Utilization Of Rice Straw Research Articles

A review on recent eco-friendly strategies to utilize rice straw in construction industry: pathways from bane to boon.

With the growing demand, a large amount of paddy has been harvested by growers leaving behind the stubble (left over rice straw), which is being a big burden on the farmers for its management. For the easy access, the burning of stubble has been opted which in turn results in the deterioration of the environment. To mitigate this problem, rice straw utilization strategies should be opted. Therefore, in this review article, the strategies of utilizing rice straw in fiber or ash form to manufacture construction materials have been summarized. The manuscript also considers the method of productions, variability in raw materials, and various mechanical/physical properties of construction materials targeted. Further, the financial aspects related to utilization of rice straw and rice straw ash are also encoded at last. This review will be helpful to expedite the research in this field and may also be used for startups related to various product development using straw in the local areas, which may depreciate the burning of straw in the field and its environmental effects.

Utilizing rice straw and sugarcane bagasse as low-cost feedstocks towards sustainable production of succinic acid

Succinic acid (SA) has been produced from rice straw (RS) and sugarcane bagasse (SB) as low-cost feedstocks in this study through sequential peracetic acid (PA) and alkaline peroxide (AP) pretreatment assisted by ultrasound and pre-hydrolysis followed by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (PSSF). The effect of yeast extract (YE) concentration, inoculum concentration, and biomass type on SA production was investigated. The results showed that SA production from RS and SB was significantly affected by the YE concentration. Final concentration and yield of SA produced were significantly increased along with the increasing of YE concentration. Moreover, inoculum concentration significantly affected the SA production from SB. Higher inoculum concentration led to higher SA production. On the other hand, SA production from RS was not significantly affected by the inoculum concentration. Using RS as the feedstock, the highest SA production was achieved on the medium containing 15 g/L YE with 5 % v/v inoculum, obtaining SA concentration and yield of 3.64 ± 0.1 g/L and 0.18 ± 0.05 g/g biomass, respectively. Meanwhile, the highest SA production from SB was acquired on the medium containing 10 g/L YE with 7.5 % v/v inoculum, resulting SA concentration and yield of 5.1 ± 0.1 g/L and 0.25 ± 0.05 g/g biomass, respectively. This study suggested that RS and SB are potential to be used as low-cost feedstocks for sustainable and environmentally friendly SA production through ultrasonic-assisted PA and AP pretreatment and PSSF.

In vitro rumen fermentation characteristics of fermented complete feed based on rice straw with moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera) addition

The utilization of rice straw as feed must be supplemented with a higher nutritive quality diet such as moringa leaves, formulated as a fermented complete feed to increase its low digestibility. The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vitro digestibility of fermented complete feed based on rice straw with moringa leaves addition. Complete feed was formulated based on 40% rice straw, mixed with other ingredients, and then fermented with Suplemen Organik Cair (SOC). This study was designed by a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 4 treatments, P0 (control without moringa leaves), P1 (addition of 10% moringa leaves), P2 (addition of 20% moringa leaves), and P3 (addition of 30% moringa leaves) with 3 replications in each treatment. Parameters measured in this study were in vitro pH value, dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), total VFA, and methane production. The result indicated that different levels of moringa leave addition into a fermented complete feed based on rice straw had significant effects (P<0,01) on in vitro pH value, IVDMD, IVOMD, and total VFA. However, all treatments did not significantly decrease methane production (P>0,05). It was concluded that the addition of moringa leaves into a fermented complete feed based on rice straw effectively increases rumen fermentation.

Inventarisasi Gas Rumah Kaca Asal Jerami Padi serta Upaya Perbaikan Kualitasnya sebagai Pakan Ternak

Rice fields, especially rice straw, is one part of the agricultural sector that contributes to global warming. It is estimated that about 1% of global warming comes from rice fields. One of the efforts that can be done in reducing the contribution of paddy fields is to utilize the remaining harvest in the form of rice straw as animal feed. However, the utilization of rice straw is constrained by its low nutritional value. Therefore it is necessary to carry out ammonia to improve its quality. This study was conducted to determine the potential of rice straw to produce methane gas and to improve its quality using ammonia technology as ruminant feed. This study used a completely randomized design with four urea levels (0, 2, 4, 6% w/w) and six replications. The variables measured were gas production, methane production, total volatile fatty acids (TVFA), metabolic energy (ME), dry matter digestibility (DMD), and organic matter digestibility (OMD). The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance, and differences between means using Duncan's multiple range test with a confidence level of P &lt;0.05. The results of the calculation of the production of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from rice straw in Jambi Province in 2021 reached 9,024 Gg CH4 per year and Carbon 3362,167 per year. The results of ammonium hay showed that urea level had a significant effect (P&lt;0.05) on total gas production, gas production of CH4, DMD, OMD, TVFA, and ME. The ammoniated rice straw with urea level up to 4% was the best treatment for total gas production, CH4, TVFA, and ME production. The results of the study concluded that ammoniated rice straw with 4% urea content was the best treatment to improve the quality of rice straw as ruminant feed.

Improving the biodegradability of rice straw by electrochemical pretreatment

The efficacy of NaOH, alkaline hydrogen peroxide (NaOH-H2O2), electrochemically produced NaOH-H2O2 (eNaOH-H2O2) and electrohydrolysis (EH) pretreatments was investigated for anaerobic digestion of rice straw. The cumulative biogas production was enhanced by 8%, 22% and 14% in the NaOH-H2O2, eNaOH-H2O2 and EH relative to conventional NaOH pretreatment. The chemical and electrochemical pretreatments decreased the crystallinity of cellulose and created a porous surface vein. Electrochemical NaOH-H2O2 pretreatment is efficient to promote microbial degradation of lignocellulose for biogas production while the risks associated with the transportation and storage of H2O2 are avoided. EH reduces the pretreatment time significantly and is a promising approach for utilizing rice straw biomass to produce renewable energy.

Rice Straw Utilisation for Bioenergy Production: A Brief Overview

Unsustainable rice straw management causes environmental impacts; hence, utilisation of rice straw for bioenergy is a promising strategy for sustainable rice straw management. Although rice straw has a high potential for bioenergy generation, the whole production cycle and application may cause environmental damage that is not fully understood. Hence, environmental performance studies are required to determine the most effective rice straw utilisation options. A comprehensive approach, such as life-cycle assessment (LCA), can give comprehensive information on the possible environmental effects of rice straw utilisation for bioenergy. Therefore, this study briefly overviews the LCA of rice straw utilisation for bioenergy production. It is found that utilisation of rice straw for bioenergy could reduce global warming potential compared to energy production from fossil fuels. However, it is suggested that other impact categories in LCA be evaluated in the bioenergy production from rice straw research to determine the overall sustainability of the production.

Spirocyclic alkoxysilane synthesized from rice straw ash for preparation of eco-friendly hydrophobic silicone coatings

The purpose of this study was to use biomass silicon resources in rice straw to synthesize high value-added organosilicon products to solve the problem of low utilization of rice straw and high pollution and energy consumption in the silicon chemical industry. In this work, spirocyclic alkoxysilane was successfully synthesized by an environmentally friendly method from rice straw ash for the first time. The spirocyclic alkoxysilane yield per gram of rice straw ash can reach up to 1.9 g. Spirocyclic alkoxysilane was used to modify silicone resin coating. This coating can withstand 150 applications of friction and still maintain good hydrophobic effect. The maximum water contact angle after friction can reach 104°. This study broadens the application of rice straw. Furthermore, this research lays the foundation for the improvement of energy-saving and emission reduction process of silicon chemical industry.

Heat treatment to increase self-bonding property of binderless boards manufactured from rice straw

Rice straw is an abundant agricultural waste globally, but it has not been used effectively. Binderless boards manufactured without synthetic resins are an environment-friendly material, and they are also a possible way to utilize rice straw. However, the presence of wax and silica on the surface of rice straw reduces the bonding ability. The study objective was to manufacture binderless boards from heat-treated rice straws and investigate the effect of heat treatment on the self-bonding properties. Heat treatment was performed on chips or powder from rice straw (≤50 mm, 1 mm) at 200 °C, 1.5 MPa for 0–60 min. Heat-treated rice straw (≤50 mm, 1 mm, 150 µm) was hot-pressed to form binderless boards at 220 °C and 5 MPa for 10 min. The resulting board was 300 × 300 × 5 mm, 0.8 g/cm3. The mechanical and physical properties of the boards were tested according to the JIS A5905-2014 standards. Electron microscopy (SEM), particle-size distribution, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses were conducted to examine the effect of heat treatment. The results showed that heat treatment for more than 40 min increased internal bonding because of physical and chemical changes in the rice straw.

Utilization of Ash from Thermal Decomposition of Rice Straw as a Natural Dye

Indonesia is among the largest countries in global rice production. Annual generation of rice straw of about 20 million tons were reported. It is therefore, utilization of rice straw as natural dye is considered to minimize pollutant problem. Rice straw composed of 48.7% carbon that generate black color. In this research, natural dyes of rice straw ash were applied in cotton and rayon fabrics, followed by mordanting using lime, alum, and ferrous sulphate. The color intensity and color fastness of cotton and rayon fabrics dyed using rice straw ash extract was investigated. It was found that the system using ferrous sulphate mordant produced the lightest color; alum mordant treatment produced a darker color while the darkest color was provided by system using lime as mordant.

Improve the nutritional value and utilization of rice straw via an ensiling process with different sources of energy and nitrogen enrichment

ABSTRACT Ensiled rice straw using, water (RSW), molasses plus urea, and whey (RWh) were implied to investigate the ensiling processing on palatability and nutritional value of rice straw compared to untreated rice straw (URS). Using whey resulted in a significant (P < .05) progress in fermentation coefficient, and Flieg Score compared to others. Protein and water-soluble carbohydrates content increased (P < .05) in RWh compared to RMU. Gas cumulative increased (P < .05) with ERS compared to the incubation of URS. In-vitro organic matter degradability, neutral detergent fiber degradability, crude protein degradability, microbial protein, and metabolizable energy varied less amongst the tested ingredients. The RWh was significantly (P < .05) consumed and palatable higher compared to RMU, which was more (P < .05) significant than RSW. The use of either RWh or RMU has improved total digestible nutrients (TDN) compared to RSW and URS. The values of total protein, alanine aminotransferase, and glucose were higher (P < .05) with ERS feeding compared to URS. The results indicate the possibility of ensiling rice straw with added either whey or molasses with urea as sources of nitrogen and energy to induce good fermentation and improve utilization of rice straw.

Effect of Ammoniated and/or Basidiomycete White-Rot Fungi Treatment on Rice Straw Proximate Composition, Cell Wall Component, and In Vitro Rumen Fermentation Characteristics

Various pretreatments are employed to increase the utilization of rice straw as a ruminant feed ingredient to minimize its negative environmental impact. However, an efficient alternative is still needed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of ammonia and/or white-rot fungi (Pleurotus ostreatus) to degrade lignin, increase the nutritional value, and enhance the rumen fermentability of rice straw. Rice straw was treated with ammonia and/or basidiomycete white-rot fungi (P. ostreatus) with untreated straw as control under solid-state fermentation employing a completely randomized design. The crude protein increased from 2.05% in the control to 3.47% in ammoniated rice straw, 5.24% in basidiomycete white-rot fungi (P. ostreatus), and 6.58% in ammoniated-basidiomycete white-rot fungi-treated (P. ostreatus) rice straw. The ammoniated-basidiomycete white-rot fungi-treated (P. ostreatus) rice straw had the least lignin content (3.76%). Ammoniated-basidiomycete white-rot fungi-treated (P. ostreatus) rice straw had improved in vitro dry matter digestibility (65.52%), total volatile fatty acid (76.56 mM), and total gas production (56.78 mL/g) compared to ammoniated rice straw (56.16%, 67.71 mM, 44.30 mL/g) or basidiomycete white-rot fungi-treated (P. ostreatus) rice straw (61.12%, 75.36 mM, 49.31 mL/g), respectively. The ammoniated-basidiomycete white-rot fungi (P. ostreatus) treatment improved rice straw’s nutritional value, in vitro dry matter digestibility, volatile fatty acids, and gas production.

Enhanced looping biomass/vapour gasification utilizing waste heat from molten copper slags

The syngas generation from biomass/vapour pyrolysis wih molten copper slag is an innovative technology in chemical industry. Copper slag and rice straws are representative undervalued trashes as metallurgical and agricultural by-products. But the inappropriate handling of them, including direct burying or open burning, could severely aggregate environmental pollution. This present study investigated the biomass pyrolysis integrating waste heat from molten copper slags through carbon-loops extension. The mechanism of integrated looping gasification was identified, where the effects of the mass ratio of FeO/SiO2, minor elements contents of (Al2O3+CaO), operational temperature and pressure on target syngas yields were systematically explored through thermodynamic calculation and experimental results. Thermodynamics calculations confirmed that increased mass ratio of FeO/SiO2 (higher than 1.5) and minor elements contents showed obvious catalytic effect on syngas generations, promoted, accompanied with obvious reduction of air pollutants emission. Since FeO favoured solid biomass conversion into syngas, exergy efficiency of generated syngas increased as the mass ratio of FeO/SiO2 was enhanced. Non-isothermal experiments confirmed the incorporation of FS1-5 and FS5-1 obviously undermined the polluting gas yields, which were in overall agreement with thermodynamics results. Meanwhile, the solid ash waste could serve as raw materials for soil nutrients, and the generated syngas could be utilized for electricity generation, based on which an integrated and sustainable looping system would be proposed. Therefore, the favourable results could thus provide significant insights for deepened understanding of biomass gasification as well as the efficient utilization of rice straw and copper slag.

RICE STRAW FOR INTERIOR ELEMENTS OF A LOCAL “WEDANGAN” CULINARY BUSINESS IN SURAKARTA

Rice straw is abundant and inexpensive as post-harvest crop residue. Rice straw can be processed into a variety of products for interior space filling through creative efforts. This research seeks to empower farmers by utilizing rice straw as crop residue and to create natural-style products for the interior space-filling of a local culinary business (wedangan), as wedangan is a typical culinary business that is traditional, fast-growing, and trendy in Surakarta City and its surroundings. The design method is based on design thinking procedures, which include empathizing, defining, ideating, prototyping, and testing. Empathy for low-income farmers is expected to add value and profit through rice straw processing. Wedangan's interior space-filling products are designed around the kantong semar flower (Nepenthes sp.). The prototype (as a design embodiment) is developed in collaboration with the farmers. This type of experience is intended to serve as training and assistance. Product testing is conducted through market research and product application in wedangan interiors in this city. As a result, business managers and visitors alike appreciate interior space-filling products. Economically, this product development for interior space filling represents a viable business opportunity for farmers to pursue as a secondary occupation.

Farmers’ Perceptions, Insight Behavior and Communication Strategies for Rice Straw and Stubble Management in Thailand

The adoption of rice straw and stubble management approaches can be affected by various factors. To understand the psychological factors influencing Thai farmers’ adoption of rice straw and stubble management approaches, three integrated behavioral theories were employed: the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), the Value-Belief-Norm (VBN) and the Health Belief Model (HBM). Then, a practical communication framework was synthesized and proposed to promote rice straw utilization for social-ecological benefits to achieve more sustainable agricultural production. Through a questionnaire survey and in-depth interviews with 240 local farmers, a statistical analysis was performed employing cross-tab, stepwise multiple linear regression, one-way ANOVA and descriptive content analysis using QDA lite miner software. The key results clearly showed that perceived pro-environmental personal norms, perceived cues to rice straw utilization, perceived behavioral control, perceived severity of rice straw burning, perceived ascription of responsibility, and the perceived benefits of rice straw utilization were significantly negatively influenced by burning, and that there was a significantly negative difference to non-burning approaches. Meanwhile, cost savings as perceived benefits of the current option of burning showed a significantly positive difference when compared with incorporation and free-duck grazing options. In communication strategies to promote rice straw utilization for achieving sustainable agriculture, key messages should highlight the clear steps of rice straw utilization, as well as the costs and benefits of each option in terms of economic, health, environmental and social perspectives. Moreover, messages designed to promote action knowledge and self-efficacy at the group level, to promote perceived responsibility via self-awareness and self-commitment, and convenient channels of communication to the farmers can help to achieve more effective non-burning rice straw and stubble management.

Kampung Semangga Jaya Sebagai Sentra Produksi Pakan Ternak Sapi

Semangga Jaya Village, Merauke Regency as one of the villages that has high rice productivity. In 2019 rice production was 55,184.34 tons with a harvested area of 9,614 hectares. This figure is a potential benefit for the community. However, the high production of rice is not followed by the interest of farmers in utilizing rice straw waste to be processed into products that have high economic value, namely into complete feed that can be used as cattle feed. Cattle farming business is currently starting to be developed by farmers, although in practice it has not been fully maximized. This is due to the lack of public understanding of cattle development and the feeding system used is still simple or uses rice straw which basically has a high crude fiber content. The implementation of this activity will provide full participation in solving problems faced by cattle farmer groups, especially the feed processing system by utilizing rice straw waste into complete feed. Semangga Jaya Village, Merauke Regency in the future can be used as a center for cattle feed production. The implementation of activities includes counseling and technical guidance as a medium for transferring knowledge and technology to partners, which will be carried out en masse, through groups and individuals while still implementing Covid-19 health protocols. The solutions offered in the implementation of the program are through non-physical and physical activities. It is hoped that (a) Increased knowledge and skills of farmers regarding the system for processing rice straw waste into complete feed, (b) Increased knowledge and skills in feeding cattle by looking at feed quality standards, (c) Increased knowledge and ability of farmers and breeders to produce feed into attractive packaging for sale through offline and online systems.

Determinants of rice by-product utilization as a potential local feed for ruminants in Magelang Regency, Indonesia

This study was conducted to determine the factors that influence farmers in using rice straw as feed for their ruminants. Primary data was obtained from a survey through face-to-face interviews involving a total of 395 farmers as respondents in Magelang Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. Farmers were selected by multistage random sampling. The data, then, were analyzed by using logistic regression. The results showed that 45.06% (178 respondents) used rice straw as feed, where only 3.37% (6 respondents) adopted the fermented straw. The type of ruminant kept by farmers, the amount of training attended, and land size affected the rice straw utilization as ruminants feed. Adopters of rice straw utilization are farmers who maintain large ruminants and tend to manage large areas of land. This finding also revealed that providing continuous training on feed technology for farmers is important. Furthermore, periodic assistance by extension workers is needed to enhance farmers in adopting the innovation of agricultural technology.

Simultaneous Biological Pretreatment and Saccharification of Rice Straw by Ligninolytic Enzymes from Panus neostrigosus I9 and Commercial Cellulase.

The utilization of rice straw for biofuel production is limited by its composition. The pretreatment process is required to improve the enzymatic accessibility of polysaccharides in the biomass prior to enzymatic saccharification. In this study, simultaneous biological pretreatment and saccharification (SPS) of rice straw starting from laccase production by Panus neostrigosus I9 was operated in a 2-L fermenter. It was found that fungal physiology was strongly influenced by the agitation, and that the highest laccase production was obtained at an agitation speed of 750 rpm (209.96 ± 0.34 U/L). The dilution rate of 0.05 h−1 was set in continuous fermentation which resulted in laccase activity of 678.49 ± 20.39 U/L, approximately three times higher than that in batch culture. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to achieve the condition for maximum percentage of delignification. The maximum percentage of delignification of 45.55% was accomplished after pretreatment of rice straw with laccase enzyme 39.40 U/g rice straw at 43.70 °C for 11.19 h. Reducing sugar of 3.85 ± 0.15 g/L was obtained from the digested rice straw in a SPS reactor, while non-pretreated rice straw gave only 1.13 ± 0.10 g/L within 12 h of incubation. The results indicated that simultaneous biological pretreatment and saccharification (SPS) of rice straw by laccase helped to improve the accessibility of cellulose by cellulolytic enzymes.

Evaluation of eco-friendly cellulose and lignocellulose nanofibers from rice straw using Multiple Quality Index

Huge amounts of rice straw are left every year in different areas of the world; these residues still cause environmental problems due to un-safe practices such as burning. Isolation of nanomaterials such as cellulose nanofibers represents an effective way for utilization of rice straw in advanced products. The current work aimed at evaluating the properties of rice straw cellulose nanofibers isolated from bleached and high-lignin unbleached pulps using a multi-criterion quality index, which allows a benchmarking analysis between different sources, processes and features. Rice straw was subjected to neutral sulfite pulping process to obtain the high-lignin unbleached pulp while the bleached pulp was obtained by bleaching the produced pulp with NaClO2/acetic acid mixture. Using mechanical pretreatment (Valley beater), and ultrafine friction grinder both bleached and unbleached pulps were used to obtain cellulose nanofibers with and without lignin (L-CNF and CNF, respectively). Nanopaper sheets were prepared from both types of nanofibers and characterized using tensile tests, optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, electron scanning microscopy, water contact angle and surface energy. Cellulose nanofibers generated from rice straw were scored using a multi-criterion quality index depending on characterization using eight tests (nanosized and macro size fraction, turbidity, Young's modulus, porosity, transmittance, tear resistance, and homogeneity).

The effect of subjective norm on farmer behaviour in utilizing rice straw as feed in Barru district

Farmer behaviour is influenced by their social environment. The research objective was to determine the effect of subjective norms on farmer behaviour in using rice straw as feed. The research was conducted from January to March 2020 in Tompo Village, Barru Sub District, Barru District, which is one of the centers for developing Balinese cattle. The survey was conducted with farmers who used rice straw as feed by trained enumerators. The total population was 275 people and the number of respondents was 73 respondents which were determined by the simple random sampling method. Data analysis used the F test and t test using multiple linear regression models with the dependent variable of farmer behaviour in utilizing rice straw with criteria namely behaviour in hay storage, behaviour in processing and the technique of using straw as feed. The independent variables consist of extension agents influences (X1), family influences (X2), group influences (X3) and neighbour influences (X4). The results showed farmer dominantly stored their straw in a non-permanent warehouse. The technique of giving it to livestock was mixing salt and used it in the dry season. Factors that influence farmer behaviour in utilizing rice straw as feed are family (P<0.01) and neighbour influence (P<0.05). The family plays an important role in providing labour to collect hay, and neighbours become a model for other farmers to use rice straw as feed. Extension workers and groups are not a role model for breeders to adopt the technology of utilizing rice straw as feed in Barru district.

The Assistance of Farmer Community in Utilizing Rice Straw of Catfish Pool Mud as a Medium of Silk-Worm Cultivation in Tanjung Bintang Sub-District, Lampung Selatan Regency

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different media compositions (straw and catfish pool mud) as a medium for cultivating silkworms on biomass and silkworm populations. This community service applied Participatory Action research (PAR) involving the farmers’ groups and farmer association Gabungan Kelompok Tani (GaPokTan) in Tanjung Bintang sub-district. They are paddy farmers and catfish cultivators with a total of 205 groups. The socialization activity was carried out through Focus Group Discussion (FGD), discussing any related topic about how to cultivate silkworms. Because the situation entered the New Normal era during the Covid 19 period, the FGD was carried out with procedures by applying social distancing and limiting participants to 10 people. Therefore, FGD was conducted two times. The study results showed that the sludge produced by catfish pond cultivation and fermented rice straw, which is known as waste, can provide benefits to the cultivation of silkworms that provide economic value to the community.