Vaccine Human Papillomavirus Types Research Articles

The Non-inferiority of Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Immunogenicity Among Women Over 26 Years: A Systematic Review.

Demonstrate the immunogenicity of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine for the older age group (above 26 years) to prevent HPV infection with high-risk types and argue for extending vaccination recommendations for the older age group. Two authors searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library from inception to December 2023 to collect information on clinical trials of HPV vaccine immunogenicity. The database search strategy used a combination of subject terms and free terms. Two authors first identified studies by reading the title, abstract, and full texts and, subsequently, based on the inclusion criteria. Studies eligible to be included are the clinical trials using one of the following types of HPV vaccines: 2vHPV, 4vHPV, and 9vHPV, and measuring the immunogenicity by the geometric mean concentration or titer (GMC/T) and seroconversion rate (SCR) among healthy women aged 9 to 55 years who had never received a prophylactic HPV vaccine, known serostatus for HPV, non-immunocompetence, or non-pregnant. This review included nine articles, seven RCTs, and two open-labeled studies. In summary, we have demonstrated that the immunogenicity of the HPV vaccines is non-inferior in the older age group. Even though the GMT declines with age, the SCR is similar in all age groups regardless of the serostatus. The immunogenicity of the bivalent vaccine is superior to that of the quadrivalent vaccine for the older age group. Additionally, the vaccine is more efficient in women under the age of 26, but older women will benefit from it.

Efficacy, effectiveness and immunogenicity of reduced HPV vaccination schedules: A review of available evidence.

Current National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) guidance recommends human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines be administered as a two or three-dose schedule. Recently, several large clinical trials have reported the clinical benefit of a single HPV vaccine dose. As a result, the World Health Organization released updated guidance on HPV vaccines in 2022, recommending a two-dose schedule for individuals aged 9-20 years, and acknowledging the use of an alternative off-label single dose schedule. The objective of this overview is to provide a detailed account of the available evidence comparing HPV vaccination schedules, which was considered by NACI when updating recommendations on HPV vaccines. To identify relevant evidence, existing systematic reviews were leveraged where possible. Individual studies were critically appraised, and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology was used to assess the certainty of evidence. Available evidence suggests that a one, two, or three-dose HPV vaccine schedule may provide similar protection from HPV infection. While antibody levels against HPV vaccine types were statistically significantly lower with a single dose schedule compared to two or three doses, titres were sustained for up to 16 years. The clinical significance of lower antibody titres is unknown, as there is no established immunologic correlate of protection. While the available evidence on single-dose HPV vaccination schedules shows a one-dose schedule is highly effective, continued follow-up of single-dose cohorts will be critical to understanding the relative duration of protection for reduced dose schedules and informing future NACI guidance on HPV vaccines.

Knowledge and Awareness of HPV, the HPV Vaccine and Cancer-Related HPV Types among Indigenous Australians.

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection is a common, preventable, sexually transmitted disease with oncogenic potential and increasing incidence. This study aimed to gain an understanding of the knowledge and awareness of HPV, the HPV vaccine, and HPV-related cancers, and to evaluate the relationship between participant factors and HPV knowledge, vaccination uptake, and high-risk HPV (16/18) infection, among Indigenous Australians. Data from the 12-month follow-up of a longitudinal cohort study were utilized, involving 763 Indigenous Australian adults in South Australia. The data analysis found that the mean 7-item HPV knowledge tool (HPV-KT) score was 2.3 (95% CI: 2.1-2.4), HPV vaccination prevalence was 27.0% (95% CI: 23.6-30.5) and oral HPV 16/18 infection was 4.7% (95% CI: 3.2-6.2). Multivariable log-Poisson regression models showed ratios of approximately 1.5 times higher HPV-KT scores in females, previous recreational drug users, those who had self-rated as having excellent, very good or good general health and who had heard of HPV; and participants who were not HPV vaccinated had 0.8 times (MR = 0.8, 95% CI: 0.7-0.9) lower HPV-KT scores than their counterparts. The findings suggest that culturally safe education strategies are a necessary investment to improve vaccination coverage among Indigenous Australians and to reduce the impact of HPV and related cancers.

Vaccine and Non-Vaccine HPV Types Presence in Adolescents with Vertically Acquired HIV Five Years Post Gardasil Quadrivalent Vaccination: The ZIMGARD Cohort.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programs are a key intervention in protecting individuals against HPV-related disease. HIV1-infected individuals are at increased risk of HPV-associated cancers. This study was conducted to evaluate the potential role of prophylactic HPV vaccines in preventing new HPV infections among participants with perinatally acquired HIV who received the quadrivalent HPV vaccine at least five years before this study. This cross-sectional study was conducted at Newlands Clinic, Harare, Zimbabwe. The clinic provided the Gardasil quadrivalent HPV vaccine (4vHPV) to 624 adolescents living with HIV starting in December 2015. Vaginal and penile swabs were collected and tested for HPV types from the study participants who had received the 4vHPV vaccine 5-6 years before enrolment. We present the results of 98 participants (44.6% female) vaccinated at a median age of 15 years (IQR 12-16). The mean amount of time since vaccination was 6 years (SD: ±0.4). The HPV-positive rate amongst the analyzed swabs was 69% (68/98). Among 30/98 (31%) HPV-positive participants, 13/98 (13%) had low-risk HPV types, and 17/98 (17%) had high-risk HPV types. Twelve participants tested positive for HPV18, only one participant tested positive for HPV16, and an additional four (4.3%) tested positive for either type 6 or 11, with respect to vaccine-preventable low-risk HPV types. The Gardasil quadrivalent HPV vaccine (4vHPV) was expected to protect against infection with HPV types 16, 18, 6, and 11. We demonstrated a possible waning of immunity to HPV18 in 17% of the participants, and an associated loss in cross-protection against HPV45. We observed a relatively high prevalence of 'opportunistic non-vaccine HPV types' or 'ecological niche occupiers' in this cohort, and suggest further research on the involvement of these types in cervical and other genital cancers. Our study is one of the few, if not the first, to report on HPV vaccine immunoprotection among people living with HIV (PLWH), thereby setting a baseline for further studies on HPV vaccine effectiveness among PLWH.

Preference for human papillomavirus vaccine type and vaccination strategy among parents of school-age girls in Guangdong province, China

In China, the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination coverage among age-eligible girls is rather low, and parent’s attitude often plays a determinant role in their girls’ HPV vaccination. To accelerate HPV vaccination coverage, several cities and Guangdong province in China offered different HPV vaccine types with different reimbursement methods. In April 2022, we conducted a province-wide survey to investigate parents of children aged 9–15 in Guangdong province, and analyzed factors associated with their preference for HPV vaccine type and vaccination strategy. Of the 4,967 surveyed respondents, 2,610 (58.1%) have not yet vaccinated their children. Among these parents, 67.9% preferred to vaccinate their children with the nine-valent vaccine, while only 8.1% preferred the quadrivalent vaccine and 7.4% preferred the bivalent vaccine. More parents preferred fixed subsidies with free choices of HPV vaccine type over the domestic bivalent vaccine provided by the government (58.1% vs. 39.3%). The multinomial logistic regression showed that parents’ relationship with children, educational level, household income, and vaccination status were significantly associated with parents’ preference for HPV vaccine type. Parent’s relationship with children, workplace, household income, vaccination status, and age of children, were significantly associated with parents’ preference for HPV vaccination strategy. Our findings suggest that policymakers may consider adjusting the current vaccination strategy by offering more vaccination choices. More health education on HPV vaccine and vaccination should also be provided to parents of age-eligible girls. Future research should examine which HPV vaccination strategy is more effective in promoting HPV vaccine uptakes in China.

The impact of over ten years of HPV vaccination in England: Surveillance of type-specific HPV in young sexually active females

IntroductionThe UK national human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programme was introduced in 2008 using the bivalent HPV16/18 vaccine, changing to the quadrivalent HPV6/11/16/18 vaccine from 2012. We provide an analysis of type-specific HPV prevalence in young sexually active females in England to end 2020 (when the first routinely HPV vaccinated females were reaching 25 years of age and entering the National Health Service Cervical Screening Programme), showing the impact of over ten years of high coverage HPV vaccination. MethodsResidual vulvovaginal swabs (VVS) were collected from 16 to 24 year old women attending for chlamydia screening between 2010 and 2020, anonymised and tested for type-specific HPV DNA. Trends in vaccine and non-vaccine HPV type prevalence were compared over time and association with vaccination coverage was evaluated within the post-vaccination period. ResultsA total of 21,168 eligible VVS specimens were tested for HPV DNA. The prevalence of HPV16/18 in sexually active 16–18 year old females who were offered vaccination aged 12–13 years was <1% in the most recent years tested, compared to over 15% prior to the vaccination programme in 2008. The magnitude of these decreases also suggests reduced transmission is offering some herd protection to unvaccinated females. HPV31/33/45 prevalence also steadily decreased, providing evidence of cross-protection. HPV6/11 prevalence remained stable during the bivalent vaccine period, with more recent declines, as expected due to the use of the quadrivalent vaccine. There has been no substantive increase in the prevalence of other high-risk (HR) HPV types. DiscussionMore than ten years of high coverage HPV vaccination in adolescent females in England has delivered dramatic declines in the prevalence of HPV vaccine-types and closely related HPV types in females in the vaccine eligible age group, and no indication of type replacement. These findings should enable confidence in planning for cervical screening of these females, and in predicting declines in HPV-related cancers.

Prevalence of HPV infection among Thai schoolgirls in the north-eastern provinces in 2018: implications for HPV immunization policy

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of high-risk (HR) and vaccine-type human papillomavirus (HPV) infection among Thai schoolgirls who were not included in the national HPV immunization program. MethodsCross-sectional surveys were conducted among grade 10 (15–16 years old) and grade 12 (17–18 years old) schoolgirls in two provinces of Thailand. Urine samples were collected using the Colli-PeeⓇ device from November 2018 to February 2019. The samples were initially tested using CobasⓇ 4800. Subsequently, all Cobas-positive samples and 1:1 matched Cobas-negative samples were tested by AnyplexⓇ assay. Prevalences of any HPV, any HR HPV, vaccine-type HPV, and individual HR HPV types were estimated by school grade. ResultsPrevalences of any HPV and any HR HPV were 11.6% and 8.6% for grade 10, and 18.5% and 12.4% for grade 12 schoolgirls, respectively. Prevalences of bivalent vaccine-type HPV infection in grades 10 and 12 were 3.4% and 4.5%, respectively. Prevalences of quadrivalent and nonavalent vaccine-type HPV infections were 4.0%/6.6% and 6.4%/10.4% in grades 10 and 12, respectively. HPV16 was the most common type detected, followed by HPV58, 51, and 52. Circulating HR HPV types were similar between the school grades. ConclusionA substantial burden of HR HPV infections was found among unvaccinated high school girls in Thailand.

143. Association Between Number of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine Doses and Detection of Vaccine-type HPV and Non-vaccine-type HPV Genetically Related to HPV16 and HPV18 Among Vaccinated Adolescent and Young Adult Women and Men in a Real-world Setting

143. Association Between Number of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine Doses and Detection of Vaccine-type HPV and Non-vaccine-type HPV Genetically Related to HPV16 and HPV18 Among Vaccinated Adolescent and Young Adult Women and Men in a Real-world Setting

Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus Types 16/18 and Effect of Vaccination among Japanese Female General Citizens in the Vaccine Crisis Era

The Japanese government withdrew its recommendation for human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in June 2013 and resumed it in April 2022. This period is known as the vaccine crisis in Japan. This study aimed to elucidate the prevalence and genotype distribution of HPV among Japanese female citizens, and the effect of vaccination against HPV-16/18 in the era of the vaccine crisis. We recruited Japanese female citizens and asked them to provide self-collected samples from the vaginal wall using cotton swabs for HPV genotyping. Furthermore, we collected the participants' characteristics, including lifestyle and experience of vaccination against HPV, to determine the significant association with HPV infection. HPV-16/18 positivity was found in 5.6% (115/2044) of participants. The highest vaccination rate was observed in the age group of 20-24 years (60.6%), whereas the lowest HPV-16/18 positivity was observed in the age group of 45-49 years (2.8%), followed by the age group of 20-24 years (4.0%). Experience with HPV vaccination significantly reduced the risk of HPV-16/18 infection (adjusted odds ratio, 0.047; 95% confidence interval, 0.011-0.196). Vaccinated women were much less likely to be infected by HPV-16/18, regardless of the HPV vaccine type or the vaccination dose.

HPV vaccination and cervical cancer screening in Afghanistan threatened

War-torn Afghanistan remains in the spotlight because of political unrest, violations of humanitarian conventions, budgetary constraints, and an overwhelmed health sector, which compels us to highlight barriers to the eradication of vaccine-type human papillomavirus (HPV). Alarmingly, there has been an upsurge in cervical cancer incidence in 2020, with 1200 new cases and 823 confirmed fatalities (520 deaths in 20181 and 540 deaths in 20192), making it the second most common malignancy among Afghani women aged 15–44 years.

Effectiveness of quadrivalent HPV vaccination in reducing vaccine-type and nonvaccine-type high risk HPV infection.

This study aimed to assess human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine effectiveness (VE) against both vaccine-type and nonvaccine-type high-risk HPV (hrHPV) infection, and duration of protection in United States. The study population was female participants aged 18-35 years with an HPV vaccination history and genital testing for HPV from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007-2016. Participants vaccinated before sexual debut were assessed against 13 nonvaccine-type hrHPV infection including 31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59/68/73/82. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate VE overall, by age at diagnosis, time since vaccination and lifetime sexual partners. A total of 3866 women were included in the analysis, with 23.3% (95% CI 21.3%-25.4%) having been vaccinated (≥1 dose). VE against vaccine-type HPV18/16/11/6 infection was 58% overall, which was mainly driven by those aged 18-22 years (VE = 64%) and 23-27 years (65%). Among participants aged 18-22 years vaccinated before sexual debut, the VE was 47% (23%-64%) against 13 nonvaccine-type hrHPV and 61% (95% CI 36%-77%) against 5 selected nonvaccine-type hrHPV35/39/52/58/59. Both direct effectiveness and cross-protection maintained effective for 5-10 years post vaccination. We also found the prevalence of ever diagnosed cervical cancer among vaccinated was significantly lower (0.46%, 4/874) than that among unvaccinated participants (1.27%, 38/2992). These findings highlight the potential of significant reduction of cervical cancer following the universal HPV vaccination programme.

Progress of research on human papilloma virus vaccine application

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a huge and serious topic in China and around the world with innumerable infections every year, which seriously endanger the lives of women all over the world. This article focuses on the pathogenesis of HPV, the types of HPV vaccines and their mechanism of action, as well as an analysis of the existing problems and an outlook on the future.Great progress have been made globally in order to decrease the HPV infection rate of women around the world, and this article provides additional possibilities for the development of future vaccines and solutions to existing problems.

The Clinical and Economic Impact of a Nonavalent Versus Bivalent Human Papillomavirus National Vaccination Program in Taiwan

This study aimed to estimate the epidemiologic and economic impact of a nonavalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination program for 13- to 14-year-old females compared with that of the bivalent vaccine in Taiwan. A previously developed dynamic transmission model for the nonavalent HPV vaccine was adapted to the Taiwan setting. The natural history of cervical cancer and genital warts was simulated by the HPV model assuming an 80% vaccination coverage rate in girls aged 13 to 14 years of age with a 2-dose schedule for the nonavalent and bivalent HPV vaccines. A lifetime duration of vaccine protection was assumed for the HPV vaccine types. The model estimated that the nonavalent HPV vaccine would prevent an additional 15 951 cervical cancer cases, 6600 cervical cancer-related deaths, 176 702 grade 2 or grade 3 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia cases, 103 959 grade 1 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia cases, and 1 115 317 genital warts cases compared with the bivalent HPV vaccine. The nonavalent HPV vaccination program was projected to cost an additional New Taiwan dollars (NTD) 675.21 per person and to produce an additional 0.00271 quality-adjusted life-year per person over 100 years compared with the bivalent HPV vaccine. Thus, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of the nonavalent HPV vaccine versus the bivalent HPV vaccine was NTD 249 462/quality-adjusted life-year. A nonavalent HPV vaccination program for 13- to 14-year-old girls would have additional public health and economic impacts and would be highly cost-effective compared with the bivalent HPV vaccine, relative to per capita gross domestic product, which is estimated at NTD 746 526 for Taiwan.

Human papilloma virus vaccine: literature review

Inga Vasilevskytė1,2 1Vilniaus universitetas, Medicinos fakultetas, Vilnius, Lietuva 2Vilniaus universiteto ligoninė Santaros klinikos, Akušerijos ir ginekologijos katedra ABSTRACT The human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections, causing a variety of precancerous conditions and cancers in men and women. Cervical cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer that poses a risk to women’s health, and human papillomavirus infection is closely linked to the pathogenesis of cervical cancer. Every year in the world there are about 20 million people suffering from the human papillomavirus, and about 6 million become infected. However, despite a variety of preventive measures and treatments, such as HPV screening, preventive vaccines, surgery remains high worldwide. This review aims to systematically review the safety and efficacy of HPV vaccines in women and the indications and contraindications for immunization. Objective: To review the types of human papillomavirus, their effects on health, types of HPV vaccines, indications and contraindications for immunization, and the safety and efficacy of vaccines. Methods: The literature review was performed based on the scientific databases of PubMed, Medline, Web of Science of selected publications examining the prevalence of human papillomavirus, the types of HPV vaccines, their safety and efficacy, and the indications and contraindications for immunization. Systematic reviews and meta-analyzes no older than 10-15 years were included in the literature review. A total of 30 articles were reviewed, of which 9 were rejected. Conclusions: The analysis of the literature presents the epidemiology of HPV, the types of vaccines, their safety and efficacy, and indications and contraindications for vaccination. Keywords: Human papillomavirus, complications, HPV vaccine safety.

Characterization of the early cellular immune response induced by HPV vaccines.

IntroductionCurrent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines consist of virus-like particles (VLPs) which are based on the L1 protein, but they are produced by different expression systems and use different adjuvants. We performed in-depth immunophenotyping of multiple innate and adaptive immune cells after vaccination with bivalent versus nonavalent HPV vaccines.MethodTwenty pre-menopausal HPV-seronegative women were enrolled and randomized to receive three-doses of either the bivalent or the nonavalent HPV vaccine. Blood samples were collected at multiple time points from baseline up to 7 months after first vaccination. Four extensive EuroFlow flow cytometry antibody panels were used to monitor various immune cell subsets. Additionally, HPV-specific memory B- and T cells were determined by ELISPOT and HPV-specific antibody levels were measured by a VLP-based multiplex immunoassay.ResultsIn both cohorts, the numbers of plasma cells expanded in the first week after both primary and tertiary vaccination. HPV16 and HPV18-specific antibody levels and memory B and T-cell responses were higher in the bivalent than in the nonavalent vaccinees one month post third vaccination. For HPV31 and HPV45-specific antibody levels this pattern was reversed. Monocytes showed an expansion one day after vaccination in both cohorts but were significantly higher in the bivalent vaccine cohort. Large heterogeneity in responses of the other cell subsets was observed between donors.ConclusionThis pilot study showed a consistent response of monocytes and plasma cells after vaccination and a considerable variation in other circulating immune cells in both types of HPV vaccines between donors.

Efficacy of Single-Dose Human Papillomavirus Vaccination among Young African Women

BackgroundSingle-dose human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination, if efficacious, would be tremendously advantageous, simplifying implementation and decreasing costs.MethodsWe performed a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, controlled trial of single-dose nonavalent (HPV 16/18/31/33/45/52/58/6/11 infection) or bivalent (HPV 16/18 infection) HPV vaccination compared with meningococcal vaccination among Kenyan women 15 to 20 years of age. Enrollment and 6-monthly cervical swabs and a month 3 vaginal swab were tested for HPV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Enrollment sera were tested for HPV antibodies. The modified intent-to-treat (mITT) cohort comprised participants who had an HPV antibody-negative result at enrollment and an HPV DNA-negative result at enrollment and month 3. The primary outcome was incident persistent vaccine-type HPV infection by month 18.ResultsBetween December 2018 and June 2021, 2275 women were randomly assigned and followed. A total of 758 participants received the nonavalent HPV vaccine, 760 received the bivalent HPV vaccine, and 757 received the meningococcal vaccine; retention was 98%. Thirty-eight incident persistent infections were detected in the HPV 16/18 mITT cohort: one each among participants assigned to the bivalent and nonavalent groups and 36 among those assigned to the meningococcal group. Nonavalent vaccine efficacy (VE) was 97.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 81.7 to 99.7%; P≤0.0001), and bivalent VE was 97.5% (95% CI, 81.6 to 99.7%; P≤0.0001). Thirty-three incident persistent infections were detected in the HPV 16/18/31/33/45/52/58 mITT cohort: four in the nonavalent group and 29 in the meningococcal group. Nonavalent VE for HPV 16/18/31/33/45/52/58 was 88.9% (95% CI, 68.5 to 96.1; P<0.0001). The rate of serious adverse events was 4.5% to 5.2% by group.ConclusionsOver the 18-month timeframe we studied, single-dose bivalent and nonavalent HPV vaccines were each highly effective in preventing incident persistent oncogenic HPV infection, similar to multidose regimens. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and the University of Washington; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03675256.)

HPV prevalence among young adult women living with and without HIV in Botswana for future HPV vaccine impact monitoring

IntroductionIn 2015, Botswana introduced quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine for girls aged 9–13 years. To establish a baseline HPV prevalence for future HPV vaccine impact monitoring, we evaluated HPV prevalences among the youngest unvaccinated women in Botswana and compared HPV prevalences among women living with HIV (WLHIV) and without HIV.MethodsWomen aged 18–22 years were recruited from the University of Botswana and HIV clinics in Gaborone from October 2019–January 2021. Demographic and behavioral characteristics were self-reported during structured interviews; HIV clinical characteristics were abstracted from medical charts. Self-collected vaginal swabs were tested for 28 HPV types using Seegene Anyplex II HPV28. We compared prevalence of any HPV, high risk (HR)-HPV, and quadrivalent HPV vaccine types (HPV6/11/16/18) among WLHIV and women without HIV and evaluated risk factors for prevalence of HR-HPV.ResultsA total of 306 WLHIV and 500 women without HIV were recruited. Compared to women without HIV, WLHIV were more likely to be sexually experienced (86.6% versus 74.4%) and have ≥ 3 lifetime sex partners (55.3% versus 27.8%). All HPV type prevalences were significantly higher among WLHIV compared to women without HIV, including prevalence of any HPV (82.7% versus 63.0%), HR-HPV (72.9% versus 53.8%), and quadrivalent vaccine HPV types (34.3% versus 21.0%). Among WLHIV, there were no differences between those perinatally and non-perinatally infected for HPV prevalences, number of HPV types detected, CD4 count, or viral load.ConclusionsOver one-third of WLHIV and nearly a quarter of those without HIV had vaccine-type HPV detected. This study supports need for the national HPV vaccination program in Botswana and provides important baseline data for future evaluation of impact of the program.

Partner-Level and Sexual Networking Factors Are Associated With Vaccine-Type and Nonvaccine-Type Human Papillomavirus Infection After Vaccine Introduction in Young Women.

The aim of this study was to determine individual-level, partner-level, and sexual networking factors associated with vaccine- and non-vaccine-type human papillomavirus (HPV) in young women, by vaccination status. Sexually experienced women 13 to 26 years old (n = 784) completed a survey and were tested for 36 HPV genotypes. We determined factors associated with 4-valent vaccine-type HPV (HPV-6, HPV-11, HPV-16, HPV-18) and non-vaccine-type HPV among vaccinated and unvaccinated women, using univariable and multivariable logistic regression models. Participants' mean age was 19.2 years, 77.7% had received ≥1 vaccine dose, and 7.7% were positive for vaccine-type HPV (HPV-6, HPV-11, HPV-16, and/or HPV-18). Factors associated with vaccine-type HPV in vaccinated women included gonorrhea history (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 2.71), new female sex partner(s) (AOR, 4.79), age at vaccination (≥15 vs. <15 years; AOR, 2.47), and age discordance with most recent partner (don't know vs. discordant; AOR, 9.17). Factors associated with non-vaccine-type HPV in vaccinated women included history of sexually transmitted infection (AOR, 2.69), male most recent partner (AOR, 2.85), age of first sex (AOR, 1.15), and partner concurrency (don't know vs. 1 other partner; AOR, 2.03). Factors associated with vaccine-type HPV in unvaccinated women included new female sex partner(s) (AOR, 7.45) and partner concurrency (don't know vs. no; AOR, 2.95). Factors associated with non-vaccine-type HPV in unvaccinated women included race (White vs. multiracial; AOR, 4.10) and partner concurrency (don't know vs. 0; AOR, 4.65). Novel findings of this study, including associations between female sex partners and HPV, and between not knowing about partner concurrency and HPV, have implications for sexual education, clinical counseling, and public health interventions.

An Update on Human Papilloma Virus Vaccines: History, Types, Protection, and Efficacy.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted agent worldwide. Early prevention with HPV vaccination is a safe and effective method against this disease. HPV vaccines provided more protection against several oncogenic HPV strains. Three prophylactic HPV vaccines have been approved to target high-risk HPV types and protect against HPV-related disorders. These existing vaccines are based on the recombinant DNA technology and purified L1 protein that is assembled to form HPV empty shells. The prophylactic vaccines are highly immunogenic and can induce production of specific neutralizing antibodies. However, therapeutic vaccines are different from these prophylactic vaccines. They induced cell-mediated immunity against transformed cells, instead of neutralizing antibodies. The second generation of prophylactic HPV vaccines, made from alternative viral components using cost-effective production strategies, is undergoing clinical evaluation. The purpose of this review is to provide a complete and up-to-date review of the types of HPV vaccines and the efficiency of each of them for readers.

Human papillomavirus prevalence in male and female university students in Gaborone, Botswana.

AbstractIn 2015, Botswana introduced the quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine as a two-dose schedule in girls aged 9–13 years. We sought to establish a baseline HPV prevalence in unvaccinated young adults in Botswana. HIV-uninfected men and women aged 18–22 years were recruited from the University of Botswana in Gaborone during October 2019–February 2021. Demographic and behavioural characteristics were self-reported during structured interviews. Self-collected vaginal and penile swabs were tested for 28 HPV types using Seegene Anyplex II HPV28. We compared any HPV type, quadrivalent vaccine (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18)-type and non-quadrivalent vaccine-type prevalence in men and women and evaluated the risk factors for prevalence of any HPV type. A total of 493 men and 500 women were included in the analysis. Compared to men, women had higher prevalence of any HPV type (63.0%versus31.4%,P&lt; 0.001), vaccine-type HPV (21%versus9.7%,P&lt; 0.001) and non-vaccine-type HPV (60.4%versus28.4%,P&lt; 0.001). Higher prevalence of any HPV type in men and women was associated with having ≥2 sex partners in the past 12 months; always using condoms in the past 3 months was associated with a lower HPV prevalence. These data provide baseline information for future evaluation of the population impact of the HPV vaccination programme, including potential herd effects in men.