UV Light Conditions Research Articles

Validated Stability Indicating HPLC Method for the Quantification of Process Related Impurities of Ubrogepant in Pharmaceutical Formulations

Ubrogepant is a medical drug prescribed for the treatment of migraine in adults. Literature analysis has shown, that no suitable analytical method has been published to date for the quantification of impurities of Ubrogepant. Therefore, this study aims to develop a simple and sensitive stability indicating HPLC method for quantifying Ubrogepant and its impurities 1 and 2. The optimized and best separation was achieved using ProntoSIL ODS C18 (250×4.6 mm; 5 μ id) column as stationary phase, phosphate buffer (pH 4.5) and methanol in 65:35 (v/v) at 1.0 mL/min as mobile phase and 246 nm as detector wavelength. The method reports 0.015 μg/mL and 0.05 μg/mL as limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) for both impurities. This proves that the method has sufficient levels of sensitivity to detect impurities. The method passes all validation parameters as recommended, confirming that the method is valid. The method can show very less % degradation in various stress tests such as acid, base, peroxide, thermal and UV light conditions, and can efficiently resolve different compounds generation during stress exposure, as well as its known impurities prove the stability indicating nature of the method. Based on the experimental findings, it was shown that the method is significantly useful for the routine analysis of Ubrogepant and its impurities 1 and 2.

A Simple and Validated Stability Indicating HPLC Method for Simultaneous Quantification of Brimonidine, Timolol and Benzalkonium Chloride in Anti-Glaucoma Ophthalmic Formulations

The combined dosage form of brimonidine, timolol and benzalkonium chloride is prescribed for lowering intraocular pressure in patients with ocular hypertension. As no analytical HPLC method reported for the estimation of brimonidine, timolol and benzalkonium chloride together in ophthalmic formulations, the present study was aimed to fulfill the gap identified in literature. The separation of analytes was achieved on Cosmosil C18 (250 × 4.6 mm; 5 μ id) as stationary phase, pH 4.3 acetate buffer and methanol in 30:70 (v/v) as mobile phase at 1.0 mL/min and UV detection at 227 nm. In this condition, well resolved, retained peaks were identified at 3.11 min for brimonidine, 4.86 min for timolol and 5.57 min for benzalkonium chloride. The method reports 0.5, 1.25 and 0.0125 μg/mL, respectively for brimonidine, timolol and benzalkonium chloride as LOD, which proves that the method have enough sensitivity levels for the detection analytes in samples. The method passes all the validation parameters as per the guidelines proved that the method was valid. The method shows less % degradation in various stress studies such as acidic, base, peroxide, thermal and UV light conditions and can effectively separate various stress degradation compounds and confirms the stability indicating nature of the method. The method applicability was assessed by analyzing the drug content in Combigan® ophthalmic drops and method reports the assay of 98.92%, 99.36% and 98.46% for brimonidine, timolol and benzalkonium chloride, respectively. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the method can adequately suitable for the separation and quantification of brimonidine, timolol and benzalkonium chloride and hence can be applicable for the routine analysis of brimonidine, timolol and benzalkonium chloride in ophthalmic formulations.

Novel synthesis of Cu2ZnAl2O4 nanostructures for photocatalytic and electrochemical sensor applications

Hybrid nanostructured materials currently offer a potential approach for a variety of applications due to improvements in their physio-chemical characteristics. Techniques for XRD, TEM-HRTEM, SAED, and UV-DRS were used to characterize the Cu2ZnAl2O4 (CZA) material. Without any secondary phases and with an average crystallite size of 40 ​nm, X-ray diffraction pattern examination demonstrates the increased crystalline structure. A highly crystalline, polydisperse CZA nanostructure was visible using TEM-HRTEM and SAED. The CZA nanostructure's light-absorbing behavior is presented by UV-DRS analysis, which found that the predicted bandgap energy was 5.0 ​eV. In this article, we describe an easy chemical synthesis of a hybrid CZA nanostructure that works well as a catalyst to break down the acid red 88 (AR-88) dye under UV, sunlight, and low light conditions. Additionally, it was studied to determine how to modify the working electrode's surface to enable the detection of lead and tin metal ions. With 93.1% of degradation and comparison work on decolorizing AR-88 dye in the presence of both sunlight and darkness, CZA nanostructure was looked at as a potential catalyst for the decolorization of AR-88 dye. By using graphite electrode paste and cyclic voltammetry to analyze the synthesized sample in 1 ​N KCl, it was discovered that it had outstanding redox reaction and lead and tin detection capabilities.

Light-enhanced transparent hydrogel for uric acid and glucose detection by four different analytical platforms

The lack of solid-phase media limits the portability of colorimetric sensing platforms. In this study, a series of transparent polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogels encapsulated antimony tin oxide nanoparticles (ATO NPs) and 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) were developed as the solid-phase sensing media for glucose and uric acid. Under the conditions of H2O2 and UV light, the hydrogel presented a multicatalytic ability (photo Fenton-like and peroxidase-like activities), which accelerated the oxidation of TMB, turning the hydrogel from colorless to blue and finally enhancing the detection signal. The plasticity of the hydrogel allowed it to be designed into various shapes (membrane, microsphere etc.) to adapt multiple detection platforms (a liquid/solid-phase UV spectrophotometer, a NanoPhotometer, and smartphone spectroscopy). The hydrogel sensing media exhibited excellent tunability and enhanced the photocatalytic ability. The proposed material was successfully applied to detect glucose and uric acids in real samples by four detection platforms to evaluate its practicability.

The influence of heterostructured TiO2/ZnO nanomaterials for the removal of azo dye pollutant

In recent times, there has been an inspired research on combining semiconducting metal oxides for improved industrial applications. Significantly, wastewater removal is concerned and the researchers are finding new methodologies for removing azo dyes that possess a high level of carcinogenic effects. In this connection, this work investigates the photocatalytic activity of synthesized TiO2/ZnO nanocomposite irradiated under UV and visible light. The application of the work involves the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye solution. Initial work begins with the novel synthesis of TiO2/ZnO coupled system by integrated sol-gel and thermal decomposition methods. Then, various characterization techniques brought out the existing properties of the prepared TiO2/ZnO catalyst. The X-ray diffraction measurements showed the assorted tetragonal and hexagonal structures. The spherical shape mixed with hexagonal shaped particles were perceived via transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Besides, from photoluminescence spectrum (PL) results, the TiO2/ZnO coupled system displayed slowing down of charge recombination, because of the intermediate states that helps in intensifying the photocatalytic activity. The dual absorption bands corresponding to UV region were deep-rooted from UV–vis spectroscopy. Further, the valuable application of the catalyst in removing methylene blue (MB) dye under both UV and visible light was carried out. The catalyst had displayed 90% of degradation within 40 min under UV light conditions. The other hand, visible light illumination of the catalyst provides divergent results as it possess lesser light absorption. Therefore, this catalyst was unable to yield visible light photocatalytic activity. Hence, this captivating research would bring the wastewater treatment progression using UV light.

PHOTOCATALYST ACTIVITY OF MgO FROM BANGKALAN DOLOMITE

In the industrial sector, water pollution due to dye waste needs special attention because it can harm humans and the environment. A waste-absorbing material with good photocatalytic properties is required to overcome this problem. The photocatalytic properties are owned by metal oxide materials, one of which is Magnesium Oxide (MgO) material. This study aims to analyze the activity level of MgO photocatalytic from Bangkalan dolomite. MgO synthesis was carried out by the leaching method, where UV-Vis characterized the results to determine the photocatalytic ability of MgO against methylene blue (MB). In this characterization, various treatments (sunlight, UV light, and darkroom conditions) were carried out with radiation times of 180, 240, and 300 minutes. The results of the UV-Vis spectrum analysis showed that MgO had a band gap of 4.01 eV. The degradation efficiency of photocatalytic obtained optimal under sunlight, UV light, and in a dark room with a radiation time of 300 minutes at 82%, 42%, and 34%. Thus, the synthesis of MgO in sunlight showed good photocatalytic activity in reducing MB dye to use for processing waste from the dye industry.

Stability indicating LC-MS Method development and Validation for Quantitative analysis of Pimozide

The objective of the current investigation is to study the degradation behaviour of the Pimozide under different stress conditions using LC-MS method. Pimozide is a diphenyl butylpiperidine derivative used as antipsychotic drug. It was exposed to different stress conditions like acidic, alkali, thermal, peroxide and UV light to investigate its stability. Successful separation of drug from its degradation products was achieved on Waters C18 column (150mm X 4.5mm, 5µm) using methanol and acetonitrile 65:35 (V/V) having pH 5.5 as mobile phase in isocratic elution mode at a flow rate of 1.0ml/min with UV detection at 230nm. Quantification was achieved using an electrospray ion interface operating in positive mode, under multiple reaction monitoring conditions. Optimized LC-MS conditions were validated by ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines with respect to specificity, precision, linearity, recovery, LOD and LOQ. The method proved that Pimozide was found sensitive under UV light and alkali conditions, stable under thermal stress condition and moderate stability under acidic and oxidation condition with lowest degradation. The developed LC-MS method was found simple, sensitive and efficiently separated the drug and its degradation products in all samples.

Novel LC–MS Method development and Validation for Characterization of Talazoparib, an Anti-cancer drug and its forced degradation behavior

The present work aimed to develop a novel liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method for the determination of Talazoparib (TZPB) in pharmaceutical forms. Analysis of TZPB was performed in mobile phase of Methanol, Acetonitrile and 0.2% Perchloric acid in the ratio of 70:28:02 (v/v) as mobile phase and separation was carried on Prontosil ODS C18 Column (150 X 4.6mm, 5μ) as stationary phase. The degradative property of the TZPB under different stress conditions were evaluated using mass spectral analysis of the eluted compounds. The characterization of column eluents was carried on mass spectrometer operated in a positive ESI (electrospray ionization) mode and analyzed in single quadrupole analyzer. The mass spectra corresponding to molecular weight of TZPB was observed at m/z of 381 and characteristic mass fragmentation was observed in the spectra (m/z of 339 to 204). The linear calibration curve for TZPB was achieved in the range of 0.1–150 ng/mL (r = 0.9994) with a very sensitive detection limit (0.03ng/mL) and quantification limit (0.1ng/mL). The method was validated for parameters such as accuracy, precision, ruggedness, robustness etc and the results of the validation parameters are within acceptable limit at all quality control levels. The forced degradation studied for conditions such as acid, base, oxidation, UV light and thermal degradation conditions. The method can separate and detect the degradation compounds formed during the stress study. The forced degradation compounds formed were characterized using mass spectral study and a total 9 different degradation compounds were identified in the study. Hence the method can apply in identification and quantification of degradation compounds of TZPB in quality control and formulations.

Planar perovskite solar cells: Plasmonic nanoparticles‐modified ZnO as an electron transport layer for enhancing the device performance and stability at ambient conditions

The interfacial engineering of inorganic electron transport materials is to implement stable interfaces with perovskites that have received tremendous momentum in the field of photovoltaics. The viability of perovskite solar cells at ambient conditions and their possible commercialization is one of the recent interests among photovoltaic researchers. In this work, planar perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are fabricated using plasmonic nanoparticles (Ag and Au) incorporated flake-like ZnO nanostructured material that acts as an electron transport/interfacial layer. The power conversion efficiency and stability of the fabricated perovskite solar cells are evaluated at ambient conditions. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the constructed PSCs namely ZnO, ZnO/Ag, ZnO/Au nanostructured-based electron transport layer (ETL) is 4.68%, 4.92% and 5.50% respectively whereas the interfacial layered ZnO/Ag and ZnO/Au has achieved a maximum PCE of about 6.35% and 6.41%. The stability of all the fabricated devices is studied under AM 1.5 G illumination and UV light conditions in which the ZnO/Au interfacial layered device exhibits significant enhancement retaining ~93% and ~82% stability of initial power conversion efficiency.

Development and Validation of UPLC-MS / MS Method for Obtaining Favipiravir Tablet Dosage form and Evaluation of its Behavior Under forced Conditions

Aims: Favipiravir (FVP) is a drug developed against RNA viruses. It is a drug that is used actively in the treatment of coronavirus. In vitro and in vivo investigations have shown that it inhibits the virus. In this study, a recovery study of tablet formulations was carried out by developing a UPLC-MS/MS method, which is used extensively in pandemic conditions. In addition, stability studies of favipiravir agent under forced conditions were conducted. The validated method is selective, robust, simple and applicable for tablet analysis. C18 (4.6 mm × 50 mm, 2.7 μm) column was used as the stationary phase and water-methanol (80-20 v/v) containing 0.1% formic acid was used as the mobile phase. UPLC optimization; It was conducted at a wavelength of 222 nm and a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min at 40 °C, retention time was 1.155 min. The electrospray jet stream ionization source was analyzed using mass spectrometry in negative ion mode. The molecular peak for Favipiravir was [M-1] 155.9, and the daughter ion determined 112.6. The stability test method was carried out in accordance with the ICH procedure. Reaction and degradation rates of the active substance under various forced conditions (acidic, basic, oxidative, UV light and thermal conditions) were investigated. The products formed by the decomposition of the active substance under stress conditions were determined by mass spectroscopy.

FORCED INDICATING UPLC-DAD METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR ESTIMATION OF APALUTAMIDE IN BULK AND IN PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM

A new analytical method was developed for the estimation of apalutamide in bulk and its pharmaceutical formulation. The sensitive, précise and accurate method was developed by using Waters Acquity UPLC system equipped with quaternary gradient pump. The column used was Waters C18 150 X 2.1 mm X 1.7 µm and mobile phase was 0.2 % OPA buffer in water : acetonitrile in the ratio of 25:75 V/V. The buffer pH was maintained at 4.5. The fl ow rate of mobile phase was 0.5 mL min-1 and detection was at 272 nm by using PDA detector. The method was performed at ambient temperature. The retention time of the apalutamide was 1.27 min. The % RSD value in precision was >2 %. The accuracy of the method was found to be between 99.54 % - 100.01 %. The limit of detection and limit of quantifi cation values were found to be 0.14 µg mL-1 and 0.48 µg mL-1, respectively. The linearity concentration range was found to be 11.25 - 67.5 µg mL-1, it show wide linearity concentration range. The method was proved to have good robustness after changing parameters of fl ow rate, temperature and mobile phase composition. The method showed good ability towards different stress conditions of acidity, alkalinity, peroxide and UV-light. The method can be used for the routine analysis of apalutamide in bulk and its pharmaceutical dosage form by using UPLC.

Determining the structure-antibacterial properties relationship and bacterial inactivation kinetics in different morphological-controlled ZnO nanoarchitectures for wastewater applications

This study aimed to systematically evaluate and determine the specific roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Zn2+ ions in governing the antibacterial properties of different ZnO nanoarchitectures. This could differ greatly on model bacteria under different irradiation conditions and affects on the design and scale-up of ZnO-based photocatalytic system for wastewater applications. Various ZnO nanostructures were synthesized, characterised and systematically evaluated for their antibacterial properties on both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria under dark, UV-light, and simulated solar irradiation conditions. Results showed that the 1D-ZnO nanorods possessed the highest photo-deactivation ability with a 3.5-log reduction for B. subtilis and a 4.2-log reduction for E. coli under UV light conditions. This is precisely linked to the 1D rod-like ZnO nanostructures with a higher exposed polar surface that favours the dissolution kinetics of Zn2+ ions. Besides, the surface oxygen vacancies were found to be strongly correlated to the intracellular ROS concentration that imparts bactericidal effect at different extents depending on the ZnO nanostructures used. The photo-deactivation kinetics were found to be best-fitted using the empirical Hom model, as it could represent the non-linear bacterial inactivation kinetics profile with a prolonged tailing characteristic. Finally, the Friedman non-parametric test showed that all experimental datasets for B. subtilis and E. coli surviving cases were significantly different (p-value < 0.05). The post-hoc approach indicated that the Zn2+ ions dissolution was the fundamental factor in dictating the antibacterial properties in different ZnO nanostructures.

A Strategy towards Light-Absorbing Coatings Based on Optically Black Nanoporous Alumina with Tailored Disorder.

This work provides a conceptually new way of thinking about the light-absorbing mechanism in additive-free black porous anodic alumina (black PAA, or b-PAA) layers obtained via “burning” anodizing regime. The new insight into the controllable photonic effects in PAA allows the implementation of the optical blackening method based on the deliberate randomization of the initially well-ordered nanopore arrangement. The proposed black coloration mechanism rests solely on the destructive interference of light after its multiple scattering. Similar effects have been earlier considered for some natural or artificially created biomimetic structures (e.g., the so-called “moth eye effect”, or the coloration mechanism in the Neurothemis tullia dragonfly wings). Comprehensive analysis confirmed that the chemical composition of b-PAA has only a minor influence on the color changes and the optical density increase, and that the light-absorbing properties most likely result from the structural effects. The new functional 2D materials exhibit strong adhesion to aluminum surface, are cost-effective and suitable for application under harsh thermal or UV-light conditions. They are potentially useful for manufacturing of optical devices or heat-resistant coatings in aerospace technologies, as well as solid supports for biological filtration and fluorescence imaging.

Computational Design of Radical Recognition Assay with the Possible Application of Cyclopropyl Vinyl Sulfides as Tunable Sensors.

The processes involving the capture of free radicals were explored by performing DFT molecular dynamics simulations and modeling of reaction energy profiles. We describe the idea of a radical recognition assay, where not only the presence of a radical but also the nature/reactivity of a radical may be assessed. The idea is to utilize a set of radical-sensitive molecules as tunable sensors, followed by insight into the studied radical species based on the observed reactivity/selectivity. We utilize this approach for selective recognition of common radicals—alkyl, phenyl, and iodine. By matching quantum chemical calculations with experimental data, we show that components of a system react differently with the studied radicals. Possible radical generation processes were studied involving model reactions under UV light and metal-catalyzed conditions.

Nitroso-Caged Rhodamine: A Superior Green Light-Activatable Fluorophore for Single-Molecule Localization Super-Resolution Imaging

The evolution of super-resolution imaging techniques, especially single-molecule localization microscopy, demands the engineering of switchable fluorophores with labeling functionality. Yet, the switching of these fluorophores depends on the exterior conditions of UV light and enhancing buffers, which is bioincompatible for living-cell applications. Herein, to surpass these limitations, a nitroso-caging strategy is employed to cage rhodamines into leuco forms, which for the first time, is discovered to uncage highly bright zwitterions by green light. Further, clickable construction grants the specificity and versatility for labeling various components in living cells. The simultaneous photoactivation and excitation of these novel probes allow for single-laser super-resolution imaging without any harmful additives. Super-resolution imaging of microtubules in fixed cells or mitochondria and the distribution of glycans and H2B proteins in living cells are achieved at a molecular scale with robust integrity. We envision that our nitroso-caging probes would set a platform for the development of future visible-activatable probes.

A chromo-fluorogenic HMT sensor for Ag+ and the resultant HMT-Ag complex turn-off probe for F− in DMSO: experimental and theoretical studies

The photophysical properties of Hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) were investigated through physical methods and spectroscopically in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at ambient temperature. Evidently, HMT turned out as a sensor, selective and sensitive to silver ion (Ag+) only, among other cations, through colorimetric and fluorometric activities (observable by naked eye) and spectrally, both by UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. The resulting complex pedant (HMT-Ag) is highly responsive to the presence of fluoride ion (F−) in aqueous soluble DMSO, evidenced by changes in absorption spectra as well as fluorescence quenching, upon addition of the respective ions. Consequently, spectral changes induced by the addition of these ions, were consistently concomitant with colour changes, from colourless to light brown (HMT-Ag) to dark brown (HMT-Ag-F) in daylight condition, while bright light blue colour (HMT) to dark blue brownish (HMT-Ag) under UV-light conditions. The experimental results were complimented by theoretical studies, which are well within agreement of one another.

Photoelectrocatalytic degradation of glyphosate on titanium dioxide synthesized by sol-gel/spin-coating on boron doped diamond (TiO2/BDD) as a photoanode

The construction of a photoanode with several layers of titanium oxysulfate as a precursor to form titanium dioxide-TiO2 on boron doped diamond-BDD (TiO2/BDD), and its application for the photoelectro-degradation of glyphosate in aqueous medium are presented. The study was divided into three stages: i) optimization of the number of layers of the TiO2 precursor to modify BDD using a novel method combining Sol-gel/Spin-Coating; ii) characterization of the TiO2/BDD electrodes, by scanning electron microscopy-SEM, dispersive energy spectroscopy-EDX, Ray diffraction-XRD, contact angle, and electrochemical response by cyclic voltammetry using [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- system; iii) degradation of glyphosate (50 mg L−1) by electrochemical oxidation on BDD and photoelectrocatalysis on TiO2/BDD in dark and UV-light conditions, at different current densities, for 5 h. The glyphosate degradation and mineralization were evaluated by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, Total Organic Carbon, Chemical Oxygen Demand and inorganic-ions concentration (NO3−, PO43−, and NH4+). Also, the aminomethylphosphonic acid-AMPA was quantified by HPLC, as a degradation intermediate. Using five layers of the TiO2 precursor, in the construction of TiO2/BDD photoanode, and a lower contact angle, greater photoelectrocatalysis against the [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- redox system and better degradation of glyphosate compared to BDD without modification were achieved. The formation of TiO2 nanoparticles (14.79 ± 3.43 nm) in anatase phase on BDD was verified by SEM and XRD. Additionally, glyphosate degradation and mineralization were 2.3 times faster by photoelectrocatalysis on TiO2/BDD, relative to BDD, at 3 mA cm−2 and UV-light. Thus, the presence of TiO2 on BDD increases the rate and efficiency of glyphosate degradation with respect to electrochemical oxidation on BDD.

Key factors influencing the formation of sulfate aerosol on the surface of mineral aerosols: Insights from laboratory simulations and ACSM measurements

A significant technique of combining simulation experiments with a long-term real-time field measurement was first deployed to explore impacts of various environmental factors on formations of sulfate aerosol on the surface of mineral aerosols as MgO in the different reaction systems, and synergistic impacts of these environmental factors on the formation of sulfate aerosols in the different seasonal systems, especially in haze days. Meanwhile, a new correction technique was developed to estimate the effective reaction area and initial uptake coefficient of SO2 on the MgO aerosol surfaces. The significant results showed that the reactions of SO2 on the MgO aerosol surfaces in the system of SO2-MgO-dark could produce a small amount of sulfate and a large amount of sulfite and bisulfite, while in the systems of SO2-MgO-hν and SO2-MgO-O3 produce a large amount of sulfate and a small amount of sulfite and bisulfite. The impacts of temperature T and relative humidity RH on the sulfate formation on MgO aerosol surfaces showed a single-peak mode under the UV light condition, respectively. The sensitivities of these environmental factors to the sulfate aerosol formation were found to follow the order of RH > UV >T > O3 > SO2. The revised initial uptake coefficient γ0.REV of SO2 on the MgO aerosols was always between γ0.BET and γ0.GEO, and much closer to actual value. The heterogeneous reaction mechanisms of SO2 on the MgO aerosol surfaces in the different reaction systems were obviously different. In the presence of water, light irradiation and O3 exerted crucially significant roles in promoting sulfate heterogeneous formation. The various environmental factors in the different seasonal systems, especially in haze days, showed different synergistic effects on sulfate aerosol formations. The sulfate aerosol formations in haze days were mostly impacted by RH, T, O3, and SO2 in spring, RH in summer, RH, T, and SO2 in autumn, and RH and SO2 in winter. The study will provide significant scientific bases for understanding and controlling haze pollution formation.

Influence of lighting environment on social preferences in sticklebacks from two different photic habitats. I. mate preferences of wild-caught females.

Ultraviolet (UV) A signals (320–400 nm) are important in mate choice in numerous species. The sensitivity for UV signals is not only assumed to be costly, but also expected to be a function of the prevailing ecological conditions. Generally, those signals are favored by selection that efficiently reach the receiver. A decisive factor for color signaling is the lighting environment, especially in aquatic habitats, as the visibility of signals, and thus costs and benefits, are instantaneously influenced by it. Although ecological aspects of color signal evolution are relatively well-studied, there is little data on specific effects of environmental UV-light conditions on signaling at these shorter wavelengths. We studied wild-caught gravid female 3-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus of 2 photic habitat types (tea-stained and clear-water lakes), possessing great variation in their UV transmission. In 2 treatments, tea-stained and clear-water, preferences for males viewed under UV-present (UV+) and UV-absent (UV–) conditions were tested. A preference for males under UV+ conditions was found for females from both habitat types, thus stressing the significance of UV signals in stickleback’s mate choice decisions. However, females from both habitat types showed the most pronounced preferences for males under UV+ conditions under clear-water test conditions. Moreover, reflectance measurements revealed that the carotenoid-based orange-red breeding coloration in wild-caught males of both habitat types differed significantly in color intensity (higher in clear-water males) and hue (more red shifted in clear-water males) while no significant differences in UV coloration were found. The differential reflection patterns in longer wavelengths suggest that sticklebacks of both habitat types have adapted to the respective water conditions. Adaptations of UV signals in a sexual context to ambient light conditions in both behavior and coloration seem less evident.

RETRACTED: Two mixed ligand coordination polymers: Photocatalytic dye degradation and protective effect against peri-implantitis by reducing P. gingivalis survival gene expression levels

Two mixed-ligand Cu(II) coordination polymers have been obtained, and complex 1 with additional methyl groups shows better water stability under the UV light conditions and could be applied as an effective catalyst for photocatalytic dye degradation. Furthermore, their treatment activity on the peri-implantitis was determined and the principle was probed as well. At first, the bacterial numbers of the P. gingivalis was determined to assess the protective effect of compound against peri-implantitis. Next, the relative activity of the rpoA gene in the P. gingivalis was determined with real time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). • Two coordination polymers were prepared. • Complex 1 could be applied as an effective catalyst for photocatalytic dye degradation. • Their treatment activity on the peri-implantitis was determined and the principle was probed as well.