UV Absorption Spectra Research Articles

On Fault-Tolerant Partition Dimension of Homogeneous Caterpillar Graphs

Metric-related parameters in graph theory have several applications in robotics, navigation, and chemical strata. An important such parameter is the partition dimension of graphs that plays an important role in engineering, computer science, and chemistry. In the context of chemical and pharmaceutical engineering, these parameters are used for unique representation of chemical compounds and their structural analysis. The structure of benzenoid hydrocarbon molecules is represented in the form of caterpillar trees and studied for various attributes including UV absorption spectrum, molecular susceptibility, anisotropy, and heat of atomization. Several classes of trees have been studied for partition dimension; however, in this regard, the advanced variant, the fault-tolerant partition dimension, remains to be explored. In this paper, we computed fault-tolerant partition dimension for homogeneous caterpillars C p ; 1 , C p ; 2 , and C p ; 3 for p ≥ 5 , p ≥ 3 , and p ≥ 4 , respectively, and it is found to be constant. Further numerical examples and an application are furnished to elaborate the accuracy and significance of the work.

Vibrational Structure of a High-Resolution UV Absorption Spectrum of 2-Fluoroacryloyl Fluoride in the Gas Phase

Vibrational Structure of a High-Resolution UV Absorption Spectrum of 2-Fluoroacryloyl Fluoride in the Gas Phase

Facile electrochemical synthesis of triangle-shaped graphene nanoflakes and graphene quantum dots via surfactant-assisted and defect-induced mechanism

A facile and non-hazardous route for synthesis of triangle-shaped graphene nanoflakes and graphene quantum dots (GQDs) suspension via electrochemical exfoliation has been reported. In this work, a simple electrochemical technique was employed using pristine and heated graphite electrodes under the influence of anionic surfactant, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS). The synthesized graphene nanoflakes and GQDs suspension were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Raman Spectroscopy. The UV absorption spectra showed a bathochromic shift from the typical π → π* transition peak which due to the introduction of oxygen groups and/or functionalization of SDBS into the graphitic layers. Morphological analyses using TEM revealed the usage of heated graphite electrodes (600 °C at 5 min) produced a triangle-shaped graphene nanoflakes with an average size of ∼34 nm while the average size of the graphene nanoflakes obtained using the pristine graphite is ∼47 nm. A possible mechanism for the exfoliation of such morphology has been proposed. The graphene nanoflakes which have size less than 10 nm from both samples can be attributed to the presence of the GQDs. Raman analysis revealed ID/IG ratio of 0.223 and 0.203 for graphene nanoflakes electrochemically exfoliated from pristine and heated graphite respectively, which signifies a better quality and crystallinity and has low defects within the conjugated graphene backbone. The utilization of this electrochemical approach might expectantly pave the way towards the production of graphene nanoflakes with controlled morphology and low structural defects, which can be an efficient top-down process yet feasible for mass production.

Vibrational Structure of the High-Resolution UV Absorption Spectrum of Acetophenone in the Gas Phase

Vibrational Structure of the High-Resolution UV Absorption Spectrum of Acetophenone in the Gas Phase

High porosity fluorescent aerogel with new molecular probes for formaldehyde gas sensors

Solid-state fluorescence sensing detection method of porous materials loaded with fluorescent substances has become the research focus of researchers due to its sensitivity and efficiency. In this study, we presented a novel fluorescent aerogel for selective detection of formaldehyde gas by combining high porosity of aerogel for gas absorbance and high sensitivity of molecular fluorescent probes. The detection of formaldehyde gas was based on the aza-Cope reaction. To enhance the stability of fluorescent aerogel, the fluorescent molecule was chemically bonded with into the networks, during the sol-gel process for polycondensation. According to UV absorption spectra test, the grafting ratio is around 122 mg cm −3 . The prepared fluorescent aerogel sensor shows a high specific surface area of 779 m 2 g −1 and the porosity of the prepared aerogel is >95.6%, illustrating a good gas absorbance properties. Furthermore, the fluorescent aerogel sensor could selectively and sensitively detect FA gas and the limited of detection is 110 ppm. The composite fluorescent aerogel is expected to be used in the actual operation of formaldehyde detection. • A silica aerogel loaded with a new fluorescent probe was developed. • The probe loaded in the aerogel with high porosity is conducive to gas enrichment. • The fluorescent aerogel can sensitivity and selectively recognize formaldehyde.

Biological evaluation and spectral characterization of a novel tetracenomycin X congener

The aromatic polyketide tetracenomycin X (TcmX) was recently found to be a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis; its binding site is located in a unique locus within the tunnel of the large ribosomal subunit. The distinct mode of action makes this relatively narrow class of aromatic polyketides promising for drug development in the quest to prevent the spread of drug-resistant pathogens. Here we report the isolation and structure elucidation of a novel natural tetracenomycin X congener – 6-hydroxytetraceonomycin X (6-OH-TcmX). In contrast to TcmX, 6-OH-TcmX exhibited lower antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity, but comparable in vitro protein synthesis inhibition ability. A survey on spectral properties of tetracenomycins revealed profound differences in both UV-absorption and fluorescence spectra between TcmX and 6-OH-TcmX, suggesting a significant influence of 6-hydroxylation on the tetracenomycin X chromophore. Nonetheless, characteristic spectral properties of tetracenomycins make them suitable candidates for semi-synthetic drug development (e.g., for targeted delivery, chemical biology, or cell imaging).

Co-Crystals of Etravirine by Mechanochemical Activation

The co-crystals formation of etravirine with three carboxylic acids was investigated. New co-crystals of etravirine with adipic acid, benzoic acid, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid have been synthesized by wet milling of ingredients for 120 min. The novelty of these solid forms was first evidenced by powder X-ray diffraction. Their different morphology was evidenced by SEM microscopy. Spectroscopic analyses (FT-IR, MAS-NMR, and XPS) highlighted the hydrogen bonds between etravirine and co-formers, as a result of the solid-state reaction of the ingredients by wet milling. Thermal analyses pointed out that the milling process caused in co-crystals a reduction in the fusion enthalpy and the melting temperature, compared to the values obtained for etravirine. These co-crystals are stable up to four months on storage under extreme conditions, excepting the co-crystal with benzoic acid which begins to transform into a polymorph of etravirine after 30 days. The UV absorption spectra of the samples tested in three simulated physiological media with pH values of 6, 6.3, and 7 have evidenced the conformation change of etravirine due to hydrogen bonds between etravirine and carboxylic acids.

Exanthematous Drug Eruption as a Side Effect of Teneligliptin.

Sir, Teneligliptin – a novel dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor is a widely used medication for managing Type 2 diabetes mellitus as a single agent or as an add-on therapy with other oral antidiabetic agents (OADs). Teneligliptin is a cost-effective drug compared to other Gliptins and has a favourable adverse effect profile. There have been anecdotal reports of increased allergic events with the usage of various DPP-4 inhibitors.[1] This case report highlights one such case that we encountered when Teneligliptin use, in a known diabetic on Glimepiride and Metformin therapy, precipitated an exanthematous drug eruption. A 63-year-old gentleman presented with a history of Type 2 diabetes mellitus for the past 4 years along with hypertension and benign prostatic hypertrophy. He had been previously treated with a combination of Metformin 500 mg/Glimepiride 2 mg once a day along with Telmisartan 20 mg OD and Tamsulosin 0.4 mg OD for his other comorbidities. His body mass index was 25.51 kg/m2. Lab investigations revealed that his fasting plasma glucose was 189 mg/dL and his HbA1 C was 8.0%. Due to poor glycaemic control, the Endocrinologist added Tab. Teneligliptin 20 mg OD to his present oral antidiabetic regime. After starting Teneligliptin, he presented with an exanthematous rash which appeared a few hours after starting the medication. He did not take the tablet on the second day. He had rashes persisting on the second day and the third day. The dermatologist saw him and documented pruritic maculo-papular rashes on his trunk and limbs with erythema of the palms. There were no target lesions or oral lesions. Hence Teneligliptin was discontinued. He was given topical steroids (Betamethasone 0.1% w/w 20 g cream), white soft paraffin 13.2% and light liquid paraffin 10.2% 100 g cream for 7 days. The lesions disappeared gradually after discontinuation of the drug without leaving any residual skin lesions. Adverse drug reactions were assessed based on Naranjo Algorithm and it showed a score of 7 and this is a probable risk. Table 1 shows the application of the Naranjo scale for this particular patient.[2]Table 1: Naranjo nomogram as applied to this patientTeneligliptin is a widely used DPP-4 inhibitor in India due to its economic pricing and easy availability. Teneligliptin is not approved by the US food and drug administration. It is approved in Japan, Argentina, Korea, and India.[1] Most of the DPP-4 inhibitors have occasionally been reported to cause cutaneous reactions. In a study by Prabhat Agrawal et al.,[3] Teneligliptin induced diffuse erythematous pruritic cutaneous rash all over the limbs and trunk within 2 days after administration of the drug. Then the drug was stopped and Fexofenadine 120 mg once daily and topical emollients were started. The rash disappeared within 5–7 days and the symptoms reappeared when the drug was re-administered. Hence the drug was stopped in that particular person. Kaori Nakatani reported a Sitagliptin-induced drug eruption which occurred 6 months after initiation of the drug and gradually subsided after the cessation of Sitagliptin; except small itchy erythematous eruptions continued to appear due to photosensitive reaction of the drug. This is probably due to the structure and adsorption spectrum of Sitagliptin. It has three adsorptive peaks; both the 199.0 and 265.0 nm wavelengths are within the UV-C spectrum, while the 400.1 nm absorbance peak absorbs UV-A–visible light. Thus, Sitagliptin could cause persistent photosensitive eruption after cessation of the drug even with protection from UV light by hapten formation with subcutaneous protein.[4] The UV absorption spectrum of Teneligliptin is 244.80 nm.[5] Wavelengths within the UV-A (320–400 nm) and UV-B (290–320 nm) range are more likely to cause drug-induced photosensitivity reactions.[6] Here the patient presented with idiosyncratic delayed hypersensitivity pruritic exanthematous rashes and the dermatologist documented it as generalized pruritic maculo-papular rashes on the trunk and limbs with erythema of the palms. The lesions were not confined to sun-exposed areas and the mucosa was spared. CONCLUSION In the present case, generalized skin reactions appeared after the administration of Teneligliptin within a day and the symptoms disappeared after the cessation of the drug with anti-allergic treatment. Hence we suggest that the skin reaction observed in this case is Teneligliptin induced and close attention should be maintained for patients who are prescribed with Teneligliptin for any adverse cutaneous events. In addition, DPP-4 drugs are known to have photosensitive reactions, and hence this group of drugs should be administered cautiously in patients who are known to have photosensitive reactions with other medications. Financial support and sponsorship Nil. Conflicts of interest There are no conflicts of interest.

Nematic and smectic bithiophenes for UV sensing mechanism: Comparative calculations on different homologues

Four liquid crystalline molecules in the homologus series of 5,5′-Bis-(alkylpyridinyl)-2,2′-bithiophenes (nPBTP with n = 7, 8, 10, 12) have been investigated for UV sensing mechanism. Optimization of these compounds has been carried out through hybrid functional B3LYP along with 6-31 + G (d) basis set based on the crystallographic parameters as input. The UV absorption spectra of the molecules have been calculated and the configuration interaction singles (CIS) approach has been employed to study the electronic transitions features along with excited states calculation with the help of semiempirical Hamiltonian ZINDO. The INDO/S + CI method has been implemented for the same for comparison of the results. Various spectral parameters associated have been reported. The HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital) and LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) energies estimations, and the transition energies, the electron excitation nature concerning on the structural variations in the molecules are clarified. The results obtained suggest model UV sensing mechanism for full colour display applications. A comparison has been made between nematic and smectic systems.

Study on the regulation of polythiophene whiskers by electric field induction and the anisotropy of the film surface

AbstractIn recent years, polythiophene (P3HT) has become a kind of typical conjugated polymer material which is suitable to use on a large scale. However, it is difficult to obtain long P3HT fibers with a highly ordered arrangement due to the entanglement of molecular chains and inherent flexibility. In this work, P3HT fibers were successfully constructed and assembled by an electric‐field‐induced technique, which can be observed directly. The orientation of the P3HT molecules was confirmed by Raman and UV absorption spectra. The excellent anisotropic sliding properties of the surface of the assembled fibers were characterized by the water contact test. This work provides an idea for the preparation of smart sensing materials and lays a foundation for the wider application of P3HT. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry

Insight into the corrosion inhibition of new bis-quinolin-8-ols derivatives as highly efficient inhibitors for C35E steel in 0.5 M H2SO4

Both new bis-quinolin-8-ols, namely 5,5′ ((methylenebis(oxy))bis(methylene))bis(quinolin-8-ol)(MBQ), 5,5′-((propane-1,3-diylbis(oxy))bis(methylene))bis(quinolin-8-ol) (PBQ) were prepared in moderate yields through the O-alkylation of 5-(chloromethyl)-quinolin-8-ol hydrochloride by diol derivatives. FT-IR, elemental analysis, and NMR confirmed their molecular structures. The corrosion inhibitory potency of these new bis-quinolin-8-olswas assessed on C35E steel in 0.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte through several approaches such as weight loss, electrochemical measurements, UV–Visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and computational techniques. All outcomes findings confirm that MBQ and PBQ considerably amended protection properties of C35E steel and their performance followed the sequence, PBQ (97.3) > MBQ (95.0) at 0.001 M. Two bis-quinolin-8-ols revealed mixed-type inhibitory activity. The EIS results are described using two the structure model in the presence of bis-quinolin-8-ols compounds. A significant reduction in corrosion attack on the samples exposed to MBQ or PBQ solution was upheld by the surface analysis. The absorption spectra of Uv–visible disclose the occurrence of high interaction between iron atoms and bis-quinolin-8-olsmolecules. The bis-quinolin-8-ols were chemisorbed on the C35E steel surface and followed the Langmuir isotherm model. To get a preferable comprehension of the adsorption of compound species on the steel interface, a detailed modeling investigation was accomplished using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and DFT calculations.

Interaction of graphene oxide with lysozyme:Insights from conformational structure and surface charge investigations

Lysozyme (Lyz) is an important antibacterial protein that exists widely in nature. In recent years, the application of graphene oxide (GO) in the field of biotechnology electronics, optics, chemistry and energy storage has been extensively studied. However, due to the unique properties of GO, the mechanism of its interaction with biomacromolecule proteins is very complex. To further explore the interaction between GO and proteins we explore the influence of different pH and heat treatment conditions on the interaction between GO and Lyz, the GO (0–20 μg/mL) was added at a fixed Lyz concentration (0.143 mg/mL) under different pHs. The structure and surface charge changes of Lyz were measured by spectroscopic analysis and zeta potential. The results showed that the interaction between GO and Lyz depends on temperature and pH, significant changes have taken place in its tertiary and secondary structures. By analyzing the UV absorption spectrum, it was found that lysozyme and GO formed a stable complex, and the conformation of the enzyme was changed. In acidic pH conditions (i.e., pH < pI), a high density of Lyz were found to adsorb on the GO surface, whereas an increase in pH resulted in a progressive decrease in the density of the adsorbed Lyz. This pH-dependent adsorption is ascribed to the electrostatic interactions between the negatively charged GO surface and the tunable ionization of the Lyz molecules. The secondary structure of Lyz adsorbed on GO was also found to be highly dependent on the pH. In this paper, we investigated the exact mechanism of pH-influenced GO binding to lysozyme, which has important guidance significance for the potential toxicity of GO biology and its applications in biomedical fields such as structure-based drug design.

UV absorption spectrum and photodissociation dynamics of CH2OO following excitation to the B 1 A′ state

The spectroscopy and dynamics of the smallest Criegee intermediate CHOO following UV excitation to the B state is studied theoretically, based on multireference electronic wave functions and a quantum dynamical approach for the nuclear motion. Two interacting electronic states and two nuclear degrees of freedom are considered in the dynamical treatment. The UV absorption spectrum is found to agree very well with available experimental recordings when accounting for broadening effects due to vibrational and rotational congestion and lifetime effects. Upon higher resolution two different energetic regimes can be approximately distinguished, a higher-energy regime where the spectral envelope is broad and structureless, and dissociation is prompt, and a lower-energy regime featuring narrow resonances which are supported by the shallow well occurring at intermediate O–O distances, and decay by tunnelling to the repulsive outer part of the potential energy surface. The importance of nonadiabatic coupling effects is pointed out and future steps for an improved theoretical treatment are outlined.

Natural Dyeing of Cellulose and Protein Fibers with the Flower Extract of Spartium junceum L. Plant.

In this study, the natural dye was extracted from Spartium junceum L. (SJL) flowers and applied on cellulose (cotton) and protein (wool) fabric. Fabrics were pre-mordant with alum prior to the dyeing process. Considering the global requirements on zero waste and green policy, the dyeing process was intended to be as much as possible environmentally friendly but still effective. Therefore, mordant concentration was optimized due to the reduction of the negative impact. The efficiency of the dyeing process was investigated by examination of fabrics’ color characteristics and colorfastness to washing properties. In this paper, we have proved that the extracted dye from Spartium junceum L. is an acidic dye (mordant dye) which is more applicable for the treatment of wool fabrics. In this paper, it was proved that phytochemicals responsible for coloring are part of the flavonoids group. The UV absorption spectra of extracted dye show 4 bands in the region of λmax 224, 268, 308 and 346 nm which are ascribed to bands characteristic for flavonoids. Wool fabric pre-mordant with 3% alum and dyed shows great chromatic (C*) properties where C* value is in a range from 47.76 for unwashed samples to 47.50 for samples after 5 washing cycles and color hue (h°) is in a range 82.13 for unwashed samples to 81.52 for samples after 5 washing cycles. The best result regarding the colorfastness properties is shown by the wool sample treated with 3% alum after 5 washing cycles (total difference in color (Delta E*) = 0.87). These results confirm that metal (Al) from alum mordant make strong chemical bonds with wool substrate and dye since Delta E* values decrease in comparison to Delta E* values of the cotton samples treated the same way. The results revealed it is possible to reduce the concentration of mordant up to 3% and obtain satisfactory results regarding the colorfastness. Nevertheless, future research will go in the direction of replacing synthetic mordant with a more environmentally friendly one.

Complexes of criegee intermediate CH2OO with CO, CO2, H2O, SO2, NO2, CH3OH, HCOOH and CH3CH3CO molecules – A DFT study on bonding, energetics and spectra

Using high-level quantum chemical methods like CBS-QB3, CCSD(T), PBEPBE, the bonding and energy of the criegee intermediate (CI) CH2OO complexes, with atmospherically abundant gas molecules like H2O, CO, CO2, SO2, NO2, HCOOH, CH3OH and CH3CH3CO are studied. The interaction of CIs with these molecules results in hydrogen-bonded reaction complexes due to the zwitterionic character of CIs. Our findings indicate that CIs interact strongly with HCOOH, CH3OH, H2O and are weakly bonded to CO and CO2. The bonded complex of CIs with SO2 results in heteroozonide adduct. Energy decomposition analysis (EDA) reveals that the weakest interaction of CI with CO differs by 14 kcal/mol from that of the strongest criegee-HCOOH complex. EDA results augment well with the nature of bonding and charge transfer mechanism. Notably, exchange–correlation (XC) energy contributes maximum towards the interaction. Our IR analysis results suggest that CH2 and OO stretching frequencies of CIs are red-shifted with large charge transfers where distinct CH2 symmetric modes increase the rate in hydrogen-bonded criegee reaction complexes. The electronic transitions in UV absorption spectra show that the excitation wavelengths of CIs complexes with the atmospheric molecules is red-shifted.

4D biofabrication via instantly generated graded hydrogel scaffolds

Formation of graded biomaterials to render shape-morphing scaffolds for 4D biofabrication holds great promise in fabrication of complex structures and the recapitulation of critical dynamics for tissue/organ regeneration. Here we describe a facile generation of an adjustable and robust gradient using a single- or multi-material one-step fabrication strategy for 4D biofabrication. By simply photocrosslinking a mixed solution of a photocrosslinkable polymer macromer, photoinitiator (PI), UV absorber and live cells, a cell-laden gradient hydrogel with pre-programmable deformation can be generated. Gradient formation was demonstrated in various polymers including poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), alginate, and gelatin derivatives using various UV absorbers that present overlap in UV spectrum with that of the PI UV absorbance spectrum. Moreover, this simple and effective method was used as a universal platform to integrate with other hydrogel-engineering techniques such as photomask-aided microfabrication, photo-patterning, ion-transfer printing, and 3D bioprinting to fabricate more advanced cell-laden scaffold structures. Lastly, proof-of-concept 4D tissue engineering was demonstrated in a study of 4D bone-like tissue formation. The strategy's simplicity along with its versatility paves a new way in solving the hurdle of achieving temporal shape changes in cell-laden single-component hydrogel scaffolds and may expedite the development of 4D biofabricated constructs for biological applications.

Pharmacognostical, phytochemical and physiochemical studies of Bridelia tomentosa Bl.

To provide a scientific basis for identification of Bridelia tomentosa Bl., the current study was carried out for pharmacognostical and preliminary phytochemical analysis. The roots, stems and leaves were used for character identification, microscopic identification and physicochemical parameters analysis which mainly included the commonly used methods, like ash value, UV absorption spectrum and thin layer chromatography (TLC) etc. Pharmacognostic studies revealed presence of non-glandular hairs in leaf midrib transverse section, calcium oxalate cluster crystals and calcium oxalate crystals in stem transverse section, fibers in root transverse section, cork cells, fibers, non-glandular trichomes, pitted vessels, calcium oxalate crystals and calcium oxalate crystal clusters in powder microscopy. Phytochemical investigation showed the presence of carbohydrates, tannins and volatile oils from water and petroleum ether soluble extract, while flavones, phytosterol and triterpene were detected from ethanol extract and alkaloids from acid-water soluble extract. The presence of chlorogenic acid in Bridelia tomentosa extract with specific Rf values was detected using TLC. The findings confirmed that Bridelia tomentosa clearly has significant pharmacognostical characters, which would be valuable for providing a dependable foundation for authenticity of plant materials.

Antifungal Activity of Iron-gold and Cobalt-gold co-doped ZnO Nanoparticles

Zn0.98Fe0.01Au0.01O and Zn0.98Co0.01Au0.01O nanoparticles (NPs) have been synthesized via poly ethylene glycol assisted route. The average crystallite size of Zn0.98Fe0.01Au0.01O and Zn0.98Co0.01Au0.01O NPs were estimated from X-ray diffraction results and the values are 31.38 nm and 36.14 nm respectively. The UV absorption spectra confirmed the formation of the NPs with the characteristic peaks at 374 and 366 nm respectively. This spectral observation indicates that the band gap of ZnO nanoparticles decreases by doping iron/gold and cobalt/gold nanoparticles. The morphology and elemental composition of Zn0.98Fe0.01Au0.01O and Zn0.98Co0.01Au0.01O NPs were investigated. The antifungal activity of synthesized Zn0.98Fe0.01Au0.01O and Zn0.98Co0.01Au0.01O NPs were found against four postharvest pathogenic fungi like Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus microsporus and Pencillium sp. The doping of iron and gold in ZnO nanoparticles enhances the zone of inhibition for the fungal pathogens compared to pure ZnO nanoparticles. Antifungal activity of Zn0.98Fe0.01Au0.01O and Zn0.98Co0.01Au0.01O nanoparticles were higher when compared with standard antibiotic mycostatin whose zone of inhibition is 18 mm against Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus microsporus and Pencillium sp.

Rubber latex fuel extracted green biogenic Nickel doped ZrO2 nanoparticles and its resistivity

Synthesis of nanoparticles by green biogenic method using plant extract is an effective, attractive and eco-friendly. The present study gives an evidence on the production of Zr1-x Nix O2 (x = 0.01, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.20) nanoparticles using extract of rubber latex. This natural extracted preparation of materials proves kind enough to environment and can be used as a reducing agent in the preparation of zirconium dioxide nanoparticles. The structure and size of the synthesized nanoparticles has been outlined by XRD spectra. FTIR plays key part in finding the additional elements that are present in the doped Zirconium oxide nanoparticle. UV absorbance spectra shows a peak at 200 nm which is blue shifted compared to the bulk Zirconium oxide material that specifies the tetragonal structure of the prepared nanoparticles. Energy gap of 2.4 – 2.75 eV was determined using Tauc’s equation from the absorption coefficient (α) with energy of the photon (hν). The resistivity was determined using Keithley source meter by two probe method to find the voltage and current values. V-I characteristic were plotted using origin pro and the slope between 2.79 E + 03 – 7.66 E + 03 was found. The slope itself is the resistance of the material.

Phytochemical profiling and GC–MS analysis of Vitis rotundifolia pulp extract (Jumbo muscadine)

Now a days, phytochemical screening and GCMS analysis draw the attention of researchers, as it is the important tool to analyze secondary metabolites and bioactive compounds which are used to produce the herbal medicines, food colorants, flavors and fragrances. In this study bioactive compounds and phytochemical constituents of Jumbo muscadine grape pulp extract are analyzed. The extract has been characterized by UV and FTIR in which both the optical property and functional groups are identified. Absorption spectra of UV showed the highest peak at 270 nm which associates to the polyphenol and functional groups such as alcohol; alkene has been interpreted using FTIR spectrum. Presence of phytochemicals is confirmed by qualitative tests and quantified. Bioactive compounds are interpreted using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. This grape extract contains phenols, terpenoids, saponins and carbohydrates as major phytochemicals. Identified essential bioactive compounds of this extract include Glycerin, oleic acid, palmitic acid and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural.