with practical farming methods within the context of Behavioral-Adoption and Purpose-Driven contexts. The research consisted of two studies. Study 1 employed Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) to analyze responses from 438 UK farmers regarding their attitudes toward a series of Net Zero policy commitments, drawing on psychological theories including the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology, the Theory of Planned Behavior, the Prototype Willingness Model, Implementation Intentions, Self-Determination Theory, Eudaimonia, and the Integrated Model of Health Literacy. The findings revealed a new Integrated Motivation Model for Sustainable Farming that comprises seven factors: Agricultural Commitment and Stewardship, Sustainable Farming Readiness and Confidence, Sustainable Incentive Engagement and Acceptance, Climate Adaptation Competence and Confidence, Net Zero Accountability and Reporting Commitment, Community Influence and Commitment in Sustainable Farming, and Innovation and Technological Competence. Study 2 validated these factors through the development of a 21-item Integrated Motivation Model for Sustainable Farming scale and use of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to confirm the 7-factor structure using a subsample of 418 UK farmers from Study 1 and an additional 230 US farmers. Furthermore, Study 2 tested the concurrent validity of the new scale by demonstrating significant associations with reported sustainable farming behaviors. These findings underscore the complex interplay of motivational, cognitive, and social processes influencing sustainable farming practices. The integrated psychological model developed through this research provides parsimonious and valuable insights for policymakers to foster sustainable practices in farming effectively. The confirmation of this model across farming populations enhances its generalizability and potential to guide targeted interventions aimed at achieving behavioral change in pursuit of Net Zero targets in agriculture.

Development and validation of the ethnic trust scale in China.

Considerable research has shown that ethnic trust reflects the existence of friendly relations among all ethnic groups and ethnic individuals, and can help in resolving ethnic conflicts and contradictions, promoting exchanges among various ethnic groups, which is highly relevant to social stability. This research, including three studies, aimed to explore the conceptual structure of ethnic trust in China, and develop and validate a measurement of the ethnic trust scale. In the first study, we used free association and in-depth interview methodology, applied cluster analysis, multidimensional scaling analysis, and grounded theory to construct the theoretical framework of Chinese people's ethnic trust concept. In the second study, we constructed an initial inventory based on the concept dimensions of ethnic trust established in the first study. We screened items by item analysis and extracted common factors using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), thus determining a total of 48 items in the two subscales (interpersonal-oriented ethnic trust subscale and the intergroup-oriented subscale), which consisted of two dimensions including particular trust and universal trust. In the third study, we used first-and second-order confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to test the scale's construct validity. The results indicated a good fit between the two-factor model and the data. And the ethnic trust scale showed very good internal consistency (Cronbach alpha >0.89) and test-retest reliability >0.70. Based on our results, have formed a ethnic trust scale by keeping 48 items, which can beused to measure the levels of interpersonal-oriented and group-oriented ethnic trust within the Chinese cultural context.

Development and validation of the chemotherapy adherence assessment scale (CAAS).

Adherence to chemotherapy regimens is crucial for achieving optimal treatment outcomes in cancer patients. However, measuring adherence remains a significant challenge. This study aimed to develop and validate a comprehensive self-report tool for assessing chemotherapy adherence. The Chemotherapy Adherence Assessment Scale (CAAS) was developed through a multi-stage process involving literature review, expert input, and pilot testing. Face validation was conducted with 23 subject experts, and content validity was assessed using the Content Validity Index (CVI). The CAAS was pilot-tested on 28 cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Psychometric properties were evaluated through internal consistency analysis (Cronbach's alpha) and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). Face validation revealed 85% agreement among experts regarding grammar, clarity, and content. The CVI was 0.81 for individual items and 0.83 for the overall scale, indicating good content validity. Cronbach's alpha was 0.789, demonstrating strong internal consistency. The EFA yielded a robust five-factor structure, explaining 94.63% of the total variance. Most items exhibited strong factor loadings (>0.7) and high communalities (>0.7), supporting the construct validity of the CAAS. The CAAS demonstrated robust psychometric properties, including good content validity, high internal consistency, and a well-defined factor structure capturing key dimensions of chemotherapy adherence. The CAAS represents a valuable contribution to adherence assessment in oncology settings, with potential applications in clinical practice and adherence interventions.

Validity and Reliability of the Sickle Cell Self-Efficacy Scale in an Online, Anonymous Sample of Adults Living With Sickle Cell Disease.

Background and Purpose: The aim of the study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Sickle Cell Self-efficacy Scale (SCSES) in an anonymous, online cohort of adults with sickle cell disease (SCD). Methods: The SCSES was completed by 60 adults with SCD. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted. Convergent validity and discriminant validity were assessed using bivariate correlations between the SCSES and other study variables, and internal consistency reliability was evaluated through examining an alpha coefficient. Results: A unidimensional factor structure explained 49.6% of the variance in self-efficacy. The SCSES demonstrated convergent validity and discriminant validity with the select battery of measured concepts and sufficient internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha = .87). Conclusions: The SCSES remains a valid and reliable measure of SCD self-efficacy among adults when used in anonymous, online research.

Validity and Responsiveness of the Manchester Fatigue Scale in Post-COVID

Objective: This study investigates the Manchester COPD Fatigue Scale's (MCFS) validity and responsiveness in individuals after hospitalization due to COVID-19.Methods: A longitudinal observational study included 53 adults diagnosed with COVID-19. Modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale (mMRC), Six-Minute Step Test (6MST), Saint George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) were assessed. The measurement properties tested were concurrent, convergent, discriminant validities, and responsiveness.Results: The MCFS showed concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity, with moderate to strong significant correlations with fatigue (rs=0.57), symptoms (rs=-0.27), exercise performance (rs=0.39), depression (rs=0.67), and dyspnea (rs=0.44) measures. The instrument exhibited internal responsiveness with reduced fatigue scores three months after hospital discharge (median total score from 14.5 to 5.0,p<0.001). External responsiveness was shown through associations between MCFS scores and dyspnea changes. Conclusion: The MCFS is a valid and responsive tool for physicians and researchers in effectively identifying, monitoring, and managing post-COVID-19 fatigue.

Human-AI Synergy in Survey Development: Implications from Large Language Models in Business and Research

This study examines the novel integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into the survey development process in business and research through the development and evaluation of the Behavioral Research ASSistant (BRASS) Bot. We first analyzed the traditional scale development process to identify tasks suitable for LLM integration, including both human-in-the-loop and automated LLM data collection methods. Following this analysis, we developed the details of BRASS Bot, incorporating design principles of falsifiability and reproducibility. We then conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the BRASS Bot across a diverse set of LLMs, including GPT, Claude, Gemini, and Llama, to assess its usability, validity, and reliability. We further demonstrated the practical utility of the BRASS Bot by conducting a user study and a predictive validity simulation. Our research presents both theoretical and practical implications. The augmentation approach of the BRASS Bot enriches the theoretical foundations of behavioral constructs by identifying previously overlooked patterns. Additionally, the BRASS Bot offers significant time and resource efficiency gains while enhancing scale validity. Our work lays the foundation for future research on the broader application of LLMs as both assistants and collaborators in survey analysis and behavioral research design and execution, highlighting their potential for a transformative impact on the field.

The Mediating Role of Local People's Attitudes and Behaviours on the Impact of Destination Safety Climate on Risk Perception: A Study on Foreign Tourists in İstanbul and Antalya

Destination safety is one of the essential factors that tourists consider when making a travel decision, especially to a destination they are unfamiliar with. Many destinations' success depends on ensuring tourists feel safe and secure before and during their trips. The inherently risky nature of travel also affects tourists' pre-travel and post-travel perceptions of the destination they intend to visit. Accordingly, this study aims to measure the mediating role of local people's attitudes and behaviours toward visitors in the effect of destination safety climate elements on the general risk perception toward the destination. After reviewing existing research, we created a survey and administered it in Istanbul and Antalya, the top tourist destinations in Turkey. The survey was conducted in multiple languages, including Turkish, English, German, and Russian. After filtering out incorrect and incomplete responses, we analysed the dataset consisting of 1299 questionnaire forms. Initially, we used statistical analyses to ensure the scale's validity. We employed structural equation modelling with the AMOS software to examine the hypotheses based on the research objectives. The study found that how residents treat visitors plays a role in shaping tourists' overall perception of safety in a destination.

Arabic validation of the parental stress scale (PSS) in a population-based sample of Lebanese parents

ABSTRACT Background Parental stress significantly impacts the well-being of families, and necessitates culturally sensitive tools for its assessment. The Parental Stress Scale, widely used in diverse cultural settings, lacks a validated Arabic version suitable for the Lebanese context, where unique sociopolitical and economic factors might influence parental stress differently. This study aimed to translate, culturally adapt, and validate the scale in Arabic among a Lebanese sample Methods Following the Snowball sampling method, participants (n = 502) were adult Lebanese parents who answered demographic questions and completed the Arabic version of the Parental Stress Scale and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-8. Results Confirmatory Factor Analysis showed a two-factor model of the Parental Stress Scale (CFI = 0.956). We found adequate composite reliability for both the ‘Parental Stress’ (ω = 0.91/α = 0.91) and ‘Parental satisfaction’ (ω = 0.94/α = 0.94) subscales. Convergent validity and concurrent validity were demonstrated through positive correlations with measures of depression, anxiety and stress. Our translation of the scale was shown to be invariant across sexes, with fathers scoring significantly higher than mothers. Conclusion Our validated Arabic version of the Parental Stress Scale offers a culturally sensitive instrument for assessing parental stress in Lebanon. This tool enables healthcare providers and researchers to identify stressors affecting Lebanese families, facilitating the development of targeted interventions to support parental mental health.

Measuring Fidelity to Individual Placement and Support for Transition Age Youth: Psychometric Findings.

Individual Placement and Support (IPS), an evidence-based supported employment model for working-age adults with serious mental illness, also serves transition age adults (TAY; ages 16-24). The IPS-Y is a new IPS fidelity scale tailored to this younger population. Although adopted worldwide, it lacks research on the psychometric properties of its two components (employment and education). Six IPS programs serving TAY were assessed on IPS-Y (Employment) in an initial review (Time 1) and on both components in a second review one year later (Time 2). We examined scale calibration, reliability, and validity for the IPS-Y in this sample. Fidelity reviewers use the full range of ratings, from "not IPS" to "exemplary," on both IPS-Y components. On the employment component, item calibration was excellent; internal consistency reliability was good at Time 1 (r = .81) and test-retest reliability was fair (r = .63). The IPS-Y (Employment) showed excellent sensitivity to change, with the mean scale score increasing from 88.3 to 105.5. IPS-Y (Employment)item ratings at Time 2 were similar to corresponding items in a sample of conventional IPS programs using the standard IPS fidelity scale. Predictive validity was promising for both components, with fidelity scale ratings positively correlated with site-level competitive employment rates (r = .57) and education enrollment rates (r = .69). IPS can be implemented to good fidelity for programs serving TAY. Preliminary findings regarding the psychometric properties of the IPS-Y Employment are encouraging, but replication in larger samples is needed.

Developing a Pancasila students' character instrument: Proof of construct validity and estimation of construct reliability

This study aims to prove construct validity and estimate construct reliability of the character scale of Pancasila students by using confirmatory factor analysis. The research approach used is quantitative with a sample of 200 high school students selected at random. This study measured the variables by six aspects, 15 indicators, and 20 questions. The six aspects include faith and piety to God Almighty, global nationality, cooperation, independence, critical reasoning, and creativity. The data analysis technique used is confirmatory factor analysis. The study results concluded that the instrument for assessing the character of Pancasila students in high school had a loading factor of more than 0.4 and a value of more than 0.96 which was declared valid and significant. Likewise, the instrument has been declared fit in testing the goodness of fit model. Thus, this finding indicates that the observed and performance covariance matrices are not significantly different. This study recommends a scale to measure the character of Pancasila students in senior high school.

Validity, Reliability and Psychometric Properties of the Exercise Dependence Questionnaire among Physically Active Young Adults

Background: Exercise Dependence (ED) is characterized by excessive and uncontrollable exercise behaviors leading to physiological and psychological symptoms. Valid assessment tools are crucial for identifying ED in understudied populations. The present study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Exercise Dependence Questionnaire (EDQ) among physically active young adults in Iran. Methods: This psychometric validation study used a cross-sectional design with 200 participants aged 18-35 years (49% male, 51% female) recruited through clustered random sampling from sports clubs in Tabriz, Iran. The EDQ was administered between May-July, 2021. Validity was assessed through forward backward translation, content validity analysis, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Reliability was evaluated using internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) and testretest (intraclass correlation, ICC) methods. Ceiling and floor effects, Standard Error of Measurement (SEM), and smallest detectable change (SDC) were also determined. Results: The EDQ demonstrated good content validity (CVI=0.88, CVR=0.73). EFA yielded a 7-factor model explaining 59.45% of variance. Key factors were withdrawal symptoms, exercise for health/social reasons, positive reward, interference with life, insight into problems, and stereotyped behavior. CFA showed moderate fit. Internal consistency was adequate overall (α=0.8) but lower for some subscales. The ICC confirmed good test-retest reliability (0.80, 95% CI 0.76-0.84). No ceiling and floor effects were detected. SEM and SDC were 0.52 and 1.03, respectively. Conclusion: The results indicated that the Persian version of the EDQ is a valid and reliable scale for assessing ED.

Evaluation of a Brief Three-Item Insomnia Severity Index (ISI-3) Among Healthcare Workers

ABSTRACT Objectives Sleep disorder is a growing public health concern that requires attentive assessment and treatment. However, the length of assessment tools for sleep disorders, including insomnia, hinders their use in both research and clinical settings. Brief assessment measures expedite assessment time, reducing respondent burden, and save resources, especially in resource-limited settings. Methods This study investigated the validity and reliability of a short three-item insomnia scale, the Insomnia Severity Index-3 (ISI-3) and established two cutoff scores in a sample of 238 healthcare providers in Oman (45.8% physicians and 54.2% nurses). Results The ISI-3 demonstrated good convergent and divergent validity. The receiver operator characteristic recommended two cutoff scores of > 4 (a sensitivity of 0.87.3 and a specificity of 0.96.4) and > 6 (a sensitivity of 0.96.9 and a specificity of 0.97.1). Conclusions The ISI-3 is a good assessment index of insomnia, especially when the utilization of the full insomnia index is unfeasible.

Sustainability Communication in Higher Education Institutions: Scale Development and Validation Study

This article aims to develop and validate the Sustainability Communication Scale in higher education institutions. An eight-step process proposed by DeVellis (2022) was applied to develop the scale, which consists of 32 items capable of measuring the level of sustainability communication in Turkish universities. A total of 1291 participants, comprising 109 academics and 1182 students, participated in the study. Expert opinion analysis, KMO and Barlett tests, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, Cronbach's alpha, composite reliability, and partial correlation analyses were all used to check the scale's validity and reliability. According to the results of the exploratory factor analysis using the principal components method, the scale consists of 4 factors: environmental sustainability communication, social sustainability communication, economic sustainability communication, and sustainability of communication. The general structure and measurement of the scale have been validated by confirmatory factor analysis. The internal consistency coefficient found using Cronbach's alpha was .769; internal consistency coefficients found using composite reliability were .875(F1), .888 (F2), .866(F3), .882(F4). The findings indicate that the scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool.

Assessment of the validity and reliability of edinburgh postpartum depression scale in Turkish men.

Perinatal depression (PD) affects individuals during pregnancy and early parenthood, resembling major depression. Recent research highlights paternal perinatal depression (PPD) in fathers. PPD has adverse effects on fathers and their children. This study assesses the Turkish version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) for Turkish fathers, aiming to provide a tool for PPD identification. This methodological study validates the EPDS for Turkish fathers and explores associations with demographic and psychosocial factors. The study involved 295 fathers withinfants aged 2weeks to 12months. The EPDS, originally designed for perinatal depression and validated in Turkish women, was used. Fathers completed a participant information questionnaire, the EPDS, and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) during clinic visits. Data on sociodemographic factors, paternal roles, and pregnancy and postpartum support were collected. Mothers also completed the EPDS. Descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and correlation tests were used. The study included fathers with an average age of 30.5 years, mostly with a high school education or higher. The EPDS had a mean total score of 3.1. Factor analysis suggested a three-factor structure for the EPDS in Turkish fathers, including anhedonia, anxiety, and depression. Confirmatory factor analysis validated the three-factor structure, with acceptable model fit indices. Positive correlations were found between fathers' EPDS scores, maternal EPDS scores, and paternal BDI scores. The EPDS effectively discriminated between different levels of depression severity. Various factors, such as education level and lack of support during pregnancy and after childbirth, were associated with higher EPDS scores. These findings emphasize the significance of assessing and addressing PPD in fathers, supporting the use of the EPDS as a valid tool in the Turkish context. The three-factor structure aligns with international research, highlighting the importance of a multi-dimensional approach to PPD assessment. Early intervention can mitigate PPD's impact on fathers, mothers, and children, benefiting mental health and well-being.

Validation of the Parent-report Pandemic Anxiety Scale (PAS-P) in the context of COVID-19

AbstractTo be able to develop effective policy and targeted support for children and young people, it is vital to develop and validate measures that enable us to understand what aspects of pandemics are associated with anxiety and stress across a wide age range. We examined the psychometric properties of the Pandemic Anxiety Scale– Parent-report (PAS-P), which measures levels of child and adolescent pandemic-related anxieties. Factor structure, reliability, and convergent and discriminant validity of the PAS-P was assessed in a convenience sample of parents/carers (N­ = 8410) over at three time points in 2020 when COVID-19 case rates and restrictions varied. Factor structure was identified via two exploratory factor analyses (EFAs; n = 5601 and n = 1005) and then tested using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA; n = 800), measurement invariance tests, and a longitudinal CFA (n = 1651). Two factors structure for disease and consequence anxiety were observed across both EFAs and were found to have good fit in the CFAs. The PAS-P demonstrated good internal consistency and discriminant validity, as well as partial scalar invariance in latent construct measurement across child age, gender, and time. The PAS-P is a robust parent-report measure of two distinct forms of pandemic-related anxiety, suitable for reporting on children and adolescents aged 4-16 years. Although the scale has been validated in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is not limited to this specific pandemic and, with minor wording modifications, may be a reliable tool in other health epidemic contexts.

Development and Validation of Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory 2 (IDCP-2) Algorithms to Assess ICD-11 Personality Trait Domain Qualifiers.

With the advent of the new diagnostic model for personality disorders in the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), researchers and practitioners in World Health Organization signatory countries are urged to implement it. This study aims to develop a brief, reliable, and valid scale for assessing maladaptive personality traits according to the ICD-11 model, using the item pool of the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory (IDCP-2). Quantitative and qualitative criteria for item selection were applied to a sample of 251 Brazilian adults. As a result, the 25 items (five items per factor) were selected, demonstrating promising evidence of validity based on the internal structure with a database of 1,659 Brazilian adults. In addition, we found good evidence of validity based on relationships with external variables, particularly those related to personality pathology, in a sample of 617 Brazilian adults. The implications of these findings are discussed.

The Detection of Invalid Responses Using the Dissociative Experiences Scale-V (DES-V)

ABSTRACT The Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) is the most widely used self-report measure of dissociation but lacks a validity scale. Abu-Rus et al. (2020) created the DES-V by embedding atypical and inconsistency items in the DES, ultimately concluding that atypicality demonstrated the greatest ability to differentiate honest respondents from feigners. Among their study limitations, Abu-Rus et al. noted the homogeneous nature of their clinical group (i.e., largely comprising individuals with PTSD) and the potential need to refine the existing atypicality items for a more heterogenous dissociation population. The current study aimed to refine the DES-V by enlisting dissociation experts to improve the believability of the atypical items (while simultaneously ensuring they did not betoken any actual dissociative symptomology) and by supplementing the online sample with a clinical sample that included a broad range of dissociative disorders. Data cleaning comprised eight different techniques, to better ensure the validity of the online sample. Honest and Feigning groups completed the assessments through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk; the clinical dissociative disorder group completed hard copy versions. The atypicality scale discriminated the three groups well, with the Feigning group scoring significantly higher than both of the honest groups (online and clinical). The mean atypicality scores of the two honest groups did not differ significantly. In addition, the scale incremented over the original DES-V in a logistic regression predicting honest and feigning participants. These robust results suggest that the revised DES-V could provide researchers with a valuable tool for validating online samples with greater precision – an increasingly vital need in light of the growing reliance on online samples.

Anxiety among Medical Students Regarding Generative Artificial Intelligence Models: A Pilot Descriptive Study

Despite the potential benefits of generative artificial intelligence (genAI), concerns about its psychological impact on medical students, especially about job displacement, are apparent. This pilot study, conducted in Jordan during July–August 2024, aimed to examine the specific fears, anxieties, mistrust, and ethical concerns medical students harbor towards genAI. Using a cross-sectional survey design, data were collected from 164 medical students studying in Jordan across various academic years, employing a structured self-administered questionnaire with an internally consistent FAME scale—representing Fear, Anxiety, Mistrust, and Ethics—comprising 12 items, with 3 items for each construct. Exploratory and confirmatory factors analyses were conducted to assess the construct validity of the FAME scale. The results indicated variable levels of anxiety towards genAI among the participating medical students: 34.1% reported no anxiety about genAI‘s role in their future careers (n = 56), while 41.5% were slightly anxious (n = 61), 22.0% were somewhat anxious (n = 36), and 2.4% were extremely anxious (n = 4). Among the FAME constructs, Mistrust was the most agreed upon (mean: 12.35 ± 2.78), followed by the Ethics construct (mean: 10.86 ± 2.90), Fear (mean: 9.49 ± 3.53), and Anxiety (mean: 8.91 ± 3.68). Their sex, academic level, and Grade Point Average (GPA) did not significantly affect the students’ perceptions of genAI. However, there was a notable direct association between the students’ general anxiety about genAI and elevated scores on the Fear, Anxiety, and Ethics constructs of the FAME scale. Prior exposure to genAI and its previous use did not significantly modify the scores on the FAME scale. These findings highlight the critical need for refined educational strategies to address the integration of genAI into medical training. The results demonstrate notable anxiety, fear, mistrust, and ethical concerns among medical students regarding the deployment of genAI in healthcare, indicating the necessity of curriculum modifications that focus specifically on these areas. Interventions should be tailored to increase familiarity and competency with genAI, which would alleviate apprehensions and equip future physicians to engage with this inevitable technology effectively. This study also highlights the importance of incorporating ethical discussions into medical courses to address mistrust and concerns about the human-centered aspects of genAI. In conclusion, this study calls for the proactive evolution of medical education to prepare students for new AI-driven healthcare practices to ensure that physicians are well prepared, confident, and ethically informed in their professional interactions with genAI technologies.

Cultural adaptation and preliminary validation of the Flexibility Scale for Spain.

Individuals exhibit varying degrees of flexibility depending on different characteristics, conditions, and diagnoses. The Flexibility Scale is a comprehensive informant-report measure used to assess multiple aspects of flexibility in autistic and non-autistic children and youth, with an emphasis on cognitive aspects. This tool has not been adapted nor validated for use in Spain. In this paper we aim to provide a culturally adapted and validated version of the Flexibility Scale for Spain. We detail the procedure followed by our research team to obtain a cultural adaptation of the scale for Spain, including forward and back translations, cognitive interviews, feedback from experts, and preliminary validation. Our participants in the validation process were 75 autistic and 39 typically developing children and adolescents between the ages of 6 and 17. We reached a culturally adapted and preliminary validated version of the Flexibility Scale for Spain (Escala de Flexibilidad). We make the scale available to researchers and practitioners working in Spain. This contributes to laying the groundwork for further testing and adaptations in Spanish-speaking countries and communities worldwide.