Validation Of Numerical Model Research Articles

Physics-based time-of-failure determination of rainfall-induced instability in lateritic soil slopes

Conventional time-of-failure estimated from slope surface displacement over time, ignores the crucial geotechnical and environmental causative factors that lead to slope instability. The instrumentation and monitoring are expensive, labour-intensive, and often not feasible for large number of hill slopes. This paper focuses on the physics-based determination of time-of-failure charts for laterite soil slopes prevalent in the Western Ghats of India, under rainfall infiltration. The finite element model was first validated by performing coupled flow deformation analysis of Kondavi soil cutting situated in the Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra, India. The soil samples were collected from the site for basic geotechnical characterisation in the laboratory. In addition, the soil water characteristics curve (SWCC) was determined using the filter paper method, and the unsaturated parameters were obtained using the van Genuchten model. Following the validation of numerical model with the failed Kondavi cutting, the factor of safety (FOS) and time-of-failure (TOF) were studied for varying rainfall intensity, and permeability of the soil. The FOS and TOF charts were then established for varying slope angles (30°, 45°, 60°), effective cohesion (10 kPa, 18 kPa, 25 kPa), effective friction angle (22°, 25°, 28°), water table depth (25 m, 28 m, 30 m, 35 m) and height of slope (15 m, 25 m, 35 m). Results indicate that if rainfall intensity is lower than soil permeability, TOF depends on both the intensity and duration of the rainfall. Higher rainfall intensity leads to a shorter time of failure, and vice versa. Conversely, when rainfall intensity exceeds soil permeability, TOF is determined by the duration of rainfall and the permeability of soil, as the rainfall infiltrates at the saturated permeability rate regardless of its intensity. It is also observed that friction is the dominant parameter for initial FOS, while cohesion is the dominant parameter for the TOF of a rainfall-induced landslide. Finally, charts are proposed that shall serve as a preliminary guide for the determination of the TOF for rainfall-induced instability in the lateritic soil slopes of India. The performance of the charts is further evaluated by comparing the observed and predicted TOF of two other failed laterite cuttings. The implications of these findings are profound, as the proposed TOF charts can be integrated into early warning systems, contributing towards improved disaster mitigation and preparedness with timely decision making for adequate management of landslide associated risks.

Thermoregulation of integrated photovoltaic panels with bio-based phase change materials

Although photovoltaic (PV) technology has achieved significant advancements in harnessing irradiation to generate electricity, different questions remain open, especially regarding the adverse effects of high temperatures on the PV system. As the temperature of PV panels increases, their energy-conversion efficiency decreases, reducing the overall electricity production. High temperatures also accelerate the degradation of the PV panel, leading to shorter operational lifespans and higher maintenance costs. Hence, reducing the PV panel temperature throughout the day can prevent thermal degradation and increase its efficiency. In the present work, we numerically evaluate the thermal behavior of a PV system integrated with a phase change material (PCM). The numerical model uses the Finite Volume Method to solve the conservation equations of mass, momentum, and energy. A 3D transient thermal model incorporating the PCM enthalpy formulation was developed to analyze the PV panel temperature. The thermal model considers the energy transfer by conduction, convection, and radiation throughout the day. A mean absolute deviation of 3% was obtained for the PV panel temperature by comparing it with experimental data available in the literature. After the numerical model validation, the PCM was changed to a bio-based PCM (bioPCM) consisting of la uric acid, whose melting point is relatively high (from 44–46 °C), allowing its use in regions of high solar incidence. Furthermore, it has a high latent heat of fusion, being chemically stable and non-toxic. Using the proposed bioPCM, a temperature reduction of 9 °C was obtained, increasing the energy production, on average, by 9% compared to a conventional PV without PCM. Overall, using the proposed bioPCM can avoid excessive losses of energy-conversion efficiency under high irradiance conditions and extend the lifespan of photovoltaic panels.

Numerical investigation on erosion characteristics of elevated pile cap in high concentration sediment flow environment

The objective of this investigation is to study the erosion process and characteristics of elevated pile cap in high concentration sediment flow environment, taking into account the influence of multiple factors. Firstly, a three-dimensional model of elevated pile cap was established and used for numerical simulation of erosion. Subsequently, the validity of the elevated pile cap erosion numerical model was corroborated through a comparison with the results of existing physical model tests. Finally, the influence of hydrological conditions, structure geometric characteristics, and material properties on the erosion characteristics of the elevated pile cap were investigated. The numerical results demonstrate that the sand content, flow velocity and pile longitudinal clearance diameter ratio are positively correlated with the abrasion thickness and erosion rate of the elevated pile cap. The pile diameter, the pile transverse clearance diameter ratio, and the compressive strength have a negative correlation with the abrasive thickness and erosion rate of the elevated pile cap. When the particle diameter increases from 0.2 to 2.0 mm, the erosion rate of the pile foundation first decreases and then increases. If the bearing platform is not fully submerged, the erosion rate of the elevated pile cap decreases with the increase of water depth. As the water gradually submerges the bearing platform, the erosion rate of the pile foundation increases with the increase of water depth. And with the change of impact angle, the shielding effect of the front pile on the back pile will also change, which has a great influence on the downstream piles erosion. This study not only enriches existing erosion theories but also guides erosion protection of the elevated pile cap.

Numerical modeling and experimental validation of low velocity impact of woven GFRP/CFRP composites

Low-velocity impact of 2D woven glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) and carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite laminates was studied experimentally and numerically. Hybrid laminates containing blocked layers of GFRP/CFRP/GFRP with all plies oriented at 0° were investigated. Relatively high impact energies were used to obtain full perforation of the laminate in a low-velocity impact setup. Numerical simulations were carried out using the in-house transient dynamics finite element code, Sierra/SM, developed at Sandia National Laboratories. A three-dimensional continuum damage model was used to describe the response of a woven composite ply. Two methods for handling delamination were considered and compared: (1) cohesive zone modeling and (2) continuum damage mechanics. The reduced model size achieved by omission of the cohesive zone elements produced acceptable results at reduced computational cost. The comparison between different modeling techniques can be used to inform modeling decisions relevant to low velocity impact scenarios. The modeling was validated by comparing with the experimental results and showed good agreement in terms of predicted damage mechanisms and impactor velocity and force histories.

Validation of Numerical and Analytical Model of Bearing Type Bolted Steel Lap Joint with Friction-Slip Mechanism and a Threaded Portion of the Shank in Bearing

Validation of Numerical and Analytical Model of Bearing Type Bolted Steel Lap Joint with Friction-Slip Mechanism and a Threaded Portion of the Shank in Bearing

Riverine flow and floating wooden debris interaction with an arch bridge: flume experiments

Masonry arch bridges (MABs) are vulnerable to flood effects. Whilst previous studies have focused on scour around bridge piers, very little investigation has been conducted on the flood effects on the superstructure of MABs. This paper is the first experimental study to provide an understanding of this complex phenomenon. The generation of detailed pressure–time and force–time histories on MABs with different submergence ratios and debris orientations enables useful insights into the physics involved while providing critical data for the validation of future numerical models. The results without floating debris indicate that hydrodynamic pressures and forces were captured with high precision, while it decreased with a coefficient of variation of 34.54% close to the free surface. In the cases with debris, multiple impact pressures and forces were obtained. Furthermore, a 0° orientation is more prone to debris accumulation and associated afflux at the bridge superstructure compared to a 90° situation.

Flow observations using nacelle lidars: A study on the University of Stavanger campus

Abstract This study deals with wind measurements on the campus of the University of Stavanger, using two continuous-wave nacelle lidars and a vertical continuous-wave profiler. Wind data is further acquired by 2-D sonic anemometers fixed to the lidars. The emphasis of the analysis is on the data gathered by the nacelle lidars. The horizontal wind speeds reconstructed from the radial velocities are compared to the recordings of the sonic anemometers and analysed in terms of mean wind profiles over the extent of the scanning circle. Standard logarithmic and power laws are fitted to the profiles to estimate site-specific parameters such as wind shear exponent and surface roughness. Turbulence characteristics in the mean wind direction, such as spectra and variances, are estimated and compared to those from the sonic anemometer. The study demonstrates the overall potential of remote sensing for wind monitoring in an urban environment. The wind velocities acquired in the individual measurement points along the nacelle lidars’ scanning circles are found to capture the flow in the monitored regions around the buildings in a realistic way. Together with the information from the vertically pointing wind profiler, the measurement data represents a valuable source for validation of related numerical models for flow in an urban area.

Visual-based classification models for grading reclaimed structural timber for reuse: A theoretical, numerical and experimental investigation

Among the key benefits of using structural timber is its potential for reuse after being dismantled from an existing building. Recycling and reuse are central concepts in the circular economy. However, the installation and dismantling of structural elements often leave traces from previous use, such as holes from connectors like dowels or screws, internal piping and cabling. Therefore, it is crucial to develop methods to rigorously quantify the reduced load-bearing capacity of recycled beams due to potential holes using efficient and expedited methods akin to visual grading approaches. This work proposes a visual-based method for classifying recycled timber based on the geometric characteristics of the artificial holes. A stochastic mechanics-based numerical model was developed to predict the bending strength reduction of beams with random hole patterns and thus generate an extensive dataset for calibrating data-driven binary classification models. Machine learning and conditional classification models are used to determine if the reduction in bending strength is greater or less than 20%, being the predefined threshold value for reduced strength grading. An experimental campaign on timber beams with specific hole patterns, determined after experimental design, led to the numerical model validation and the calibration of thresholds for the conditional classification model, which relies on a single feature: the sum of the diameters of the holes in two beam regions. The study shows that with an elementary conditional model, high-performance metrics of the binary classification model comparable to machine learning techniques can be achieved. In other words, with a balanced dataset, accuracies over 80% in classifying the level of capacity reduction, greater or lesser than 20%, can be achieved simply by comparing the sum of diameters to a predetermined threshold. This method currently fills a regulatory and methodological gap in safely reusing structural timber.

Numerical Modeling and Experimental Validation of Icing Phenomena on the External Surface of a U-Bend Tube

The regasification of liquefied natural gas (LNG) is a crucial process that involves certain challenges created by the low temperature of LNG and the risk of ice formation on the external surfaces of the tubes of heat exchangers, which can hinder heat transfer and increase flow resistance. This study presents a numerical model for ice formation on the external surface of the U-bend tube of shell-and-tube heat exchangers. The numerical model has been further enhanced by applying a custom user-defined function. The numerical results were validated using experimental data and demonstrated excellent predictive capability, particularly for the surface temperature of the tubes and the thickness of the ice layer. Hence, this model can reliably capture the overall behavior of the ice formation on the external surfaces of the tubes of shell-and-tube heat exchangers. By highlighting the importance of maintaining stable heat transfer conditions to prevent freezing, this study offers valuable insights that can guide the optimization of heat exchanger designs for LNG regasification.

Numerical modelling and experimental validation of an Enhanced multi-force model of free-fall electrostatic separators

Electrostatic separation is a crucial process for separating mixed materials, especially in recycling discarded electrical and electronic equipment. This study aims to validate an enhanced numerical model for free-fall electrostatic separators by incorporating additional forces. The model simulates particle trajectories under electrostatic forces, considering electrostatic interactions and collisions. The particles’ positions, masses, and charges are recorded to create a comprehensive database for model verification. The model was validated experimentally using three-particle mixtures of PVC-PC, PS-PC, and PS-PVC; experimental validation confirms that the updated model accurately captures the complex physical processes in the electrostatic separator. Including additional forces results in more precise particle behavior, essential for optimizing separator design and improving the purity of the separated products. The results show a concordance of mass and charge 98.812% and 96.907% for PS + PVC, 99.972% and 98.715% for PC + PVC mixtures, and 92.406% for mass and 97.244% for charge in PS+PC mixtures, demonstrating the model’s accuracy and reliability.

Effect of coarse aggregates on contact explosion resistance of concrete—A mesoscopic investigation

The intricate relationship between the mechanical properties of concrete and its internal microstructure underscores the importance of comprehending explosion performance and damage mechanisms at a mesoscopic level to effectively enhance blast resistance. This study employed three-dimensional (3D) mesoscale models to numerically investigate the dynamic behavior of concrete mixed with coarse aggregates under contact explosion. Rigorous validation of numerical models and simulation techniques was untaken through the contact explosion tests. The study explored mesoscopic damage mechanisms in heterogeneous concrete targets with randomly distributed coarse aggregates, drawing comparisons with a homogeneous concrete target. Critical mesoscopic parameters influencing the contact explosion resistance of concrete were thoroughly examined. Structural effects of coarse aggregates emerge as pivotal, shifting the damage mode from overall failure with spalling-dominated damage in homogeneous concrete to localized failure in mesoscopic concrete. The mesoscopic concrete experienced a distinct four-stage damage evolution—cratering, crack initiation, perforation, and dynamic fragmentation—diverging from homogeneous concrete with multi-layer spalling originating from the boundaries. The exponential attenuation of shock waves observed in homogeneous concrete was locally disrupted by coarse aggregates in mesoscopic concrete, attributed to wave impedance mismatch and aggregate extrusion effects. Mortar strength primarily contributed to concrete cracking, with minimal impact on damage modes. Failure modes were predominantly influenced by the content and particle size of coarse aggregates. Higher volumetric fractions significantly reduced concrete spalling, while increased coarse aggregate size exacerbated perforation failure. This comprehensive study advances our understanding of blast-resistant concrete design at a mesoscopic level, providing valuable insights for strategies aimed at enhancing structural resilience.

Acoustic performance prediction by means of a statistical energy analysis of two adjacent workrooms used for conferences and educational proposes

The current design of workspaces for companies is focused on minimalistic and modern styles prioritizing the aesthetic appearance with illuminated open spaces and the use of glass walls. If the acoustic performance is not considered, inappropriate Reverberation Times (RT) might lead to difficulties for hearing a speaker or teacher during courses and conferences, causing problems in the learning process. Additionally, there might be high sound transmission between adjacent work rooms. This paper presents the development and experimental validation of numerical models using Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) to calculate the sound reduction index through a glass wall that separates two adjacent work rooms. These structures are dedicated to conferences and educational uses but cannot be properly used due to their high sound transmission and inappropriate reverberant time. The sound insulation prediction results are validated with experimental measurements carried out in the adjacent rooms under the standard ISO-140. Afterwards, a SEA model is used to provide some acoustic correction design guidelines for these types of constructions. To improve the acoustical performance in the rooms, the acoustic effects of different absorbent panels placed on the walls and ceiling were investigated, choosing a suitable material that complies with the recommended ranges of RT and with less amount of absorption area. The SEA model is then used to understand the effects of openings size between the panels that make up the glass wall on the sound insulation capacity between rooms. Finally, a SEA model is reformulated to quantify the effect of the application of double walls for sound insulation between rooms, which implies the increase of weighted sound reduction index in 9 dB with respect to measured data.

Development and experimental validation of a 3D numerical model to investigate performance of phase change based cooling vest in hot environments

To ensure health and safety of outdoor workers exposed to harsh environment, particularly during summer, they must be protected against heat-related injuries. Personal cooling device like cooling vest are viable solution in such situations considering their cooling capabilities and ergonomic aspects. In the present study, a 3D numerical model is developed for analyzing performance of PCM vest and it is validated with experimental results obtained from a torso thermal manikin facility fabricated in-house. Thermal performance of the PCM vest is analyzed in terms of temperature, liquid fraction and energy storage of PCM and skin temperature for different thermophysical properties of PCM, ambient conditions and mode of operations. Based on the study, PCM with higher latent heat and melting temperature is recommended for the longer working duration of the vest. Increasing ambient temperature from 40 °C to 45 °C reduces the effectiveness time by 20 % while decreasing ambient temperature from 40 °C to 35 °C increases effectiveness time of the PCM vest by 32 %. Fraction of energy stored by the PCM from the body and environment remains unaffected by the change in the latent heat of PCM. Further, it is noticed that increasing the air flow rate or using the PCM vest in hybrid mode of operation is not recommended from the point of view of its effective useable duration. Overall, the study presents a comprehensive approach to estimate performance of the PCM vest realistically and provides guidelines for the design of effective cooling vest for various practical applications.

Blade Surface Pressure Measurements in the Field and Their Usage for Aerodynamic Model Validation

ABSTRACTThis study presents results from a long‐term measurement campaign on a research wind turbine in the field. Pressure measurements are conducted at 25% blade radius over several months. Together with inflow measurements provided by a LiDAR system, they form an extensive dataset, which is used in the validation of numerical aerodynamic models. The model validation is conducted based on both ten‐minute average data as well as time‐resolved unsteady data. Initially, it is investigated how representative ten‐minute average pressure measurements are of the underlying unsteady aerodynamics. Binned ten‐minute average pressure distributions are then analysed together with their numerical counterpart, consisting of a combination of rotor and airfoil level aerodynamic/aeroelastic simulation results using average environmental and operating conditions as input. Finally, time‐resolved measurements and simulation results are compared, validating the aeroelastic tools' capability to reproduce unsteady aerodynamics.Overall, reasonable agreement is found between numerical simulations and field experiment data showcasing two aspects: Numerical tools based on blade element momentum theory and panel methods with viscous‐inviscid interaction remain relevant for simulating modern multi‐megawatt wind turbines, and long‐term pressure measurements provide invaluable means for validating such tools.

Physical Modeling of Tsunamis Generated by Submarine Volcanic Eruptions

AbstractSubmarine volcanic eruptions can induce major local and regional tsunami hazards through varied source mechanisms. Large‐scale experiments of tsunamis generated by submarine volcanic eruptions are conducted to study the cylindrical wave generation and propagation in a three‐dimensional wave basin. A unique volcanic tsunami generator (VTG) was deployed at the bottom of the wave basin to generate volcanic tsunamis with repeatable and controlled source parameters. The physical modeling is based on the generalized Froude number defined with the VTG velocity and the near source water depth. The pneumatically driven vertical stroke motion generates leading elevation waves in the wave basin. The tsunami waves generated by the VTG are measured with a wave gauge array. The wave maker performance is characterized by the dimensionless leading wave amplitudes and periods. The experimental data show the variations of the leading wave amplitude, period, and celerity along the radial propagation distance. The generated cylindrical waves belong to the weakly nonlinear wave regime in the near field with decaying wave amplitude along radial propagation. The attenuation rate of the leading wave exceeds the range from the linear wave theory in runs with higher Froude numbers. The dimensionless leading wave period increases with the dimensionless propagation distance due to the dispersion relation. Empirical equations for the characteristic wave parameters such as amplitudes and periods are derived. The experimental results contribute to the understanding of volcanic tsunami generation processes and may serve rapid volcanic tsunami hazard assessments as well as the advancement and validation of numerical models.

Tailoring Failure Interactions for Validation Testing of Composite Laminate Progressive Failure Models

Efficient validation of numerical models for predicting failures in composite structures is imperative due to the intricate nature of such failures. The multifaceted aspects, including multimodal, multiscale, and interactive factors, pose challenges in the calibration and validation of models. Constraints in cost and time often limit the comprehensive testing required for model validation across diverse failure response scenarios. This study proposes an optimal test selection approach, building upon previous insights that optimizing measures derived from progressive failure responses can unveil failure mode interactions sensitive to stochastic variations. Calibration designs should minimize interaction while maximizing sensitivity to calibration parameters, whereas validation models must encompass varied interactions to understand predictability limits. However, optimizing progressive failure analyses for composites is computationally intensive. A straightforward design of experiments exploration is demonstrated here, focusing on efficiently identifying designs sensitive to stochastic effects, which reveal mode interactions and suitability for calibration/validation. This method is exemplified using computational models for composite bolted joints subjected to pin-bearing loads, showcasing their intricate failure modes. Designs displaying high sensitivity to parameter changes offer insights into failure mechanisms, aiding in model validation and enhancement. Thus, employing such critical designs as test cases can refine numerical models, resulting in more accurate representations of complex failure behaviors in diverse composite components.

2D discrete element analysis of the footing above excavated circle in soil

The bearing capacity and settlements of surface foundations located on a soil slope are the important issues that have to be considered by geotechnical engineers for the design. The presence of an underground void beneath the footing can affect the foundation stability and can lead to serious structure damages. In this study, the results of two-dimensional (2D) discrete element (DE) and finite element (FE) analyses of a surface footing on a soil slope above a void are presented. To validate the numerical model results, the DE results obtained have been compared with experimental test presented in the previous study. After validation of the DE numerical model, parametric studies were carried out to evaluate the effect of important factors on the surface footing performance. The studied parameters include the horizontal spacing of the void axis relative to the slope edge (SH), the vertical spacing of the void crown relative to the footing base (SV), the horizontal spacing of the footing edge relative to the slope edge (De) and the void diameter (Dv). The effects of these parameters on the pressure-settlement curves and the contact force distributions in the soil slope are presented and discussed. The results showed that the footing bearing pressure increases with an increase of SH, SV and De but decreases when Dv increases. The behavior of a surface footing on a soil slope above a void significantly depends on the SV value.

Assessing turbulence–flame interaction of thermo-diffusive lean premixed H2/air flames towards distributed burning regime

Simultaneous laser-induced fluorescence of OH radicals and particle image velocimetry, and quasi-simultaneous 1D Raman/Rayleigh and 2D Rayleigh scattering measurements are used to investigate the effects of Karlovitz number (by varying the equivalence ratio) and residence time (by varying the axial measurement location) on the internal flame structures of lean premixed hydrogen/air turbulent jet flames. The turbulent flow fields, instantaneous macroscopic flame structures, and thermochemical states of a set of lean premixed hydrogen/air turbulent flames with varying initial equivalence ratio of 0.3, 0.4, and 0.45 at a constant bulk velocity of 100m/s are discussed. With an increasing equivalence ratio, the Karlovitz number derived from the turbulent flow fields decreases rapidly from 7690 to 260 and 100, determined at a downstream location of x/D=7. At the highest Karlovitz number (i.e., the lowest equivalence ratio), a distributed burning is observed in the jet flame as turbulent transport dominates over molecular mixing, and the effects of differential diffusion and flame curvature are suppressed. With decreasing Karlovitz number, intense burning regions characterized by elevated local equivalence ratio, high water mole fraction, and super-adiabatic flame temperatures are observed in association with positive flame curvature. The same combustion diagnostics are applied to another lean premixed hydrogen/air turbulent flame with an initial equivalence ratio of 0.4 and a bulk velocity of 200m/s at selected downstream locations of x/D=3.5, 7, 10.5, and 14 to assess the effects of developing turbulence and residence time. Corresponding Karlovitz numbers are 680, 730, 775, and 690, as the local turbulent intensity changes along downstream locations. While flame structures reveal characteristics towards distributed burning at lower x/D, a locally intense burning region appears at higher x/D together with positive curvature. This is mainly because the turbulence develops with increasing x/D and the flame surface is more disturbed and curved by turbulent eddies with increasing turbulence length scales. The highly diffusive hydrogen is locally concentrated by positively curved flame surfaces, resulting in fuel-rich burning regions at a higher temperature. This indicates that, as velocity fluctuations increase in axial direction, turbulence can also promote thermo-diffusive instabilities to a certain extent, increasing the mixture inhomogeneity in temperature space by interacting with the differential diffusion effect of hydrogen at atmospheric pressure.Novelty and significanceThe novelty of the current work is the focus on turbulence–chemistry interactions of premixed hydrogen/air jet flames at high turbulence and ultra lean conditions. Comprehensive experimental results including the turbulent flow fields (particle image velocimetry), instantaneous flame structures (laser-induced fluorescence of OH radicals) and internal thermochemical states (quasi-simultaneous 1D Raman/Rayleigh and 2D Rayleigh scattering imaging) of hydrogen/air jet flames are analyzed and discussed. The data sets with well-characterized boundary conditions and high measurement accuracy, are crucial for validation and development of numerical simulation models.

Experimental analysis of the forming behavior of uni- and bidirectional non-crimp fabrics for different geometries

For efficient large-series production and improved process design, a profound understanding of a textile’s forming behavior is crucial to ensure adequate drapability and defect-free components. Woven fabrics have often been the focus of research due to their easier formability, while non-crimp fabrics (NCFs) have been investigated much less despite their higher lightweight potential, resulting in a limited experimental basis for the validation of numerical models. Therefore, forming experiments of a unidirectional and a bidirectional NCF are conducted for different configurations and punch shapes, including hemisphere, tetrahedron, and square box. The macroscopic strains are captured throughout the entire process using digital image correlation (DIC) and comprehensively analyzed in combination with the outer contour and resulting defects. Fundamental differences in the deformation behavior of both textiles are identified. For the balanced Biax-NCF, the tricot stitching couples the deformation of both fiber layers and the fabric mainly deforms under symmetrical shear with limited yarn slippage or defects. For the highly unbalanced UD-NCF, the lack of a second fiber direction results in an asymmetrical deformation behavior. The UD-NCF deforms due to shear parallel to the fiber yarns superimposed with transverse tensile and compressive strains in different deformation modes. The data generated in this study is freely available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12516897.

Frequency domain‐based analytical solutions for one‐dimensional soil water flow in layered soils

AbstractSolutions of the linearized Richardson–Richards Equation (RRE) for one‐dimensional soil water flow in layered soils with sinusoidal flux in the frequency domain are derived. We evaluate the accuracy of our analytical and other analytical solutions by comparing them with results from a standard numerical model. Our analytical solution agrees with the numerical solution under multi‐layered heterogeneous soil, while others disagree. We also demonstrate the capability of the proposed solution to simulate soil moisture dynamics under a realistic, multi‐frequency flux case. The procedure described in the paper is valid for any series of arbitrary periodic flux superpositions for layered heterogeneous . Moreover, our solution is efficient in the calculation compared with numerical solutions, especially when dealing with long‐time series soil moisture, which can provide a validation of numerical models.