Vaccinium Vitis-idaea Research Articles

БИОТОПИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЯ И УСТОЙЧИВОСТЬ К АНТРОПОГЕННОМУ ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЮ LISTERA OVATA (L.) R.BR. В КИРОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

Stash ovate (Listera ovata (L.) R. Br.) – herbaceous short-rooted perennial. The purpose of the study is to identify the environmental preferences of Listera ovata and its resistance to anthropogenic impact on the territory of the Kirov region. As a result of phytoindication of the studied Listera ovata habitats, ecological characteristics were obtained using six H. Ellenberg scales (1974). According to the illumination scale, which evaluates the ratio of plants to the relative illumination prevailing in the habitat of the species, Listera ovata grows at different levels of illumination: as in open habitats with 60–80 % illumination. In relation to the thermoclimatic factor that evaluates heat / cold resistance, the studied species is an inhabitant of a temperate climate (the 5th stage of the Ellenberg scale). On the continental scale Listera ovata is characterized as a suboceanic species (4th stage of the Ellenberg scale), which corresponds to the geographical distribution zone of the species within the Kirov region. In relation to soil moisture, the distribution of the species in habitats with soils ranging from medium-wet (5th stage of the Ellenberg scale) to wet (6th stage of the Ellenberg scale) was noted. On the scale of soil acidity, which determines the dependence of species on acid-base soil conditions, Listera ovata occupies habitats characterized from moderately acidic (5th stage of the Ellenberg scale) to weakly alkaline soils (7th stage of the Ellenberg scale). According to the nitrogen richness scale, which shows the total supply of nutrients (N, K, P, Mg) in the soil, the species is confined to habitats with moderately provided basic nutrients (5th stage of the Ellenberg scale). Analysis of hemerobicity by species composition in plant communities showed that the studied plant communities with Listera ovata are mainly represented by oligo and meso-hemerobic species: from 30.56 to 37.78 %. These are species of communities that are close to natural, that tolerate irregular weak influences, and species of semi-natural communities that are resistant to extensive influences (Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Fragaria vesca, Asarum europaeum, Pimpinella saxifraga, Melica nutans, Maianthemum bifolium, Vaccinium myrtillus). The share of species of natural communities that do not tolerate anthropogenic influence is 1.65 %. About 21 % are occupied by species far from natural communities that are resistant to intensive use (Melilotus albus, Pastinaca silvestris, Calamagrostis epigeios). Weed species of natural and anthropogenic communities that suffer regular severe disturbances account for 7.67 % (Trifolium repens, Galium odorata, Taraxacum officinale). The share of specialized weed species of intensive crops is 4.06 % (Chamaenerion angustifolium, Tussilago farfara, Cirsium arvense, Galium aparine, Anthriscus sylvestris). Types of completely disturbed ecosystems in the studied habitats were not identified. All studied phytocenoses with L. ovata are dominated by anthropophobic species: from 62 to 77 %. The percentage of anthropotolerant species is not high and varies from 23 to 38 %.

Biodiversity and Structure of Undisturbed Mountain Siberian Pine Taiga of the Idarsky Belogorye Ridge (East Sayan)

The structure of flora and fauna, which is a standard of the state and dynamics of the taiga forests in humid climatic facies of the Altai-Sayan mountain region, has been analyzed based on the example of the undisturbed mountain Siberian Pine taiga (Eastern Sayan mountains). The ecological–phytocenotic features and floristic and faunistic composition of the late succession stage are studied. The dominance of the green moss group of forest types is revealed across the topographic profiles. The forest stands have a complex age structure with the dominance of Pinus sibirica Du Tour. and are characterized by low productivity (quality classes IV–V prevail), high class of normality (from 0.5 to 1.0), and sufficient regeneration. A floristic, ecological–coenotic analysis of the herb–dwarf-shrub layer, the elements of undergrowth, and the moss cover indicates the dominance of humid taiga flora. The species of the taiga ecological–coenotic group (ECG) (Vaccinium myrtillus, Carex iljinii, Calamagrostis obtusata, Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Phegopteris connectilis, Oxalis acetosella, Aegopodium alpestre, Trientalis europaea, Linnaea borealis, Maianthemum bifolium, Stellaria bungeana, et al.), moss–bog ECG (Ledum palustre, Vaccinium uliginosum, Carex globularis et al.), and bor-taiga ECG (Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Pyrola rotundifolia, Lycopodium annotinum et al.) form the herb–dwarf-shrub layer in the prevailing forest types. Green mosses (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi with a mixture of Ptilium crista-castrensis and Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus) dominate in the moss layer. Polytrichum commune, P. strictum, Dicranum scoparium, D. polysetum, and Sphagnum sp. mosses are found in some sites. The increased role of higher spore plants characterizes the flora as well-preserved archaic features flora. The Siberian pine forest coenoflora consists of 224 species and belongs to the Cyperaceae type. In the structure of the geographical elements of the flora, the leading role belongs to the Palaearctic, European, and Siberian elements with an increased role of endemics. The species typical for the Siberia taiga complex compose the core of the fauna. The most diverse avifauna is represented by 102 species (Tarsiger cyanurus, Parus montanus, Parus ater, Luscinia calliope, Sitta europaea, Loxia curvirostra, Coccothraustes coccothraustes, Tetrastes bonasia, Phylloscopus proregulus, etc.).

Secondary raw materials of agricultural processing companies as a source of anthocyanin colorants

Many recent researches in vitro and in vivo proved the large therapeutic potency of non-toxic anthocyans in anti-inflammatory, anti-infective, anti-oxidative actions. Anthocyanin is a natural phenolic colorant approved in many countries. A reason why the world market of natural food colorants is reduced is because fruit and berry raw materials are expensive. Yet the fruit and berry raw materials are extracted with significant losses and by-products. This constitutes around 23-45% of the whole amount of berries processes in the Russian Federation. Thus, a priority direction of the food industry is a development of technologies allowing to use precious berry pomace with high bioactive compounds, i.e. anthocyans, organic acids, pectin. The aim of the research is to extract food colorant from the pomace of Vaccínium myrtíllus and Vaccínium vítis-idaéa to identify individual anthocyanin pigments. The food safety and composition of the pomace of Vaccinium myrtillus and Vaccinium vitis-idaea as raw material for food colorant extraction were found. Individual anthocyanin pigments of anthocyanin extracts were identified through the method of high-performance liquid chromatography. Cyanidin-3-galactoside was found in the extracts of berries (85,6 %) and pomaces (81,2%) of Vaccinium vitis-idaea. Fifteen compounds were identified in the extracts of Vaccinium myrtillus. The major ones were delphinidin-3-glucoside (13,4 %), delphinidin-3-galactoside (12,4 %), and cyanidin-3-glucoside for the fresh berries. As for the pigments of its pomaces, they were delphinidin-3-glucoside (15,3 %), delphinidin-3-galactoside (14,7 %), and delphinidin-3-arabinoside (10,5 %). Hence, there are more anthocyanin pigments in the extracts of pomaces, than in those of the fresh berries with identical compounds – 24,7 % more for Vaccinium myrtillus and 11,1 % more for Vaccinium myrtillus. The possibility to extract anthocyanin pigments from by-products of the local fruit and berry raw materials – i.e. of Vaccinium myrtillus and Vaccinium vitis-idae ones – and identify them is discussed.

Influence of ecological factors on population-ontogenetic parameters of Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. in forest ecosystems of Euro-North-East of Russia

Influence of ecological factors on population-ontogenetic parameters of Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. in forest ecosystems of Euro-North-East of Russia

Phenolic Antioxidants in Aerial Parts of Wild Vaccinium Species: Towards Pharmaceutical and Biological Properties.

Phenolic compounds are a widespread group of secondary metabolites found in all plants, representing the most desirable antioxidants due to their potential to be used as additives in the food industry (inhibition of lipid oxidation), and in cosmetology and medicine (protection against oxidative stress). In recent years, demand for the identification of edible sources rich in phenolic antioxidants, as well as the development of new natural plant products to be used as dietary supplements or pharmaceuticals, has been a great preoccupation. At present, from the “circular economy” perspective, there is an increased interest to use agricultural waste resources to produce high-value compounds. Vaccinium leaves and stems are considered essentially an agro-waste of the berry industry. Scientific studies have shown that phenolic compounds were found in a markedly higher content in the leaves and stems of Vaccinium plants than in the fruits, in agreement with the strongest biological and antioxidant activities displayed by these aerial parts compared to fruits. This paper aims to review the current state of the art regarding the phenolic antioxidants from leaves and stems of two wild Vaccinium species, bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.), as promising natural resources with pharmaceutical and biological activity.

Structure and formation of ice-ground veins of the second lake-alluvial terrace in the North of Gydan in the late Neopleistocene–Holocene

The syngenetic ice and ice-ground composite veins in khasyrey (alas) and interalas plateaus were studied on the second lake-alluvial terrace located in the North of the Gydan Peninsula near the village of Gyda. On the basis of the radiocarbon dating, the time of formation of deposits containing veins from was established – from 16 640 to 854 BP. The peat deposits are mainly represented by the following species: Carex sp., Eriophorum sp., Betula nana, Equisetum sp., Calamagrostis sp., Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Drepanocladus sp., Empetrum sp., Vaccinium uliginosum, Rubus arcticus, Petasites sp. It is established that the polygonal-veined ice of khasyrey and interalas plateaus, except for vertical-striped «clean» ice, contain areas with vertical wavy streaks of ice-ground. Ice of elementary veins and segregation ice were revealed in the composition of veins according to structural and textural features in polarized light. Elementary ice veins compose «clean» ice sections of veins and segregation ice which are their ice-ground sections. Elementary veins are indicative of the predominance of the process of frost cracking during the formation of polygonal-vein ices. The presence of inclusions of ice-ground in the structure of veins points is evidence of a manifestation of local thermokarst processes under the growth of polygonal-vein ice. Ice-ground veins were formed by repeated thawing of the initial ice veins. The formation of ice-ground veins during syngenetic freezing of sediments of the second lake-alluvial terrace is related to uneven manifestation of thermokarst in different facies situations and and climate changes at the Early Pleistocene and Holocene.

Composition of Sugars in Wild and Cultivated Lingonberries (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.).

Products of lingonberries are widely used in the human diet; they are also promising beauty and health therapeutic candidates in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. It is important to examine the sugar profile of these berries, due to potential deleterious health effects resulting from high sugar consumption. The aim of this study was to determine the composition of sugars in wild clones and cultivars or lower taxa of lingonberries by HPLC–ELSD method of analysis. Acceptable system suitability, linearity, limits of detection and quantification, precision, and accuracy of this analytical method were achieved. The same sugars with moderate amounts of fructose, glucose, and low amounts of sucrose were found in wild and cultivated lingonberries. Cultivar ‘Erntekrone’ and wild lingonberries collected from full sun, dry pine tree forests with lower altitude and latitude of the location, distinguished themselves with exclusive high contents of sugars. The changes in the sugar levels during the growing season were apparent in lingonberries and the highest amounts accumulated at the end of the vegetation. According to our findings, lingonberries seem to be an appropriate source of dietary sugars.

Experience of using of Vaccinium vitis-idaea l. in the Summer garden in St. Petersburg

The object of study – Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. were planted on the parterre of the Summer garden of St. Petersburg in 2011 in the number of copies 7545 Shrubs were planted in the 3-line with a length of 401 m and a total area 201 m2. The aim of the study is to identify the causes of intensive drying of cowberry shrubs in the Summer garden of St. Petersburg. Six years of experience in the use of cowberries showed that there is a constant decline of these plants. Each year, about 14% of plants dry up, but in some years, the proportion of falloff can be up to 20% of their total number. Planting material comes to the Summer garden from Europe, due to the lack of nurseries in Russia cowberries grown for decorative purposes. The safety of cowberries at the moment is about 62.5%. The obvious cause of drying could not be identified. No significant fungal pathogens were found on leaves and shoots. The dependence of the drop from the ongoing agricultural activities, recreational load, natural light planting, humidity, temperature and chemical composition of the soil is not currently established.
 

К биологии Pararctia lapponica lemniscata (Stichel, 1911) (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae) в Северном Приамурье

For the first time certain biological features of the rare Tigermoths taxon Pararctia lapponica lemniscata (Stichel, 1911) (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae) are presented based on the research from the Bureinsky Nature Reserve (Russia, Khabarovsk Krai), where the taxon’s most southeastern habitats are located. Their preferred habitats are mountain larch forests at altitudes of 900–1400 m above sea level, where Sphagnum mosses, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Rubus chamaemorus and R. arcticus prevail in the lower layer of vegetation. Adult moths appear only in even years, and are active in the daytime with the flight period from June 20 to July 10. The morphology of larvae from first to sixth instars has been studied for the first time. Sixth instar larvae have a black shiny head and a blackgray body with a row of black warts bearing tufts of long black (located only on the dorsal side) and short light hairs along each segment. They differ from the larvae of the nominative subspecies by the absence of polymorphism, and in senior instars light hairs prevail on the body. The number of light hairs increases with each subsequent instar. In their appearance, the larvae P. l. lemniscata are most similar to the larvae of the western North American species Pararctia yarrowii (Stretch, [1874]).

The balance of photosynthetic pigments pools and phenolic compounds in dwarf shrubs on the weakly disrupted territory

The paper identifies photosynthetic pigments pools balance and phenolic compounds in suffruticous species of Vaccinium myrtillus L. and Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. on the Tundrinsky bor territory (Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug Yugra) for the purpose of ecological and biochemical assessment of the valuable plant species status. The authors carry out a comparative analysis of the studied biochemical parameters (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids and phenolic compounds) of two species leaves, collected from two sample plots similar in landscape and soil and hydrological conditions of the weakly disrupted territory of the Tundrinsky bor territory. The analysis of the suffruticous species leaves for chlorophyll content revealed the following distribution of chlorophyll pools: chlorophyll a 64,96%, chlorophyll b 35,04% for leaves of Vaccinium myrtillus and chlorophyll a 68,28%, chlorophyll b 31, 72% for leaves of Vaccinium vitis-idaea. The average content of carotenoids and phenolic compounds of Vaccinium myrtillus leaves was 0,62 0,11 mg/g and 14,18 1,65 mg/g, respectively, in Vaccinium vitis-idaea leaves 0,52 0,12 mg/g and 18,79 2,25 mg/g, respectively. The correlation analysis showed the presence of a direct average strength correlation (r = 0,4) between the levels of chlorophyll and phenolic compounds in the leaves of Vaccinium vitis-idaea.

Impact of cyclodextrin treatment on composition and sensory properties of lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) juice

Lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) juice was treated with 10 g/L cyclodextrins (CD) or gelatin as potential means to improve the stability of bioactive compounds and to modify the sensory properties. Before and after the treatment acids, sugars, and phenolic compounds (anthocyanins, flavonols, phenolic acids, proanthocyanidins) of the juices were analyzed with chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods. Forty-six phenolic compounds were identified or tentatively identified, of which twenty-four were A-type or B-type proanthocyanidins with degree of polymerization of 1–9. Juices treated with β-CD had the highest contents of phenolic compounds (phenolic acids 17.9 mg/100 mL, flavonols 47.5 mg/100 mL, anthocyanins 21.0 mg/100 mL, and proanthocyanidins 114.2 mg/mL), whereas gelatin treatment resulted in significantly lowered content of the compounds (phenolic avids 16.3 mg/100 mL, flavonols 43.50 mg/100 mL, anthocyanins 19.7 mg/100 mL, and proanthocyanidins 81.7 mg/mL). Taste and astringency attributes of the juices were investigated with untrained panelists (n = 40). The lingonberry juices were perceived as notably sour, bitter and astringent. CD or gelatin treatments alone had less effect on the astringency of the juice in comparison to their use in combination. The results suggest that, CDs may be utilized as protectants of the phenolic compounds, especially anthocyanins, in lingonberry juices.

Natural antioxidant of rosemary extract used as an additive in the ultrasound-assisted extraction of anthocyanins from lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) pomace

The effects of natural antioxidant rosemary extracts with different carnosic acid concentrations (30%, 60%, and 90%) and of three synthetic antioxidants in the extraction of anthocyanins from lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) pomace under ultrasound irradiation conditions were compared. The optimum extraction conditions were selected: antioxidant rosemary extract with carnosic acid of 30% (purity), 0.02% (carnosic acid to lingonberry pomace sample mass ratio); ethanol volume fraction, 40%; pH 1.5; liquid–solid ratio, 20 mL/g; ultrasound frequency, 80 kHz; ultrasound irradiation power, 170 W; reaction temperature, 55 °C; and ultrasound irradiation time, 35 min. Compared with traditional extraction techniques (no addition of rosemary extract), we obtained satisfactory yields of anthocyanins of 4.12 ± 0.18 mg/g (cyanidin-3-galactoside yield of 3.36 ± 0.14 mg/g, cyanidin-3-glucoside yield of 0.15 ± 0.01 mg/g and cyanidin-3-arabinoside yield of 0.61 ± 0.03 mg/g). The supplement of natural antioxidant rosemary extract was first added to inhibit the oxidation of anthocyanins, and the proposed natural antioxidant rosemary extract exhibited potential to replace synthetic antioxidants with greater security.

Acute toxicity determination of galenic and newgalenic phytosubstances from vaccinium vitis-idaea leaves

Acute toxicity determination of galenic and newgalenic phytosubstances from vaccinium vitis-idaea leaves

The Carpathian lingonberry, raspberry and blackberry fruit extracts feature variable antimicrobial efficiency

Wild berry is an excellent source of phytonutrients and/or bioactive compounds associated with significant therapeutic properties, so that they have been utilized in folk medicine and traditional nutrition throughout centuries. Multiple health-promoting effects, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-heart and coronary disease properties were attributed to such wild berries. It has also been proved that berries could feature antimicrobial effects that could be of a great importance for the prevention of food-feed poisoning and fighting back antibiotic resistance.
 In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial properties of lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea), raspberry (Rubus idaeus) and blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) crude and ethanolic extracts prepared from fruits obtained from the spontaneous flora of Eastern Carpathian Mountains situated in Transylvania. The antimicrobial effect of crude and alcoholic extracts were assessed on four Gram-negative, five Gram-positive bacteria and one yeast species using the agar diffusion method. The studied bacteria can cause food or feed spoilage and foodborne diseases. Our results indicate the significant inhibitory effect of lingonberry extracts in the case of Gram-negative bacteria like Proteus vulgaris and Salmonella Hartford, while among Gram-positive bacteria the strongest inhibitory effect was observed for Bacillus species like B. cereus, B. subtilis, B. mojavensis and Micrococcus luteus. The raspberry and blackberry extracts featured milder inhibitory effects in the case of the studied bacteria species. Furthermore, we have studied the crude or ethanolic extract combinations associated antimicrobial effects synergistic/additive or antagonistic properties. Interestingly, the triple and double ethanolic extract mixes had stronger antimicrobial properties, whereas the crude extract mixes showed relatively reduced effects, if any. Our results indicate that the antimicrobial activity of studied fruit extracts obtained from wild berries can vary upon the applied extraction method and their combination formulae, so that all these considerations must be taken into account when such fruit extracts are considered for foodstuff development.

Accumula- tion radionuclides 137Cs in plants of grass-bush in tier subors of Ukrainian Polissia

The modern radioactive contamination of the representatives of the grass-bush tier of pine plantations in the conditions of subors forests of Ukrainian Polissia is investigated. The density of radioactive soil contamination within the sample plots varied from 148 to 440 kBq/m2. Significant fluctuations of the specific activity values of 137Cs for all research species were found — from 6166 Bq/kg to 171862 Bq/kg. The maximum values of 137Cs were found in terrestrial phytomass of Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn, and minimal — in Vaccinium uliginosum L. Intensity indices of 137Cs in terrestrial phytomass of grass-bush tier for all research species varied in wide ranges: the coefficient of accumulation from 0.8 to 58.6, the transition factor — from 17 to 574 m2·kg–1·10–3. According to the results of one-factor dispersion analysis, the representatives of the grass-bush cover on the ability to accumulate 137Cs were classified in 6 groups. By the accumulation intensity of 137Cs in subors forests, the plants can be placed in the following order: Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn > Melampyrum pretense L. > Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull > Vaccinium myrtillus L. > Molinia caerulea (L.) Moench > Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. > Ledum palustre L. > Vaccinium uliginosum L. The concentration of 137Cs in the species of grass-bush cover has a close linear relationship with the magnitude of the density of soil radioactive contamination.

Early responses of vascular plant and bryophyte communities to uniform shelterwood cutting in hemiboreal Scots pine forests

Shelterwood (SW) cutting is considered a sustainable harvest method but its impact on understorey diversity of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) forests has not been thoroughly studied. Our aim was to clarify how uniform SW cutting in interactions with soil scarification, deposition of logging residues and altered light conditions affects the species richness and composition of vascular plants and bryophytes and how different species groups and individual species vary in their responses to SW practices. We monitored permanent vegetation plots in nine mature pine forests of hemiboreal Estonia before, shortly after and 3–4 years after SW harvesting. The results indicated that the effect of uniform SW harvesting was species group specific as the majority of vascular plant species groups as well as mosses and epigeic bryophytes increased in richness, however, the species richness of epiphytic and epixylic bryophytes decreased. Late-successional species showed two types of responses to SW harvesting: either reduction of cover or reduction followed by a recovery. Soil scarification favoured early-successional bryophyte species as well as the richness of tree seedlings and dwarf-shrubs but diminished the cover of Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium vitis-idaea and Hylocomium splendens. The harvest-induced changes in the species composition were more pronounced for bryophyte communities than for vascular plants. Retention of green trees and dead-wood is important in SW harvesting for sustaining the vulnerable epixylic and epiphytic bryophyte species. To summarise, uniform SW harvesting increases the species richness of vascular plant and bryophyte communities in pine forests - at least in the short term.

Evaluation of emotional-behavioral reactivity in rats after the introduction of cranberries common complex in combination with arginine

Topicality. Side effects after taking medicines in the form of stimulatory action on the central nervous system or, on the contrary, depressing action on the central nervous system led to the need to study the evaluation of emotional and behavioral reactivity in rats after the introduction of cranberries common complex in combination with arginine. Aim. To study the emotional-behavioral reactivity in rats after the introduction of cranberries common complex in combination with arginine . Materials and methods. The object of the study was a modified phytosubstance, which is a complex of phenolic compounds of Vaccinium vitis-idaea leaves in combination with arginine. To study emotional-behavioral reactivity, tests used: Open Field (OP) and Elevent Cross-like Labyrinth (PCL). In the OP test, an approximate research response, a level of latent emotional stress, and anxiety levels in the PCL test investigated. Analysis of experimental data performed in comparison with the preparation Sedafiton (producer Phytopharm, Ukraine) at a dose of 0.25 mg/kg. The control group received only water at a dose similar to that in the group receiving a complex of cranberries with arginine at a dose of 100 mg/kg. For 3-4 hours prior to the introduction of the test substance or solvent, the animals kept free of food with free access to water. After the introduction of the investigated phytosubstance, after 30 minutes, studies began. Results and discussion . In the Open Field test, routine-research activity in animals in the main group receiving a complex Vaccinium vitis-idaea common with arginine did not differ in the control group, but in the group receiving the referral drug, the approximate research activity in animals increased several times. A result of our study in the “Lift Cross-Labyrinth” test, it found that in animals fed with a phytosubstance complex of cowberry and arginine, the fear of open space preserved, therefore the latent time of release of animals in the open sleeve of PCL does not differ from the values of the control group. Conclusions. In the work, the study of the emotional-behavioral reactivity of rats in the tests “Open field” and “Crossed labyrinth raised” after the intragastric introduction of cranberries common leaves complex in combination with arginine in a dose of 100 mg/kg. It has been established that amino acids in combination with phenolic compounds leaves of cranberries commonly do not affect the level of anxiety and resistance to stress.

Allelopathic effects of dominant ground vegetation species on initial growth of Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings in response to different temperature scenarios

The dominant species of ground vegetation cover in clear-cuts impact the regeneration of Scots pine forests due to the biochemical properties of these dominant species. Environmental conditions in clear-cuts, specifically increased light and temperature, can alter the biochemical impact of dominant species on subsequent Scots pine regeneration processes. To investigate this, plant species diversity, frequency and cover were estimated in order to identify the dominant species of ground vegetation in clear-cut areas over a two-year period. Afterward, the impact of dominant species extracts on pine seed germination and seedling physiology at different temperature scenarios was evaluated. The species Pleurozium schreberi (Brid.) Mitt., Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. and Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull were recorded as dominant in 1-yr-old clear-cut areas, and Vaccinium vitis-idaea L., Rumex acetosella L., and Calamagrostis epigejos (L.) Roth were dominant in 2-yr-old clear-cut areas. The prepared aqueous extracts of all dominant species exhibited strong inhibitory effects on pine seed germination and seedling morpho-physiological traits (the length of the radicle and hypocotyl; chlorophyll a, b, a/b and carotenoid content), resulting in the reduction of ex situ pine adaptive capacity at higher air temperature (24°C) compared to that at lower temperature (20°C). Significantly (p<0.05) stronger inhibitory effects of root and shoot extracts produced from all dominant species on chlorophyll a, b and a/b content were recorded at higher temperature (22-24°C) compared to lower (20°C) temperature. A significantly lower content of carotenoids was observed in the control (24°C) temperature. Thus, a high increase of ambient temperature may cause unfavourable conditions for Scots pine seedling growth in boreal forests.

Antioxidant Activities of Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. Leaves within Cultivars and Their Phenolic Compounds.

Lingonberry leaves are the subject of numerous studies because of antioxidant properties, positive influence on the health and potential use in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. In this work, the radical scavenging, reducing, chelating activities, and phenolic composition of ten lingonberry leaves cultivars, one subspecies, and one variety were investigated. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of individual phenolic compounds, that can be found in lingonberry leaves, were analyzed, and structure-activity relationship was determined. Wide diversity for phenolic profile and antioxidant properties of lingonberry leaves has been observed in the present material. Cultivars ‘Kostromskaja rozovaja’, ‘Rubin’, and Vaccinium vitis-idaea var. leucocarpum surpassed all others tested cultivars and lower taxa by contents of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. Leaves of lingonberry cultivars and lower taxa are rich in arbutin, flavonol glycosides, proanthocyanidins, and the latter were considered to be the major contributor to antioxidant properties of lingonberry leaves.

Inhibitory effects of lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) fruit extract on obesity-induced inflammation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW 264.7 macrophages

Abstract In this study, the lingonberry fruit extract (LGBE) has been investigated for the ability to suppress the inflammatory response and mitigate oxidative stress in activated 3T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW 264.7 macrophages. The obtained results showed that LGBE significantly reduced IL-6, MCP-1 and IL-1β production, and counteracted the decrease in adiponectin and IL-10 expression in TNF-α-induced adipocytes. Moreover, LGBE exhibited a high anti-inflammatory potential in the macrophage cell culture by down-regulation the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1, COX-2, iNOS). Furthermore, LGBE decreased intracellular ROS generation in inflamed adipocytes by enhancing expression of antioxidant defense enzymes (SOD, catalase, GPx) and inhibiting an oxidant enzyme (NADPH oxidase 4), which is one of the primary sources of ROS. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that lingonberry fruit may reduce adipose tissue inflammation and support immune cell homeostasis, and thus can be considered a natural tool for inflammation control.