UV Protection Activity Research Articles

Hydrogel Formulation Containing Crocin Extract from Nyctanthes Arbor-tristis and Bukuchiol-rich Extract from the Seeds of Psoralea Corylifolia Exhibits Antiaging and Sunscreen Activity

Background: Bakuchiol is a meroterpene and is utilized in many cosmetic preparations in the form of psoralea corylifolia as a substitute for retinoids. The calyx of Nyctanthes arbortristis flowers is rich in carotenoids. The standardized ethanolic extract of the calyx indicated the presence of a yellow-orange colour pigment, which was found identical to crocin, an apocarotenoid present in saffron. Hence, orange-coloured tubular calyx of Nyctanthes arbortristis can be utilized as a substitute for saffron. Objective: To utilize the tubular calyx of Nyctanthes arbortristis as an economical source of crocin and Psoralea corylifolia seed as a source of bakuchiol for the development of a stable hydrogel formulation as well as evaluation of its antiaging activity and sunscreen property. objective: To utilize the tubular calyx of Nyctanthes arbor- tristis as an economical source of crocin and Psoralea corylifolia seed as a source of bakuchiol, for the development of a stable hydrogel formulation as well as evaluation of its antiaging activity and sunscreen property. Methodology: Crocin-rich ethanolic extract calyx of Nyctanthes arbortristis was prepared using the maceration method. The seeds of Psoralea corylifolia were extracted using petroleum ether (60-80) using a Soxhlet extractor. Hydrogel formulation was prepared using crocin-rich extract and bakuchiol-rich extract. Evaluation of formulation was carried out, and results were found to be within the specification range. The antiaging activity was evaluated using an in vitro antielastase method. The formulation exhibits good antiaging activity. The sunscreen activity was assessed using the sun protection factor and boot star rating. Results: The hydrogel formulation showed promising antiaging activity by inhibiting collagenase and elastase enzymes. The formulation showed an SPF of 13.72 and a Boot Star rating of 2, indicating it is an effective sunscreen agent. Also, the formulation was found to be a good moisturizing agent. The present study concluded that crocin and bakuchiol extract formulations effectively combat ageing process and also act as good sunscreen agents. Conclusion: The topical hydrogel formulation demonstrated promising anti-aging properties and moderate UV protection. conclusion: Hydrogel formulation was found to have moderate UV protection and good antiaging activity on skin.

Optimization of Ultrasound-assisted Anthocyanin Extraction from Black Rice Bran for Simultaneous Coloring, UV Protection, and Antioxidant Silk Finishes

This study examined the use of ultrasound to extract anthocyanin from agricultural byproduct black rice bran as a natural colorant and a multifunctional finishing agent for silk fabrics, taking into account the various health advantages linked to anthocyanins. The study employed response surface methodology to identify the optimal extraction process that would yield the highest extraction efficiency for total anthocyanin content. The optimal conditions were 30 Hz ultrasonic power, a liquor-to-material ratio of 21, 60°C an ultrasound temperature, and 30 minutes of an ultrasound time, yielding 173.25 mg/L anthocyanin. Silk fabrics were dyed in a reddish purple tone, and the mordant dyeing method produced a 34% higher color strength value than direct dyeing while displaying good colorfastness (grade ≥ 4) to washing and crocking. The dyed silks also provided excellent UV protection (UPF > 40+) and antioxidant activity, with a DPPH scavenging rate over 80%. Anthocyanins derived from black rice bran could thus be used as a bioactive functional colorant in medical and health-related textiles.

Testing of UV Protection Activity, SPF Determination, and Irritation Assessment of Coastal Vegetation Ipomoea Pes-Caprae

Total solar radiation contains approximately 10% ultraviolet light. Ultraviolet rays have benefits such as providing warmth, light, and helping to synthesise vitamin D3. However, ultraviolet rays can also have negative impacts on the skin such as browning, hyperpigmentation, erythema, and premature ageing. Natural sunscreens with high SPF are useful in reducing the negative effects of ultraviolet rays. This study aims to determine anti-UV activity, SPF value, and assessment of human skin irritation or allergy to sunscreen cream from Ipomoea pes-caprae leaves. Anti-UV activity test and SPF value determination were carried out in vitro using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry. Irritation testing was conducted using the patch test method for 6 hours. The results showed that Ipomoea pes-caprae has anti-UV-A and anti-UV-B activities. Ipomoea pes-caprae leaf extract provides extra protection at a concentration of 2000 ppm. The irritation test of the cream on human skin found no skin abnormalities such as edema, urticaria, irritation and edema.

Synergetic construction of color and multifunction for sustainable lyocell fabric by Coptis chinensis and BTCA

In the context of escalating standards of living, the demand for healthy and multifunctional textiles is increasing. As a kind of cellulose macromolecular-based material, lyocell fiber has low carbon, is environmentally friendly, and demonstrates superb performance. The utilization of some Chinese herb dyes solves the pollution problem in the color and functionality construction of lyocell fabric by synthetic dyes and finishing agents. However, problems such as low dye utilization rate, light apparent color, and weak functionality of dyed fabrics remain, thus limiting the further application of the powerful combination of lyocell fabric and Chinese herb dyes. Here, a color and multifunction construction method of lyocell fabric with Coptis chinensis and 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid was proposed. Under the optimal color construction condition, the color depth increased remarkably, and the dye exhaustion rate of the modified fabric enhanced by 332.3 % compared with the unmodified one. The multifunction construction imparted outstanding fuzz and pilling inhibition, fibrillation resistance, and antiwrinkle performance for lyocell fabrics. Moreover, the dyed lyocell fabric exhibited considerable UV protective activity and antibacterial property against Staphylococcus aureus. This work provided an efficient color and multifunction construction technology for lyocell fabric with high value added.

UV protection and insecticidal activity of microencapsulated Vip3Ag4 protein in Bacillus megaterium

In this study, secretable Vip3Ag4 protein was encapsulated in Bacillus megaterium and used for quantitative bioassays, in order to determine the UV photoprotective capacity of the cell, for preventing inactivation of the insecticidal activity of the protein. The non-encapsulated and purified protein was exposed to the UV light showing a LC50 of 518 ng/cm2 against Spodoptera littoralis larvae, whereas the exposed encapsulated protein exhibited 479 ng/cm2. In addition to the capability to accumulate Vip3 proteins for the development of novel insecticidal formulates, the B. megaterium cell has demonstrated to provide moderate protection against the deleterious action of UV light.

Effect of the Photoreduction Process on the Self-Cleaning and Antibacterial Activity of Au-Doped TiO2 Colloids on Cotton Fabric.

This study aims at understanding the effect of the photoreduction process during the synthesis of gold (Au)-doped TiO2 colloids on the conferred functionalities on cotton fabrics. TiO2/Au and TiO2/Au/SiO2 colloids were synthesized through the sol-gel method with and without undergoing the photoreduction step based on different molar ratios of Au:Ti (0.001 and 0.01) and TiO2/SiO2 (1:1 and 1:2.3). The colloids were applied to cotton fabrics, and the obtained photocatalytic self-cleaning, wet photocatalytic activity, UV protection, and antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria were investigated. The obtained results demonstrated that the photoreduction of Au weakened the self-cleaning effect and reduced the photocatalytic activity of coated fabrics. Also, an excess amount of Au deteriorated the photocatalytic activity under both UV and visible light. The most efficient self-cleaning effect was obtained on fabrics coated with a ternary TiO2/Au/SiO2 colloid containing ionic Au, where it decomposed coffee and red-wine stains after 3 h of illumination. Adding silica (SiO2) made the fabrics superhydrophilic and led to greater methylene blue (MB) dye adsorption, a faster dye degradation pace, and more efficient stain removal. Moreover, the photoreduction process affected the size of Au nanoparticles (NPs), weakened the antibacterial activity of fabrics against both types of tested bacteria, and modestly increased the UV protection. In general, the photoactivity of Au-doped colloids was influenced by the synthesis method, the ionic and metallic states of the Au dopant, the concentration of the Au dopant, and the presence and concentration of silica.

Surface modification of jute-cotton union fabric using TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles for multifunctional properties

In this study TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles were employed as a protective coating to impart multifunctional properties, i.e. self-cleaning, water repellency, UV protection and antimicrobial activity onto jute-cotton union fabric. Through the sol-gel method, using titanium (IV) isopropoxide (TTIP) and zinc acetate as precursors, TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles have been synthesized. Following the dip-pad-dry-cure method along with a 2 wt% of acrylic binder, the synthesized particles were applied on the jute-cotton union fabric. Subsequently, antibacterial activity, self-cleaning properties and physical properties like water absorbency, crease recovery, water vapor permeability, tensile strength, and tear strength of the treated fabric were tested and evaluated. The structural properties of the nano-particles were distinguished by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and SEM. Upon comparing the test results of the coated fabric with the uncoated fabric, the results were found to be extremely satisfactory. This study provided valuable insights into the potential of TiO2 and ZnO coating in enhancing properties of jute-cotton union fabric.

UV-Protection Activities of Labu Siam (Sechium edule) Extract Based on Sun Protection Factor (SPF)

Exposure to sunlight has a negative effect on the skin. Sunscreens are used to protect the skin from the harmful effects caused by UV radiation. The ability of a sunscreen to protect the skin by delaying erythema is expressed by the value of the Sun Protection Factor (SPF). The purpose of this study was to analyze the UV protection activity of chayote (Sechium edule) based on the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) value, which was measured using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and calculated using the Mansyur equation. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the SPF value of chayote (Sechium edule) extract has UV protection activity. At concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 3% there is activity as UV protection with SPF values of 7.487; 11.817; and 16,889. From the results obtained, it can be seen that the higher the concentration, the greater the SPF value obtained.UV-Protection Activities of Labu Siam (Sechium edule) Extract Based on Sun Protection Factor (SPF)

Formulation of nano spray preparation from Purslane Leaf Extract (Portulaca oleracea l.) as sunscreen

Purslane plant (Portulaca oleracea L.) is a type of wild plant that grows abundantly, but its benefits are rarely known. Purslane contains saponins, which have high antioxidant and biological activity. Skin that is sensitive to sun exposure is the issue this nanospray is targeting. The aim of this research is to determine the optimal formulation of herbal nanospray products with Purslane sunscreen to treat skin problems caused by sun exposure. The research method used was an experimental method with research stages starting from plant determination, extract making, nanospray formulation determination, preparation evaluation, in vivo UV protection activity test, and in vitro SPF test. Quantitative descriptive analysis was carried out using Microsoft Excel and SPSS Version 24. There were significant differences in erythema (lesions on the skin) between the 4 treatment groups, with significant differences in the negative control and positive control groups, as well as the group given dose treatment (the amount of extract in the nanoparticles) of 0.8 g and 0.4 g of purslane extract with the negative control. So, it can be concluded that doses of 0.8 g (SPF value: 9.9) and 0.4 g (SPF value: 8.43) of purslane extract have the potential to be sunscreens with maximum category and extra protective power. Purslane extract nanospray sunscreen has the advantage of being made from herbal ingredients, which have less potential for irritation than chemical sunscreen products.

Carrageenan-based active and intelligent packaging films integrated with anthocyanin and TiO2-doped carbon dots derived from sweet potato peels

Carrageenan-based sustainable active and pH-dependent color-changing composite films were fabricated by blending anthocyanin extracted from sweet potato peel (SPA) with TiO2-doped carbon dots (Ti-CDs) prepared using the biowaste of SPA extraction. The SPA and Ti-CDs were compatible with the carrageenan matrix and were uniformly dispersed in the used polymer to form a homogeneous film with increased mechanical properties. The composite film added with SPA and 3 wt% Ti-CD showed 100 % UV protection, superb antioxidant (100 % DPPH and ABTS scavenging assay), and potent antibacterial activity (complete eradication of foodborne L.monocytogenes and E. coli strains after 3 h incubation). Additionally, the composite films showed distinguishable colorimetric responses to pH 7–12 buffers and volatile ammonia. The intelligent sensing ability of the composite film was assessed through shrimp freshness monitoring, and the film's hue shifted from pink (fresh shrimp) to yellow/brown (inedible shrimp) during storage. Shrimp packaging studies have shown that composite films retard the rate of food quality change during storage and are a good indicator of shrimp spoilage. Therefore, the designed film is expected to have high applicability as a chip, and quick on-site sensor that detects seafood quality in real-time, and a highly effective multifunctional film for better product quality preservation.

Sustainable Chitosan Biomordant Dyeing and Functionalization of Cotton Fabrics Using Pomegranate Rind and Onion Peel Extracts

ABSTRACT A sustainable one-bath dyeing and functionalization process of cotton fabrics with pomegranate rind and onion peel extract using chitosan (CS) biomordant was investigated. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to verify the presence of the main colorants, ellagic acid and quercetin, in the prepared extracts of pomegranate rind and onion peel. CS mordanting improved the color strength and wash fastness of pomegranate rind and onion peel dyed fabric by up to 36% and half a rating point, respectively. CS significantly enhanced the UV protection (UPF 50+) and antimicrobial activity (ranges from 93.8 to 99.9%) of dyed fabric. Chitosan mordanting improved the bending rigidity and compression recovery of the cotton fabric, but it also reduced the handle and flexibility of the treated fabrics owing to the formation of CS layer on the cotton fabrics. The dyed fabric also showed remarkable deodorizing (above 80%) and antioxidant (above 90%) properties. Overall, the proposed process could be a sustainable and economical alternative to the conventional metal mordant process.

Antioxidant and UV-blocking activity of PVA/tannin-based bioplastics in food packaging application

In this study, bioplastics with antioxidant and UV protection properties based on tannin and PVA were created for packaging uses. Using a hot water extraction method at various extraction temperatures (60–100 °C), tannins were removed from the bark of Acacia mangium. Tannins with the best antioxidant activity were extracted at 80 °C. In order to create bioplastic formulations (PVA/Tannins), the extract is then employed. The non-heating bioplastic method's preparation (M3) stage produced the highest levels of antioxidant activity. Therefore, subsequent tests were conducted using the non-heating method (M3). On the opacity, UV protective activity, antioxidant capacity, mechanical strength, thermal stability, and water vapor permeability of the resultant bioplastics, the impact of tannin concentration (0.1–0.5 g) was examined. The findings of the experiments demonstrate that PVA/Tannin bioplastics are less transparent than pure PVA. The PVA/tannin bioplastics that are formed, on the whole, show strong antioxidant and UV protection action. Comparing PVA/Tannin bioplastics to pure PVA also revealed a small improvement in thermal stability and tensile strength. In PVA bioplastics with resistant tannins, moisture content was marginally greater even at low tannin concentrations (0.1 g). Based on the findings, bioplastics made from PVA and the tannin A. mangium have the potential to be used to create packaging that is UV and active antioxidant resistant. It can be applied as the second (inner) layer of the primary packaging to protect food freshness and nutrition due to their antioxidant activity.

Mechanical, UV protection, and antibacterial properties of poly(vinyl alcohol)/marine mucilage biocomposite films

AbstractThe mucilage that accumulated in the Sea of Marmara in 2021 turned into an environmental disaster that threatened not only marine life but also the shipping and tourism industries. However, because of the partially organic structure of marine mucilage, it has the potential to be used as an additive for polymer films. In this study, bioplastic films were prepared from PVA with a series of mucilage content from 0% to 50% by mass, and their properties were investigated. The FT‐IR spectra revealed a shift in hydroxyl peaks, suggesting an interaction between the mucilage and PVA. SEM images showed the formation of crystal forms at the higher mucilage content of 20%, indicating ionic saturation of the PVA matrix. EDX and XRD analyses revealed that the crystal was NaCl coming from the mucilage composition. The tensile strength of the neat PVA film was measured as 9.86 MPa and improved to 14.56 MPa with 5% mucilage content, which is attributed to the ionic cross‐linking. The tensile properties were preserved up to 20% of the mucilage content, and then sudden decrements were observed. The transmittance percentage (T%) of the neat PVA film in UV–Vis spectra (800–200 nm) was detected as 75% at 500 nm and decreased down to 39% with increased mucilage content up to 50%. Furthermore, a rising limit of linearity (LOL) of the spectrums was observed from 350 to 580 nm, with increasing mucilage content from 5% to 50%. The biofilms showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Hence, a robust and biodegradable film having UV protection and antibacterial activity was developed from the marine mucilage bio‐waste.Highlights Poly(vinyl alcohol)/marine mucilage biocomposite films were prepared. Biocomposite films showed increased UV‐A, UV‐B, and UV‐C protection with increased mucilage content. Enhanced tensile strength of biocomposite films up to 20 wt% mucilage content was determined due to ionic crosslink formed by NaCl salt ions. Biocomposite exhibited antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.

Confined‐Synthesis of Ceria in Tubular Nanoclays for UV Protection and Anti‐Biofilm Application

AbstractUV radiation is the main cause of skin aging and cancers. Commercial sunscreens suffer from low efficacy and poor safety, while ceria nanocrystals are promising inorganic UV filters. Herein, the lumen of natural halloysite clay nanotubes (HNTs) is employed for the confined growth of ceria nanocrystals, which can effectively tailor the particle size, morphology, distribution, and oxygen vacancies of the ceria. The ceria in HNTs lumen exhibits increased UV protection and catalytic activity, while the outer surfaces of HNTs can be retained for additional modification. Ceria‐loaded HNTs (named CeOx@HNTs) can act as oil–water interfacial stabilizers to develop skin‐friendly Pickering emulsion sunscreens. Attributed to the Pickering emulsion interfacial catalytic effect of CeOx@HNTs, the UV absorption performance of the sunscreens is enhanced by 3.1 times after emulsification, achieving a sun protection factor of 58.5. In vitro and in vivo studies confirm the effectiveness of the prepared sunscreen in mitigating DNA damage, apoptosis, and malignant transformation. In addition, the sunscreen inhibits biofilm formation by disturbing membrane homeostasis through oxidative stress. This work develops a confined‐growth method of rare earth oxides within tubular nanoclays, which shows promising applications in many fields, such as aging resistance, photoluminescence, and chemical catalysis.

Sustainable dyeing of mulberry silk fabric using extracts of green tea (Camellia sinensis): Extraction, mordanting, dyed silk fabric properties and silk-dye interaction mechanism

Sustainability and environmental awareness had an impulse in increasing the global interest to utilize the industrial crops for producing new colouring shades in place of hazardous synthetic dyes. The present research focuses on extracting functional components from green tea (Camelia sinensis) leaves using water and methanol/water solvent systems and their application in the mordant dyeing of mulberry silk fabrics. The effect of pH was studied to maximize the yield of total polyphenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant properties of the solvent extracts. Compared to the unmordanted dyed silk, the mordant dyeing of silk with tea extracts at a temperature of 80 ℃ for 45 min resulted in significant improvements in various color properties. These enhancements include the shade, color strength (K/S), color coordinates, and fastness properties of the dyed silk fabric. Mordant dyeing of silk fabric enhanced UV protection and antimicrobial activities as well. The bonding properties of tea polyphenols on silk was well demonstrated with the help of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). To establish the mechanism of dyeing, catechin was used as a standard and mordant dyeing in silk, resulting in similar golden-yellow coloration. It shows identical properties with the silk dyed with tea extracts resulting in the fact that catechins are the responsible components in silk dyeing while using tea extracts. Theoretical interaction energy (Einteraction = −13.836 kJ/mol) calculation established good stability of mordanted catechin dyeing on silk, and catechin stability in different solvents were in the order catechin-water > catechin-methanol > catechin-ethanol. This work suggests that the mulberry silk fabrics dyed with green tea extract showed diverse color variations, which is highly promising to be used as a natural dye in the textile industry.

Decoration of wool fibers with mono or bimetallic nanoparticles for use in versatile applications

Wool fibers with multifunctional properties are highly in demand for use in different applications. The chemicals used to impart multifunctional properties to wool fibers are environmentally harmful and necessitate multi-step processing to achieve them. In order to endow and improve the effectiveness of the various properties of wool fibers, the current work offers evidence to support the viability of using a quick, efficient, and eco-friendly one-pot approach instead of a multi-step process. This approach enables wool fibers' prospective ability to be used in a wide range of applications, including domestic, industrial, and environmental applications. This approach focused on the facile simultaneous synthesis and immobilization of mono- or bimetallic nanoparticles on the wool fiber surface using the proteins present in the wool fibers as a reducing agent, to reduce metal ions to metal nanoparticles, with simultaneous binding of the formed nanoparticles on the wool fibers surface. First, the wool fibers are added to individual metal salt solutions comprising Ag+, Cu2+, or Fe3+ ions or to mixed metal salt solutions that comprise Ag+/Cu2+, Ag+/Fe3+, and Cu2+/Fe3+ ions. Under the influence of moisture and heat, the proteins (sulfur-containing amino acids (Cysteine)) acted as reduction agents to change the metal ions that have adsorbed on the wool fibers' surface into zero-valent atoms with simultaneous binding on the wool fibers' surface. The nanoparticles-immobilized wool fibers were characterized using SEM, EDX, and FTIR. To investigate the effect of metal nanoparticles on the dyeing process, wool fibers treated with monometallic nanoparticles were subsequently dyed with natural dye (cochineal dye). The results showed that the presence of mono- or bimetallic nanoparticles within the wool fiber surface imparts multifunctional properties to wool fibers. The mono- and bimetallic nanoparticles endowed the wool fiber with different colors depending on the type of metal. The monometallic nanoparticles immobilized on the wool fibers enhanced the dyeing of wool fibers with cochineal dye, with different colors ranging from purple to reddish-purple and acceptable colorfastness properties. The mono- and bimetallic nanoparticles immobilized on the wool fibers' surface enhanced the UV protection, antistatic properties, and antimicrobial activities of the wool fibers' surface. It is considered great that the UPF values for modified wool fibers were 50 and 50 +. Mono- and bimetallic nanoparticles improved the antistatic characteristics of wool fibers, with an average static half-life of less than 1 s. The mono- and bimetallic nanoparticles immobilized on the wool fibers showed excellent antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive bacteria (S. Aureus), Gram-negative bacteria (E. Coli), and fungi (C. Albicans). Furthermore, dyed wool fibers@monometallic nanoparticles showed excellent UV protection very good antistatic behavior and excellent antimicrobial activities. Furthermore, the effectiveness of mono- and bimetallic nanoparticles immobilized on the surface of wool fibers was evaluated for the removal of phenol from fuel. The findings demonstrated that wool fibers immobilized with mono- or bimetallic nanoparticles had a high adsorption potential and could be employed as a removable substrate for fuel purification. Wool fibers treated with mono- or bimetallic nanoparticles proved to be greatly promising for versatile applications, as well as a value-adding material for different fields. In this way, they can be used for multipurpose applications ranging from protective clothing to technical textiles, and environmental applications.

Laccase-assisted colouration of wool fabric using green tea extract for imparting antioxidant, antibacterial, and UV protection activities.

The demand for natural dyes for imparting sustainable dyeing effects to textiles is increasing. Metal mordants generate an unstainable impact in the natural dyeing of textiles. In order to avoid the toxic effect due to the use of metal mordants, the present work uses enzyme for sustainable natural dyeing of wool. The current study is aimed at preparing multifunctional wool fabric using natural dye green tea (Camellia sinensis). Laccase (an enzyme) was used to polymerise the phenolic compounds of Camellia sinensis in situ on wool. Thein situ colouration of wool fabric was performed at various varying dyeing conditions (temperature, time, and concentrations) using laccase. Colouration properties (colour values and strength) were examined to estimate the appearance of dyed fabrics. The evaluation of dyed fabrics for functional properties such as antibacterial, antioxidant, and UV protection was done. The efficient functional propertiesviz, antibacterial activity (> 75%), antioxidant property (> 90%), and excellent UV protection, were obtained. FTIR analysis of separately prepared polymeric dye and the dyed fabric was also done to confirm the laccase-assisted polymerisation. Thus, a novel approach of enzymatic functional natural dyeing of wool was explored.

Comparative study on ethosomes and transferosomes for enhancing skin permeability of sinapic acid

Sinapic acid (SA) is a phenolic compound having UV protective and antioxidant activities against skin diseases. However, its poor permeation across the skin restricts its therapeutic use. The studies suggest that the transferosomes and ethosomes improve the drug's permeability across the skin and facilitate the treatment of various skin diseases. Thus, the present study aimed to prepare vesicular nanoformulations such as transferosomes and ethosomes to improve the permeability of SA across the skin. The thin film hydration method was exploited to prepare sinapic acid-loaded transferosomes (SA-TRs) and sinapic acid-loaded ethosomes (SA-ETs). The particle size of SA-TRs and SA-ETs were 98.3 ± 0.5 nm and 108.5 ± 0.8 nm, respectively. Moreover, the prepared SA-TRs and SA-ETs were embedded into Carbopol 934 (1 % w/v) for ease of topical administration. The pH of vesicular-based hydrogels was in the range of 6.2–6.5, which is ideal for topical administration. The flow properties of vesicular-based hydrogels using a rheometer exhibited shear thinning behavior with the non-Newtonian flow, which is due to the colloidal structure of Carbopol aligned, wherein the polymer chain disarranged with increased shear stress. Further, the skin permeability study showed that SA-ETs hydrogel (66.5 ± 7.3 µg/cm2) exhibited higher permeability than SA-TRs hydrogel (53.2 ± 1.5 µg/cm2) and plain SA hydrogel (12.3 ± 1.4 µg/cm2). The mechanism behind permeation enhancement of SA using ethosomes was due to the flexibility of vesicles across the skin than plain SA hydrogel. Thus, upon comparison ethosomes-based approach could be a promising strategy to enhance the permeability of SA across the skin.

From industrial waste to carbon-containing nanocomposites to obtain multifunctional properties for industrial applications

Helianthus annuus (sunflower) and Brassica napus (canola) are two important crops for vegetable oil industry, but their residues after harvesting cause agricultural waste. In this study, agricultural wastes of sunflower and canola were utilized as activated carbon (AC) after pyrolysing the wastes at 450 °C and activating with HNO3 at 90 °C. Obtained AC was then used to produce Fe3O4@AC nanocomposites and β-cyclodextrin(CD):Fe3O4@AC complex structures. Structural, morphological, spectroscopic, and thermal characteristic properties of the obtained nanocomposites and complex structures were examined by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), respectively. Produced nanocomposites and complex structures were coated onto cotton woven fabrics which were then tested for their UV protection, flame retardant and antibacterial activity. The test results of the coated fabrics and the control (uncoated cotton fabric) samples showed that Fe3O4@AC and CD:Fe3O4@AC coated fabrics showed significant UV protection, flame retardancy and antibacterial properties. Thus, the effects which would normally be obtained with 3 different finishing chemicals, each of which causes individual waste load, were achieved with a single chemical recycled from a waste. This work is critical in terms of waste management and providing a cleaner production alternative in the field of textile finishing.

Exploring Chitosan as an Ecofriendly Agent to Improve Sustainable Dyeing Properties of Cotton Fabric Dyed with (Opuntia Ficus-Indica L) Fruit Peel and Its UV Protection Activity

ABSTRACT This paper explores the use of Chitosan as sustainable agent to improve dyeing properties of cotton fabric dyed with Opuntia ficus-indica L fruit peel and the determination of the amount of anthocyanin pigments by the spectrophotometric method. The results of this study highlights that cotton fabrics treated with chitosan have better depth of shade (K/S = 12) than those untreated fabrics (K/S = 3.7) dyed with Opuntia ficus-indica L fruit peel. We have thoroughly investigated the effects of dye bath pH and temperature on the color properties of the aforementioned fabrics. UV protection of cotton fabrics increased after natural dyeing, and it was further improved after being treated with chitosan. Experimental results show that the fastness properties of dyed cotton fabrics treated with chitosan were improved from average to excellent.