Utilization Of Water Hyacinth Research Articles

Synthesis, Characterization, and Utilization of Water Hyacinth (<i>Eichhornia crassipes</i>) Magnetic Biochar for Nitrate Removal from Simulated Wastewater

Synthesis, Characterization, and Utilization of Water Hyacinth (<i>Eichhornia crassipes</i>) Magnetic Biochar for Nitrate Removal from Simulated Wastewater

The Effect of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) Organic Fertilizer on The Vegetative Growth of Carrot (Daucus carota), Royal Chantenay Variety

This study conducted in Gasabo District, Nyacyonga marshland aimed to investigate the effect of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) organic fertilizer on the vegetative growth of the Royal Chantenay variety of carrot (Daucus carota). The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Four treatments were applied: T1 (control, no fertilizer), T2 (NPK 17-17-17), T3 (25% water hyacinth organic fertilizer + 75% NPK 17-17-17), and T4 (50% water hyacinth organic fertilizer + 50% NPK 17-17-17). The growth parameters assessed included plant height, leaf number, and root diameter. Results showed that the application of water hyacinth organic fertilizer significantly influenced the vegetative growth of Royal Chantenay carrot plants. T3 and T4 treatments enhanced plant height, leaf number, and root diameter compared to the control (T1) and NPK 17-17-17 (T2). The highest vegetative growth parameters were observed in T4, indicating that a higher concentration of water hyacinth organic fertilizer positively affected the growth of carrot plants. The findings suggest that water hyacinth organic fertilizer can be a viable alternative to chemical fertilizers in promoting the vegetative growth of Royal Chantenay carrot plants. The utilization of water hyacinth as an organic fertilizer can contribute to sustainable agricultural practices by reducing dependence on synthetic inputs.

Utilization of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) biomass as eco-friendly sorbent for petroleum oil spill cleanup

Abstract This study focuses on the removal of spent engine oil (SEO) spill from the water surface using water hyacinth biomass (WHB)-based sorbents. The raw WHB was modified using extra virgin coconut oil (mainly consisting of lauric acid) to enhance the hydrophobicity and floating ability. With varying amounts of coconut oil and solvent, six diverse types of modified water hyacinth biomass (MWHB) were prepared. Among these MWHBs, an equal proportion of coconut oil and raw WHB with 10% methanol solution exhibited the highest removal of SEO reaching 96%. Various sorption kinetics and isotherm models were examined to understand the SEO sorption process on MWHB. The pseudo-second-order kinetics (R2 0.999) and both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models (R2 0.992 and R2 0.999, respectively) were found to be the best-fitting models. These findings indicated a chemisorption mechanism involving the initial monolayer coverage of SEO molecules on the MWHB surface followed by the development of multilayers. The MWHB achieved a maximum sorption capacity of 4.75 g/g within 60 min. Furthermore, the reusability tests showed that MWHB maintained a sorption capacity of over 90% even after the third sorption–desorption cycle.

Utilization of Water Hyacinth as Organic Fertilizer on Kemaro Island, Palembang City

The water hyacinth is a free-floating aquatic plant. Water hyacinth has massive reproductive capacity, which causes several problems, including ecosystem destruction, irrigation problems, and its use as a breeding ground for mosquitoes, which causes the mosquito population to increase. The high growth rate of water hyacinth is also a major problem faced by the people on Kemaro Island. The large number of water hyacinth plants on Kemaro Island causes environmental issues, such as slum settlements. Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang (Pusri) Ltd. is here to overcome this problem through a community empowerment program, namely the Sehat Sejahtera Program (Sesera). The methods used in this research are literature study, observation, and interviews. The research results show that the Sesera Program is able to reduce the number of water hyacinths that accumulate around the residences of Kemaro Island residents. Through the Sesera Program, Pusri empowers the community to utilize and process water hyacinth in order to reduce the number of water hyacinth growing around Kemaro Island. Activities carried out by utilizing water hyacinth to become compost. To maintain these impacts or benefits, the Sesera Program through water hyacinth composting activities needs to involve other stakeholders who are able to encourage and increase the impact of the program, such as the Village Government, City government, and agriculture service.

Sustainable production of multifunctional hierarchical carbon from weed water hyacinth: Assessment for lithium-ion battery and supercapacitor

The proliferation of water hyacinth (WH) can cause significant problems in freshwater; therefore, the effective management and utilization of WH are intensively required. This contribution demonstrates the conversion of WH to nitrogen-doped hierarchical activated carbon (WHAC). The developed treatment process is facile and requires two steps: hydrothermal treatment to fix the inherited nitrogen atoms in the carbon structure and chemical activation to alter physical properties. The resultant WHAC shows a high nitrogen content of 4.17 wt% in its structure and a surface area of 1353 m2 g−1 with a significant degree of micropores of 1076 m2 g−1, making it suitable for energy applications. As an anode material in lithium-ion batteries, the WHAC exhibits a good capacity of 931 mAh g−1 at a current rate of 100 mAh g−1, which is 2.5 times more remarkable than commercial graphite. Moreover, as an electrode material in supercapacitors in a two-electrode system, the WHAC provides a high specific capacitance of 93 F g−1 in 1 M TEABF4 in acrylonitrile at a current rate of 0.5 A g−1, which is 20 % higher than that of commercial activated carbon (YP-50F). This illustration confirms the sustainable strategy for waste-to-materials treatment for engineering implications, e.g., energy storage devices.

Progress in the utilization of water hyacinth as effective biomass material

AbstractWater hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is considered a prospective free-floating aquatic plant potentially used to address current issues on food, energy, and the environment. It can grow quickly and easily in various tropical and subtropical environments as long as it has access to adequate light and water to support photosynthetic growth. Ecosystems are threatened by their invasive growth and remarkable capacity for adaptation. However, managing this plant can result in valuable products. This paper demonstrates particle technologies that might be used to utilize water hyacinths, including brake pads, fertilizer, bioenergy, animal feed, phytoremediation agents, bioplastics, and adsorbents. This study is accompanied by a discussion based on the conducted experiments and currently available literature, providing readers with a clearer understanding. Water hyacinth's capacity to absorb macro- and micro-nutrients, nitrogen, and phosphorus makes it a good plant for phytoremediation. The prospect of producing cellulose makes it prospective as a biomass energy source and livestock feeding. Further, it can be transformed into high-cellulose content particles for applications in bioplastics, brake pads, and adsorbents. The current reports regarding education of water hyacinth to student also were added. Finally, issues and suggestions for future development related to the use of water hyacinths are discussed. This study is expected to provide comprehensive knowledge on how to turn invasive water hyacinth plants into valuable products.

Impact Analysis of The Benefits of Heach Heater (Eichornia Crassipess) for The Environment in The Batu Jai Dam Area, Central Lombok District

The Batu Jai Dam functions as an irrigation facility in the agricultural areas of Penujak, Setanggor, Darek, Ungga, Ranggagata, and around Praya Barat District, Central Lombok Regency with an area of ​​3,350 ha. Water hyacinth is a dangerous weed because it grows very fast, so a model for the control and utilization of water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) must be carried out. One way to do this is to utilize the water hyacinth plant into a marketable product such as fertilizer, handicraft products and others. The technique of determining the location and population is done by purposive sampling method. The results of a search with a questionnaire on 50 respondents about the benefits of water hyacinth plants obtained the benefits of water hyacinth plants according to the people around the Batujai dam, namely 40% stated that the benefits of water hyacinth plants as raw materials for making fertilizer, 30% as raw materials for crafts such as sandals, bags, and other, 20% of water hyacinth plants are used as medicine and only 5% of the people consider water hyacinth plants as weeds. Whereas in extension activities with 35 participants, 48.6% stated that water hyacinth plants could be useful as raw materials for crafts, 37.1% stated that they were used as fertilizer raw materials, 3% stated that they were useful as medicine and 2% stated that they are weeds. concluded that water hyacinth plants are economically, socially, ecologically beneficial. This shows that water hyacinth plants are beneficial to the environment around the dam. Based on the results of the FGD, there were 3 important activities carried out by related agencies based on the results of counseling and interviews with the community, namely water hyacinth plants as fertilizer, as raw materials for crafts and determining the location of water hyacinth cultivation outside the Batujai Dunngan.

Utilization of Water Hyacinth and Spent Coffee Ground as Raw Materials to Produce Bio-Compost

The study aims to utilize water hyacinth and spent coffee grounds (SGC) as raw materials to produce bio-compost and its effects on rice growth. Four different bio-compost formulations were produced. The water hyacinth (6 kg) and dried cow manure (2 kg) were thoroughly mixed and added with SGC+EM (Trial 1), SGC+water (Trial 2), EM (Trial 3), and water (Trial 4). At the end of fermentation, the 3 types of macronutrients (N, P, and K) were determined. Germination percentage and growth in response to this bio-compost were also assessed. The results found that the bio-compost consisted of N, P, and K, ranging from 311–350, 154–197, and 23–25 mg/100 g, respectively. All bio-composts had a favorable effect on the germination percentage, root and shoot lengths, and vigor index of rice seedlings in the seed germination assay. Trial 2 gave the highest root and shoot lengths of 7.32 and 4.35 cm, respectively, and the greatest value of 1051 of the vigor index. At 45 DAS, the results revealed that all trials of bio-compost had a beneficial influence on the development of rice seedlings by increasing root and shoot lengths and fresh and dried weights of rice seedlings, especially Trial 2, which consisted of SGC when compared to the controls. In this phenomenon, the presence of SGC at low concentrations could encourage rice growth.

The utilization of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) harvested from the phytoremediation process as activated carbon in Cr(VI) adsorption

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is one aquatic plant widely used in phytoremediation. Water hyacinths can absorb organic, inorganic, and heavy metal pollutants. Cr(VI) is one of the heavy metals found in industrial waste. Adsorption is one of the techniques used to remove the heavy metal content. Activated carbon is one of the good adsorbents because it has a high adsorption ability. The ability of activated carbon to adsorb is influenced by surface area, solution pH, and adsorbent dose. This study aims to utilize water hyacinth-activated carbon to absorb Cr(VI) and determine the optimum adsorption conditions based on pH, contact time, activated carbon weight, and variations in the optimum concentration of Cr(VI) solutions. Conducted the research experimentally with the stages covering: (1) the manufacture of activated carbon from water hyacinth, (2) the carbonization process at temperatures of 300°C and 600°C for 2.5 hours, (3) the chemical activation process with ZnCl2 10%, (4) quality testing of activated carbon based on SNI No. 06-3730-1995 on moisture content, ash content, iodine absorption, methylene blue absorption, (5) characteristics of water hyacinth-activated carbon functional groups by FTIR, (6) preliminary tests, (7) optimization of optimum adsorption conditions on variations in pH, contact time, activated carbon weight, concentration Cr(VI) solutions with UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results showed that the characteristic test of water hyacinth-activated carbon had met the requirements of SNI No. 06-3730-1995 for moisture content, iodine absorption, and methylene blue absorption. A preliminary test showed that the activated carbon of water hyacinth leaves had the highest adsorption capacity. The optimum conditions for the adsorption of Cr(VI) by water hyacinth leaves were at pH 1, the weight of activated carbon 1 gram, a contact time of 24 hours, and a concentration of Cr(VI) solutions of 200 mg/L.

Utilization of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) as a Feasible Substrate for the Production of Single Cell Protein Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Baker’s Yeast)

Utilization of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) as a Feasible Substrate for the Production of Single Cell Protein Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Baker’s Yeast)

Utilization of water hyacinth in constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment

Municipal wastewater discharge is one of the most serious threats to the ecosystem. The sewage needs to be treated appropriately before the wastewater can be released into the environment. In recent years, the application of constructed wetlands, and facultative ponds treating domestic sewage has attracted attention because it is environmental approach. Vegetation considered as a dominant feature of constructed wetlands, and acts as a biotic factor in the treatment process. The water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipies) appears to be a promising candidate for pollutants removal owning to its rapid growth rate and extensive root system. This study is conducted to determine the efficiency of water hyacinth in wastewater treatment for nutrient removal and to identify the best practices for water hyacinth cultivation in the sewage treatment plant (STP). Plant growths and water quality were measured to determine the suitability of water hyacinth for sewage treatment plant. Water hyacinth has a good potential to be utilized in constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment.

PENYULUHAN DAN PELATIHAN PENINGKATAN KUALITAS AIR SUNGAI CITARUM MELALUI PEMANFAATAN ECENG GONDOK DAN PENATAAN LINGKUNGAN DAS CITARUM

In Sukaluyu Village as well as along the Citarum Karawang watershed area there are lots of water hyacinth plants, can absorb pollutants contained in wastewater while reducing the amount of water hyacinth in the waters, is a solution that can be applied in the village. Utilization of water hyacinth as an adsorbent is also one of the appropriate technologies in environmental conservation. Likewise, the arrangement of the Citarum watershed environment will make the living environment more beautiful and comfortable. For this reason, it is important to conduct counseling and training to the community to be able to use water hyacinth leaves as an adsorbent that can be used as a material for purifying wastewater that pollutes the Citarum River. The methods used were socialization and training on the use of adsorbents from water hyacinth leaves and online landscape plant design. The goal is to invite the people of Sukaluyu Village to actively participate in creating a clean and comfortable environment. The results of the implementation of this PKM activity can be concluded that this PKM activity can add insight to the members of the Environmental Friendly Community and the community in Sukaluyu Village, Teluk Jambe Timur District, Karawang Regency regarding the processing of domestic and industrial liquid waste that contains B3, especially regarding the use of water hyacinth leaves as adsorbent and structuring the Citarum watershed environment to create a comfortable and prosperous living environment.

Compost preparation, chemical analyses and users’ perception in the utilization of water hyacinth, Ethiopia

Lake Tana is the largest freshwater body in Ethiopia. Currently, the lake has been facing alarming environmental degradation and loss of biodiversity due to the invasion of water hyacinth. Although the weed is invasive, it can be converted into various benefits. Hence, this study was conducted in North Eastern Lake Tana, Sheha Gomengie Kebele. The main objective is compost preparation in terms of its drying periods, analyses, and user perception. Physicochemical and nutrient analyses were performed according to the standard procedures. Acid digestion was used for heavy metal analyses. From the result, the pH measurements ranged from 7.619 ± 0.195 to 7.719 ± 0.261, and the moisture content ranged from 38.712 ± 0.680 to 49.60 ± 9.06%. The mean electrical conductivity (EC) values of all treatments of matured compost ranged from 2.780 ± 0.542 to 3.51 ± 0.971 ds/m. The TN values of the matured compost ranged from 0.420 ± 0.379 to 0.754 ± 0.194 on a dry weight basis. The overall mean values of the C:N ratio for all the treatments were 11.60 which is within an acceptable range. A high amount of available P concentrations was observed in all compost treatments which ranged from 2.740 ± 0.190 to 2.940 ± 1.410 g/kg. Moreover, the concentrations of heavy metals in all treatments were below the permissible limit of different agencies and there was also no significant difference in the mean values of analysis of variance at (P < 0.05). Therefore, the prepared compost can be recommended for better agricultural purposes. Considering users’ understanding of compost preparation as an opportunity, converting WH into compost is promising in terms of its rich supply and the possibility of preparing in the dry season where labor is abundant. Therefore, it can be one way of sustainably reducing WH adverse effects on the Lakeshore.

Pemanfaatan Tanaman Eceng Gondok Menjadi Kerajinan Anyaman Sebagai Upaya Dalam Mengurangi Pencemaran Sungai Di Kecamatan Pammana

In Pammana Subdistrict there are very many water hyacinth plants and have the potential to damage the environment. In this study, we intend to clean the river from water hyacinth plants as well as to process these plants into something useful. For this reason, the researchers carried out this activity with the objectives of: 1.) socializing the Pammana residents about the importance of protecting the environment, especially the rivers in Pammana, 2) Conducting training to the community regarding the use of water hyacinth into wickerwork, 3) Knowing the use of water hyacinth plants as woven crafts in reducing river pollution in Pammana District. The methods used to solve this problem are descriptive analysis, observation, interviews, discussions, and training assistance in making water hyacinth woven crafts with the target group. The processing processes are: Drying water hyacinth, making patterns, weaving, sewing, and finishing. The results of the activities achieved were: 1.) Increased awareness of Pammana residents regarding the importance of protecting the environment, especially rivers in Pammana, 2.) There was an increase in community creativity, especially in managing water hyacinth into woven crafts, 3.) Utilization of water hyacinth into woven crafts was very effective in reducing growth of water hyacinth in the river Pammana District

Potential of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) as Compost and its Effect on Soil and Plant Properties: A Review

Water hyacinth, the devastating weed grows in water bodies either naturally or as a result of human interference, is considered as threat to environment due to its negative effects on aquatic ecosystems. To alleviate its negative impact utilization of those become as better mean in recent decades. As such, water hyacinth is known to has potential to be utilized as nutrient source via composting, all most all types of composting techniques are applicable in preparation of compost from water hyacinth. Being an organic source, water hyacinth helps build up soil organic matter, in turn play vital role in the enrichment of the soil physical, chemical and biological properties. Aggregation of soil particles, porosity, density, water holding capacity, nutrient availability, cation exchange capacity, pH, soil microorganism are the soil properties reported to improve with water hyacinth compost application. Moreover, water hyacinth compost seems to be far better than the animal manures in improvement of soil properties. As a result, water hyacinth compost shows magnificent effect of plant agronomic growth parameters such as germination percentage, number of leaves, leaf area index, plant height, length of shoot and root, root: shoot ratio, biomass content as well as yield parameters. However, utilization of water hyacinth has few challenges like difficulties in harvesting, chance for heavy metal accumulation, hardness during decomposition, less awareness. Properly managed water hyacinth compost would serve as an alternative for inorganic nutrient sources in future thus indirectly the threat caused by this aquatic weed on environmental would become minimum.

Utilization of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and Corncob (Zea mays) in Epoxy-based Biocomposite Board for Cool Box Thermal Insulation Material

Generally, the cool box is produced using styrofoam as the main thermal insulation material. However, the use of styrofoam potentially cause pollution to the environment at the end of its useful life because it cannot decompose naturally. The effort to overcome this problem is by producing thermal insulation materials from natural sources such as water hyacinth and corncob. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of biocomposite board made from combination of water hyacinth powder and corncob ash based on physical, mechanical, and thermal conductivity analysis. Biocomposite boards were produced by introducing combination of water hyacinth powder and corncorb ash (5, 10, 15%wt) into epoxy resin. The ratio of water hyacinth powder and corncob ash were 100:0 (P0), 95:5 (P1), 90:10 (P2), 85:15 (P3). The biocomposite boards were also made from water hyacinth powder and corncob powder, which ratio of 15:85 (P4) and 0:100 (P5). The results of this research revealed that type P5 board had the lowest density value (0.927 g / cm3) and the lowest water absorption value (1.53%). The P2 type board shows the highest bending strength (8.6 N/mm2) which met the requirements of JIS A 5908 for particleboards type 8. The highest value of compressive strength was observed at P5 type board which was 2.94 ± 0.53 N / mm2. The lowest thermal conductivity values were observed at P2 type boards (0.305 W / mK). It can be concluded that, P2 type board had the best thermal insulator properties among other boards in this study. The thermal insulation effectiveness assessment of biocomposite board for cool box application was conducted using P2 and P5 type boards. The assessment results demonstrated that the styrofoam cool box and commercial cool box performance for maintaining temperature were superior compared to biocomposite cool box. Therefore, it is necessary to re-examine the biocomposite cool box, especially in terms of panel assembling and the shape of the lid, to produce biocomposite cool box with thermal insulator properties comparable to the commercial cool box.

MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF ADOBE BRICKS REINFORCED WITH WATER HYACINTH FIBER

Thailand is facing serious water pollution problems, especially in natural water sources such as rivers and canals. The widespread water hyacinth plant prevents oxygen from penetrating and dissolving into the water. Therefore, the utilization of water hyacinth as construction materials can be an alternative to reduce the volume of water hyacinth. This study focused on the mechanical behavior of adobe bricks by using water hyacinth as fiber reinforcement. The mixture of adobe bricks was a combination of clay and sand in a ratio of 1:1. Cement at 5% is added to the mixture of adobe bricks. Water hyacinth at the length of 3 cm, 5 cm, and 7 cm was mixed with soil samples at 0.5% by weight. The mechanical behavior of adobe bricks consists of compressive strength, flexural strength, durability, and volume change are investigated. The results demonstrated that the adobe bricks reinforced with water hyacinth couldreduce the shrinkage by approximately 31-34%. Moreover, the flexural strength of adobe bricks reinforced with water hyacinth can reach 61-74% of the compressive strength. However, the flexural strength of non-reinforced adobe bricks can reach only 17% of the compressive strength. The addition of water hyacinth in the adobe bricks can decrease the unit weight by approximately 20%. Moreover, non-reinforced samples broke down after soaking in the water for 24 hours. In conclusion, water hyacinth fiber can increase flexural strength, durability and reduce the shrinkage of adobe bricks.

Utilization of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) as Fish Feed Ingredient

A freshwater plant, water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is commonly found in public waters in Indonesia. Water hyacinth often experiences blooming which causes negative impacts such as lowering oxygen levels, reducing the number of fish, increasing evapotranspiration, disrupting transportation, becoming habitat for disease vectors, and others. However, water hyacinth can be used as an alternative raw material because it still contains nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. Water hyacinth also has potential as an antibacterial agent because it contains secondary metabolites (alkaloids, saponins, steroid compounds, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, glycosides, and cardiac glycosides). The utilization of water hyacinth as fish feed ingredient has been shown to give positive effect on the growth of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), goldfish (Cyprinus carpio), and Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) seeds. The use of water hyacinth as an alternative fish feed ingredient can be a solution to reduce production costs and reduce the impact of water hyacinth blooms.

The utilization of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) for the development of sludge worm (Tubifex sp.) cultivation

Sludge worms (Tubifex sp.) is one of the important components of fish cultures. Sludge worms contain high protein as nutrition for fish foods. The worm grows fast and relatively smaller size that is suitable with the small size of the fish mouth. Intensification of sludge worm production through cultivation needs to be done in order to meet the growing needs of fish food. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is a weed that lends the ecosystem and is not utilized in the community. In fact, water hyacinth has a high protein content to become feed nutrition. This research supports the conversion of water hyacinth into optimal cultivation media. is the experimental design used four media variations namely treatment-I, treatment-II and treatment-III. Fermentation was used to breakdown the fibre of water hyacinth. The water system used a recirculation system. The parameters tested are water quality, water flow rate & dissolved oxygen. The pH showed range from 7.0–7.6. DO showed range from 1.2−1.4 mg/L. The temperature showed range 25.6–28.2 °C.

Analysis on WH cement composite thermal insulation material for increasing efficiency of building

Abstract Because of the restricted gracefully of characteristic assets, quick urbanization causes a shortage of conventional structure materials. Then again, the vitality devoured by customary structure materials is contaminates air, water and land. There is a need to actualize practical, earth amicable innovation and update conventional methods with available neighborhood materials to fulfill the ever-expanding need for vitality proficient structure materials. Agro-mechanical and other strong garbage removal is another major issue of worry in creating nations. Simultaneously, obtrusive amphibian weeds like water hyacinth (WH) are presenting serious financial and ecological issues in India. At present agro squanders are utilized as a crude material for bio warm protection materials. This paper surveys a reasonable proposition for use of WH as a warm protection material. The different techniques to plan the water hyacinth concrete composite board and diverse physical, warm properties are examined in the ebb and flow audit. Water hyacinth based warm protection materials are assessed for their strategies for creation and physic-warm properties and contrasted these and agro-squander based warm protection materials. The utilization of WH in the development business would add to a cleaner situation. To sum things up, it tends to be expressed that self-supporting WHP–concrete sheets could be utilized as an option in contrast to warm protection material. This material expands the vitality proficiency of working in regions where WH is an interminable issue.