Vacuum Furnace Research Articles

Impact of Ce2O3 on microstructure and properties of matrix-body for PDC drill bits synthesized via pressureless melt infiltration

The materials of matrix-body polycrystalline diamond composite (PDC) bits were fabricated through pressureless melt infiltration method at 1200 °C for 1 h within vacuum furnace using molten CuNi metallic binder, Ni and WC powders (including cast WC, spherical WC, and fine WC). Various weight ratios of Ce2O3/(WC + Ni + CuNi) ranging from 0 to 0.01 were added to matrix-body materials. The influence of Ce2O3 on the microstructure, phase formation, phase transformations, and related mechanical properties of matrix-body materials was thoroughly investigated. The results show that experimental temperature led to the decomposition of WC and partial dissolution of W and C in CuNi binder alloys. In matrix-body materials with no Ce2O3 addition, only new W2C phase was formed. With further increase in Ce2O3/(WC + Ni + CuNi) ratios, spherical WC was dispersed into smaller WC particles. Meanwhile, new phases (namely Ni2W4C, C, and W2C) were found. The material exhibited an optimal hardness (HRA = 93.7) and transverse rupture strength (1846.8 MPa) when Ce2O3/(WC + Ni + CuNi) ratio was 0.006. However, impact toughness was slightly decreased, while the highest value of 6.45 J cm−2 was measured for the sample with Ce2O3/(WC + Ni + CuNi) ratio of 0.01.

A New Strategy for Dissimilar Material Joining between SiC and Al Alloys through Use of High-Si Al Alloys

Joining metals and ceramics plays a crucial role in many engineering applications. The current research aims to develop a simple and convenient approach for dissimilar material joining between SiC and Al alloys. In this work, Al alloys with Si contents varying from 7 wt.% to 50 wt.% were bonded with SiC at a high temperature of 1100 °C by a pressure-less bonding process in a vacuum furnace, and shear tests were carried out to study the bonding strength. When using low-Si Al alloys to bond with SiC, the bonding strength was very low. The bonding strength of Al/SiC joints increased significantly through the use of high-Si Al alloys with 30 wt.% and 50 wt.% Si. The shear strength achieved (28.8 MPa) is far higher than those reported previously. The remarkable improvement in bonding strength is attributed to the suppression of brittle interfacial products and reduced thermal stresses. This research provides a new strategy for joining between SiC and a wide range of Al alloys through the use of high-Si Al alloys as the interlayers.

Systematic study of niobium thermal treatments for superconducting radio frequency cavities employing x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

The structural and chemical composition of the surface layer (100–140 nm) of niobium radiofrequency cavities operating at cryogenic temperature has enormous impact on their superconducting characteristics. During the last years, cavities treated with a new thermal processing recipe, so-called nitrogen infusion, have demonstrated an increased efficiency and high accelerating gradients. The role and importance of nitrogen gas has been a topic of many debates. In the present work we employ variable-energy synchrotron x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), to study the niobium surface subjected to the following treatments: vacuum annealing at 800 °C, nitrogen infusion, and vacuum heat treatment as for the infusion process but without nitrogen supply. Careful analysis of XPS energy-distribution curves revealed a slightly increased thickness of the native oxide Nb2O5 for the infused samples (∼3.8 nm) as compared to the annealed one (∼3.5 nm) which indicates insignificant oxygen incorporation into niobium during 120 °C baking and no effect of nitrogen on the formation of oxides or other niobium phases. By conducting an additional in-situ annealing experiment and analyzing the niobium after the failed infusion process, we conclude that the vacuum furnace hygiene particularly during the high-temperature stage is the prerequisite for success of any treatment recipe.

Investigation on transparent Nd:YAG ceramic/YAG crystal composite by pressureless thermal diffusion bonding

Transparent Nd:YAG ceramic/YAG crystal composites with well-defined bonding interface are successfully fabricated by pressureless direct thermal diffusion bonding at 1650–1725 ℃ in a vacuum furnace. The composites show high absorption capability at pumping wavelength of 808 nm and superior transmittance at lasing wavelength of 1064 nm, promising for high efficiency laser operation. The lattice diffusion coefficients (in m2/s) around the interface are calculated to be 10-18 ∼ 10-16 magnitude for Nd3+, Si4+, and Mg2+ cations by Fick’s diffusion law, and activation energy for lattice diffusion are evaluated with Arrhenius fit.

Studying the Microstructure, Physical and Mechanical Properties of Al Matrix Reinforced with Bi-Modal Particles Coated with Either Ni or Cu

Powder metallurgy was used to fabricate Al/(SiC-Y2O3)/Ag/Cu or Ni nanocomposite. The ratio of SiC to Y2O3 was 50:50. SiC-Y2O3 particles were coated with 10 wt% nano-Ag, followed by coating with another layer of 10% nano-Ni or nano-Cu by an electroless chemical deposition technique. All samples were compacted by a uniaxial press under 480 MPa and then sintered in a vacuum furnace at 600 °C for 1 h holding time. Coated samples with nano-Cu have the highest densification values. The microstructure of nano-Cu-coated composites is more homogenous than nano-Ni ones. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) indicated the presence of Al peaks as a major phase, and Al3NiSi and AlCu intermetallics are detected. Also, traces of SiC and Y2O3 peaks are recorded. Hardness results showed that (SiC-Y2O3)/ nano-Ag/nano-Cu samples have higher hardness values than nano-Ni samples. Also, both the electrical and thermal conductivities are higher for nano-Cu-coated samples than for nano-Ni coated ones.

Use of Thermal Boron Technique to Determine Optimum Synthesis Parameters for Zirconium and Hafnium Diborides

Zirconium and hafnium diborides were synthesized. The process of obtaining zirconium and hafnium diborides was carried out by reduction of zirconium and hafnium dioxides with amorphous boron at high temperature in a vacuum furnace with a residual pressure of 10 Pa. The synthesis of metal diborides included the following stages: preparation of charge, pressing, annealing of tablets, milling, and classification. The initial components were mixed in a drum-type apparatus; an aqueous solution of polyvinyl alcohol was used as a plasticizer. Tableting was performed on an OYSTAR Manesty FlexiTab tablet press with a punch diameter of 13 mm at a pressure of 218.7 MPa. The thickness of the obtained tablets was 3 mm. The obtained tablets were annealed in a Nabertherm VHT/GR vacuum furnace. A graphite crucible with zirconium oxide or hafnium oxide backfill, respectively, was used for annealing. The furnace was vacuumized with a forevacuum pump to a residual pressure of 10 Pa. The morphology of ZrB2 and HfB2 particles was investigated using the QUANTA 200 3D electron and focused-beam system. The phase composition and structural parameters of the samples were investigated on a Shimadzu XRD-6000 diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation. We determined the optimal parameters for the synthesis of zirconia and hafnium diborides: the optimal temperature for the synthesis of zirconia diboride was 1800 оС, for the synthesis of hafnium diboride — 1850 оС, the heating rate was 8.5 оС/min. The highest yield of zirconium and hafnium diborides was achieved in samples with a molar ratio of MeO2:B = = 1:6 at a synthesis time of 60 minutes. The yield of metal diborides was 99%.The authors who contributed to this paper include V. I. Sachkov, R. A. Nefedov, R. O. Medvedev, A. S. Sachkova, D. A. Biryukov.The authors would like to thank the Tomsk Regional Centre of Shared Knowledge for their support of this research work. This research was funded by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation under the Governmental Assignment no. FSWM-2020-0028.

Improving Surface Hardness of AISI H13 Steel by Pack Nitriding

This study investigated the effect of degree of availability (d.o.a) of nitrogen and time on increasing the surface hardness of AISI H13 steel using pack nitriding. Urea (46 % N) and ZA (21% N) were selected as a nitrogen source. In this study, hardening was carried out at a temperature of 1030°C then held for 3 hours and continued to quenching with 19 bar nitrogen. Nitriding process used the in-pack process by which the specimens were buried in the urea and ZA powder charged into a nitriding box. Pack nitriding was performed in a vacuum furnace at 600°C for 2, 4 and 6 hours. The surface of nitride-steels was characterized using microhardness tester, SEM/EDS and XRD. After nitriding process, the hardness of AISI H13 steels was increased up to 1648 HV, with the highest hardness achieved by nitriding process of 6 hours and 0.4 d.o.a, in urea media. The nitrogen was dissolved to the steel and induced precipitation of Fe3N, Fe2N, and αFe. From the calculation based on Arrhenius equation, the activation energy (Q) of 0.4 and 0.3 d.o.a were 1.381 kCal/mol and 1.455 kCal/mol, respectively.

Experimental Investigation of the Biofunctional Properties of Nickel-Titanium Alloys Depending on the Type of Production.

Nickel–titanium alloys used in dentistry have a variety of mechanical, chemical, and biofunctional properties that are dependent on the manufacturing process. The aim of this study was to compare the mechanical and biofunctional performances of a nickel–titanium alloy produced by the continuous casting method (NiTi-2) with commercial nitinol (NiTi-1) manufactured by the classical process, i.e., from remelting in a vacuum furnace with electro-resistive heating and final casting into ingots. The chemical composition of the tested samples was analyzed using an energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) quantitative microstructural analysis was performed to determine phase distribution in the samples. As part of the mechanical properties, the hardness on the surface of samples was measured with the static Vickers method. The release of metal ions (Ni, Ti) in artificial saliva (pH 6.5) and lactic acid (pH 2.3) was measured using a static immersion test. Finally, the resulting corrosion layer was revealed by means of a scanning electron microscope (SEM), which allows the detection and direct measurement of the formatted oxide layer thickness. To assess the biocompatibility of the tested nickel–titanium alloy samples, an MTT test of fibroblast cellular proliferation on direct contact with the samples was performed. The obtained data were analyzed with the IBM SPSS Statistics v22 software. EDX and XRF analyses showed a higher presence of Ni in the NiTi-2 sample. The EBSD analysis detected an additional NiTi2-cubic phase in the NiTi-2 microstructure. Additionally, in the NiTi-2 higher hardness was measured. An immersion test performed in artificial saliva after 7 days did not induce significant ion release in either group of samples (NiTi-1 and NiTi-2). The acidic environment significantly increased the release of toxic ions in both types of samples. However, Ni ion release was two times lower, and Ti ion release was three times lower from NiTi-2 than from NiTi-1. Comparison of the cells’ mitochondrial activity between the NiTi-1 and NiTi-2 groups did not show a statistically significant difference. In conclusion, we obtained an alloy of small diameter with an appropriate microstructure and better response compared to classic NiTi material. Thus, it appears from the present study that the continuous cast technology offers new possibilities for the production of NiTi material for usage in dentistry.

Microhardness and wear resistance of a high-entropy coating FeCrNiTiZrAl

In this article, the microhardness and wear resistance of the high-entropy FeCrNiTiZrAl alloy are studied on model specimens and on turbine blades made of 20Kh13 steel. The alloy was made by mechanical alloying and subsequent annealing in a vacuum furnace. The study showed that the obtained alloy is a high-entropy alloy with a microhardness μ = 740 HV, which is at the level of the microhardness of metallic glasses, but 2-3 times higher than the microhardness of stainless steels. The friction coefficient of the FeCrNiTiZrAl coating is k = 0.06, which is 10 times less than the friction coefficient of the titanium nitride coating (k = 0.65). The wear resistance of the high-entropy FeCrNiTiZrAl coating is much higher than that of stainless steels, and it leads to the fact that the cost of titanium nitride coating on turbine blades is 2 times higher than the cost of FeCrNiTiZrAl coating, that is, the economic effect is obvious.

Fabrication and Characterization of the Porous Ti4O7 Reactive Electrochemical Membrane.

Preparation of the Magnéli Ti4O7 reactive electrochemical membrane (REM) with high purity is of great significance for its application in electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) for wastewater treatment. In this study, the Ti4O7 REM with high purity was synthesized by mechanical pressing of TiO2 powders followed by thermal reduction to Ti4O7 using the Ti powder as the reducing reagent, where the TiO2 monolith and Ti powder were separated from each other with the distance of about 5 cm in the vacuum furnace. When the temperature was elevated to 1333 K, the Magnéli phase Ti4O7 REM with the Ti4O7 content of 98.5% was obtained after thermal reduction for 4 h. Noticeably, the surface and interior of the obtained REM bulk sample has a homogeneous Ti4O7 content. Doping carbon black (0wt%-15wt%) could increase the porosity of the Ti4O7 REM (38–59%). Accordingly, the internal resistance of the electrode and electrolyte and the charge-transfer impedance increased slightly with the increasing carbon black content. The optimum electroactive surface area (1.1 m2) was obtained at a carbon black content of 5wt%, which increased by 1.3-fold in comparison with that without carbon black. The as-prepared Ti4O7 REMs show high oxygen evolution potential, approximately 2.7 V/SHE, indicating their appreciable electrocatalytic activity toward the production of •OH.

Influence of Gas Temperature and Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Properties of Cold Sprayed Commercially Pure Titanium

Diffusion of oxygen and nitrogen in the cold sprayed commercially pure Ti (CS CP Ti) deposits profoundly impacts their mechanical properties. One plausible approach to additively manufacture a malleable (wrought) and high-density Ti is optimizing CS deposition parameters considering a reduction in porosity for the following heat treatment. Herein, we examined porosity, bulk density, and hardness characteristics of CS CP Ti deposits produced at varying processing gas temperatures (700, 800, and 900°C), which significantly influences the interactions of CP Ti with oxygen and nitrogen. Post-processing heat treatments at 800, 900, and 1000°C were performed in a high vacuum furnace, respectively, which diminished splat boundaries and submicron pores with increasing grain size. SEM images revealed that CS CP Ti had a dense microstructure with low porosity. According to LECO research, low spraying temperatures (i.e. 700°C) maintained oxygen and nitrogen levels in the CS CP Ti deposits at the same level as the stock powders. The bulk density of CS CP Ti produced at 900 °C matched that of wrought CP Ti metal. In addition, to improve the mechanical properties of CS CP Ti deposits, we looked at the link between CS conditions and heat treatment.

Sintering behavior, microstructure and mechanical properties of NbC-Ni alloys with different carbon contents

This work aims to study the influence of the carbon content in a (NbC-3vol%Mo2C)-12vol%Ni-0.5vol%WC alloy on the sintering process, and its resulting effect on the microstructure and mechanical properties. NbC cemented carbides with additions of Mo or C were sintered at 1450 °C for 1 h in the vacuum furnace of a dilatometer and of a TGA (Thermogravimetric Analysis) device. Liquid phase sintering temperature is decreased with addition of Mo or C, leading to an early densification which limits nickel evaporation. Swelling occurs during heating in the 3 phase (NbC + Ni + liquid) domain for the high carbon content alloys. A graphite phase is observed for largest carbon contents. The C/Mo ratio also affects the phase composition and lattice parameters. The lattice parameter variation of the carbide and Ni rich-binder is explained by the variation of the metallic solute contents as a function of the overall composition. Grain growth is globally enhanced by increasing the carbon content. A significant effect of C/Mo ratio on the mechanical properties of the alloy is also observed. The Vickers hardness (HV30) decreases while the toughness (KIc) exhibits a maximum value as the carbon content increases.

Исследование порошка титана, полученного методом СВС-гидрирования и дегидрирования в вакуумной печи

The method of SHS (self-propagating high-temperature synthesis) allows the efficient synthesis of titanium hydride. The article presents new results of experimental studies of titanium powders synthesized by the method of SHS hydrogenation and dehydrogenation in a vacuum furnace. Changes in the microstructure, phase and chemical composition during hydrogenation-dehydrogenation of a titanium sponge were studied. The titanium sponge was hydrogenated in a high-pressure SHS reactor at a hydrogen pressure of 3 MPa. The content of oxygen and carbon impurities decrease in the process of SHS hydrogenation was found. After hydrogenation, the sponge is a single-phase δ-hydride of titanium with a tetragonal lattice, the particles have a fragmentary shape. In the obtained titanium hydride, an increased hydrogen content of 4.64 wt. % was noted. The hydrogenated titanium sponge was mechanically crushed in a drum-ball mill to a particle size of 40 – 250 microns. Dehydrogenation of titanium hydride powder was carried out in a vacuum furnace at a temperature of 850 °C for 220 minutes. Titanium after dehydrogenation is a single-phase α-titanium powder with a hexagonal close packed lattice, the size and shape of the particles have not changed. The technological process under study provides the possibility of obtaining high-quality titanium powders of the necessary granulometric composition for various fields of powder metallurgy.

Magnetic behavior of ordered DO3-type Fe3Al Heusler alloy

Fe3Al alloy is synthesized in a vacuum arc-melting furnace under an argon atmosphere. The prepared ingot is annealed in a vacuum furnace at 800 °C for 1hr, further at 500 °C for 48 hrs to facilitate the re-crystallization. The alloys are crystallized in a cubic DO3 structure. The magnetic properties are derived from M−H, and M−T measurements and the thermal properties like transition temperature (Tc), heat flow, and heat capacity (Cp) are measured from DSC. We have observed the magnetic transition at a temperature of 925°K with an applied magnetic field of 5000 Oe. The saturation magnetization (Ms) is found to be 188 emu/g, and remanence magnetization (Mr) of 0.78 emu/g. From M−T and DSC measurements it appears that the samples have ferromagnetic ordering with second-order phase transition. The critical exponent is derived by applying mean-field, 3D-Heisenberg, 3D-Ising, and tricritical models.

Исследование влияния стехиометрического состава покрытия и режимов термообработки на фазовый состав покрытий системы Y-Al-O

The paper presents the results of studies of coatings of the Y-Al-O system deposited by the vacuum-arc method with simultaneous deposition from two electric arc evaporators with single-component Y and Al cathodes. Three different deposition modes were selected. After coating deposition, the samples were annealed in a vacuum furnace at 800 and at 1200 °C to determine the effect of annealing temperature on phase formation. In all modes of heat treatment, the YAlO3 phase is formed. With an increase in temperature, more complex compounds Y3Al5O12(YAG) and Y4Al2O9(YAM) are formed. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the heat treatment temperature and deposition mode affect the phase composition of the coating, it was also found that after deposition the coating has an amorphous structure. The structure was studied using a scanning electron microscope. The diffusion of the coating sublayer into the base is observed on samples that were annealed at a temperature of 1200 °C.

Low temperature synthesis of iron selenide by thermolysis of organometallic precursor for photodegradation under direct sunlight

In this article, 1-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-3-(4-ferrocenyl-3-methylphenyl)selenourea (P-1) has been synthesized and characterized (FTIR, multinuclear NMR, CHNS and AAS) and used as a single source precursor for the fabrication of iron selenide (FeSe) by simple thermolysis at 200 °C in a vacuum furnace. By using UV–visible spectroscopy, the synthesized tetragonal FeSe has been used to degrade methyl orange (MO) and methyl violet (MV) under direct sunlight.

Laser innovation of YSZ electrophoretic deposition overlay on plasma sprayed thermal barrier coating system

In this study, laser surface treatment was used on electrophoretically deposited YSZ overlay coatings on APS YSZ to enhance and improve the TBCs system. First, preliminary preparation of TBC YSZ samples were produced by APS over superalloy substrates and the co-deposition to protecting of TBCs by applying overlay EPD coating followed by sintering was characterized. An electrophoretic deposition process was carried out on the TBC YSZ samples at the optimum coating parameters 40 V in 5 min with a solid concentration of 10 g/L of YSZ. After deposition the samples were dried at room temperature for 24 h and Subsequently, the electrophoretic deposition was followed by sintering in a vacuum furnace at 1200 °C for 2 h. coating samples after sintering were further treated by using Pulsed Nd: YAG laser beam. The surface morphology and microstructure of the samples were studied by a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), Optical microscope, microroughness, and phase purity of the coating material were investigated by XRD. Results indicated that the YSZ oxide overlay produced by electrophoretic deposition (EPD) was successfully performed as an environmental barrier overlay in protecting the APS YSZ TBCs against environmental degradation. The analysis of the XRD pattern of the sintered coating showed the presence of only equilibrium tetragonal phase (t) while in laser state the phase was only nontransformable tetragonal ZrO2 phase (t -ZrO2). Which is regarded to be a desirable ZrO2 phase to beneficial for TBC. It is found from microroughness inspection, decreasing surface roughness after laser treatment. Which indicated improvement in coating surface properties.

Tribotechnical Properties of Sintered Antifriction Aluminum-Based Composite under Dry Friction against Steel.

The disadvantage of antifriction Al–Sn alloys with high tin content is their low bearing capacity. To improve this property, the aluminum matrix of the alloys was alloyed with zinc. The powder of Al–10Zn alloy was blended with the powder of pure tin in the proportion of 40/60 (wt.%). The resulting mixture of the powders was compacted in briquettes and sintered in a vacuum furnace. The sintered briquettes were subjected to subsequent pressing in the closed press mold at an elevated temperature. After this processing, the yield strength of the sintered (Al–10Zn)–40Sn composite was 1.6 times higher than that of the two-phase Al–40Sn one. The tribological tests of the composites were carried out according to the pin-on-disk scheme without lubrication at pressures of 1–5 MPa. It was established that the (Al–10Zn)–40Sn composite has higher wear resistance compared with the Al–40Sn one. However, this advantage becomes insignificant with an increase in the pressure. It was found that the main wear mechanism of the investigated composites under the dry friction process is a delamination of their highly deformed matrix grains.

Influence of Combined Mechanical Processes on Tribological Properties of Tool Steels Vanadis 8 and Vancron 40 With a Similar Hardness

Surface integrity is important factor for components exposed to wear, like cold working tools, which need to possess high hardness combined with high wear resistance. Surface treatments such as grinding, hard turning, and hard turning with slide burnishing have been developed for its improvement. Vancron 40 and Vanadis 8 tool steels, of different chemical composition and different types and amounts of carbides, were now investigated. Heat treatment was carried out in vacuum furnaces with gas quenching to hardness of Vancron 64 ± 1 HRC and of Vanadis 65 ± 1 HRC. 3D topography, optical and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and ball-on-disc tribological tests against Al2O3 and 100Cr6 balls as counterparts were used to examine wear and friction. For both steels, the lowest values of dynamic frictions and wear rates against Al2O3 counterbodies were achieved after sequential process of hard turning with slide burnishing with a burnishing force of 180 N. For alumina balls, the increase of wear resistance, achieved after hard turning plus burnishing in comparison to grinding exceeds 50 and 60%, respectively for Vanadis 8 and Vancron 40 steels.

Combined experimental and DFT studies of Co82Zr12V6-xBx melt-spun ribbons to investigate structure and magnetic properties

For the development of rare-earth free permanent magnets with better performance to cost ratio, V and B dopings were employed to enhance the hard magnetic properties of Zr-Co-V-B alloys. The effect of V and B microalloying additions on the magnetic properties, phase stability and microstructure of the metastable Co5Zr phase have been investigated with experimental measurements together with first principles based on the DFT (Density Functional Theory) calculations. This study also investigates the effects of annealing at different temperatures on the intrinsic and extrinsic magnetic properties of Co82Zr12V6-xBx melt-spun ribbons. Rapidly solidified Co82Zr12V6-xBx (x = 1, 2, 3) alloy ribbons were produced by melt-spinning. For as-spun Co82Zr12V6-xBx (x = 1, 2, 3) ribbons, the coercivityHcdecreases from 2.34 kOe to 0.008 kOe with an increasing × value from 1 to 3.The amorphous alloy ribbons were annealed in a vacuum furnace at a series of temperatures of 600 °C, 650 °C, 700 °C and 750 °C each for 30 min. The XRD analysis showed the presence of two soft magnetic phases (fcc-Co and Co23Zr6), accompanied with a hard phase Co5Zr in ribbons thus leading to the desired hard/soft structure and the amount of both (hard and soft) phases increased with the annealing temperature. Coercivity was found to increase upon annealing treatment. The phase stabilities of the Co82Zr12V6-xBx ribbons were calculated from the total energy by the DFT calculations in this work. The calculated magnetic anisotropy energies have been compared to that of experimental coercivity values. Annealed sample Co82Zr12V5B1 showed the maximum coercivity value of 3.58 kOe due to the formation of a high volume fraction of hard magnetic phase (Co5Zr) and evenly distributed finer grains throughout the matrix. However, annealing under the same conditions resulted in lower coercivity of about 0.088 kOe and 1.61 kOe for Co82Zr12V3B3 and Co82Zr12V4B2 samples, respectively. Although sample Co82Zr12V4B2 exhibited higher remanence (42.80 emu/g) and maximum magnetization value with the applied field of 17 kOe (i.e. M17 = 77.70 emu/g) compared to Co82Zr12V3B3 sample.