Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted agent worldwide. Early prevention with HPV vaccination is a safe and effective method against this disease. HPV vaccines provided more protection against several oncogenic HPV strains. Three prophylactic HPV vaccines have been approved to target high-risk HPV types and protect against HPV-related disorders. These existing vaccines are based on the recombinant DNA technology and purified L1 protein that is assembled to form HPV empty shells. The prophylactic vaccines are highly immunogenic and can induce production of specific neutralizing antibodies. However, therapeutic vaccines are different from these prophylactic vaccines. They induced cell-mediated immunity against transformed cells, instead of neutralizing antibodies. The second generation of prophylactic HPV vaccines, made from alternative viral components using cost-effective production strategies, is undergoing clinical evaluation. The purpose of this review is to provide a complete and up-to-date review of the types of HPV vaccines and the efficiency of each of them for readers.
Highlights
Vaccination is a low-cost and effective method to reduce the risk of infectious diseases
Several studies revealed that CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and CD4+ T helper 1 (TH1) cells with recognition of E2 and E6 Human papillomavirus (HPV) proteins play an important role in the clearance of low-grade HPV infection
Two doses of the HPV vaccine are more protective than one, but different studies have not detected statistically significant differences between two and three doses [59, 65, 73]. These findings demonstrated that HPV vaccines could induce a higher antibody response in younger girls than older girls
Summary
Vaccination is a low-cost and effective method to reduce the risk of infectious diseases. Implementing a universal vaccination program significantly controlled and eradicated many infectious diseases and profoundly affected human health. There are effective human vaccines against different pathogens such as viruses, which induce various disorders and kill tens of millions of people each year. The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a virus that affects the different parts of the body. The HPV virus can stay in the skin and develop a genital wart. Genital warts are small bumps or growths that appear on the genitals and increase the risk of developing cervical cancer. There are many types of HPV vaccines. All HPV vaccines can protect against high-risk HPV types, including HPV16 and HPV18 that cause most HPV cancers [2–4]. This review is a comprehensive study on the available HPV vaccines and their efficiency
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