Utilitarian Factors Research Articles

Explaining Citizen Support for Trade Liberalization

This paper examines individual attitudes in six industrialized democracies to determine what factors condition citizens' support for trade liberalization. We argue that public support for trade liberalization is influenced by politically driven views and individual economic utilitarian considerations. To test our propositions, we develop and estimate a series of logistic regression models of public support for trade liberalization. That data are derived from The World Values Surveys (1995–1997). We find strong empirical support for the economic utilitarian factors—primarily education, but also gender and income—as the principal factors shaping individual attitudes toward trade liberalization. Conversely, while some empirical support is found for political factors such as one's geographic orientation and level of cognitive mobilization, we find that the political predictors of support are weaker overall than the economic interest predictors.

Sales Promotion Effectiveness: The Impact of Culture at an Ethnic-Group Level

Summary 163 113 0.46 Omnibus Tests Chi-Square Df Sig Model 50 2 0.00*Enter method after 4 iterationsFrom the regression results it is seen that both the utilitarian and hedonic factors weresignificant explanatory variables for the classification of promotion techniques. Specifically,the coefficient of the utilitarian factor is negative (e.g., B= -6.81, p = 0.00) whilst thecoefficient of hedonic factor is positive (e.g., B= 4.10, p= 0.00). These results indicate that asthe amount of utilitarian benefits decreases and the amount of hedonic benefits increases, themore likely that the sales promotion technique is a non-monetary promotion. Similarly, thehigher the amount of utilitarian benefits and the lower the amount of hedonic benefits, themore likely that the sales promotion technique is a monetary promotion. The samerelationships were observed between the two ethnic groups when analysed individually. Thekey regression results are summarised in Table B4. Table B4: Regression ResultsVariable B SE Wald Df Sig Exp (B)

MOTIVATION FOR DOMESTIC TOURISM: A CASE STUDY OF THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA

MOTIVATION FOR DOMESTIC TOURISM: A CASE STUDY OF THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA

Subject Choice in Scottish Secondary School Physical Education: Higher Grade Physical Education

This article investigates the notion of subject choice in physical education and the factors that encouraged or discouraged students from studying Higher Grade Physical Education (HGPE). The increase in the type and number of school subjects students are now able to choose from is addressed as is the pressure that market-based reforms of state schooling have put on teachers to attract students to their particular subjects. The affective and utilitarian reasons that Woods (1984) has reported as affecting subject choice are used to frame the issue of subject choice in physical education (PE) and the subsequent discussion of results. Results are reported from two groups of students (17 to 18 years old) from one Scottish secondary state-run school. One group had chosen to study HGPE while the other group had chosen not to. Affective factors such as liking or disliking the subject area and utilitarian factors such as the perceived usefulness of the subject in pursuing a particular career were found to be important reasons for choosing (or not) HGPE. Students’ expectations of examinable PE and teachers’ promotion of such an opportunity are identified as two issues that require further research.

Race differences in the effect of unemployment on marital instability: A socioeconomic analysis

In 1965, Daniel Moynihan asserted that unemployment, in general, and its interaction with the matriarchal structure of black families was a major cause of the “crumbling‘ of the Negro family. Moynihan did not address the relation of unemployment and marital instability in white families. This study examines the relationship between unemployment and marital instability in black and white families over the period 1970–1978. The theoretical framework emphasizes that the effects of unemployment on the family cannot be understood in purely utilitarian terms i.e. lost income. A socioeconomic model that incorporates both the social-psychological and psychological responses to unemployment is developed and the parameters estimated using Event History Analysis on a sample from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics for the years 1967–1979. Moynihan's main assertion that unemployment destabilizes families—both black and white—is confirmed. Also confirmed is Moynihan's assertion that families with a patriarchal head are less likely to experience marital instability. The results contradict some of the other predictions of the Moynihan hypothesis. First, black families are at less risk of marital instability at moderate levels of unemployment than are white families. Second, although black families appear to be more vulnerable than white families to chronic unemployment, the difference disappears when black males have only average scores on internal locus of control. When black males have above average scores on internal locus of control the risk of marital instability in the face of chronic unemployment is negligible. Third, while stabilizing for families where males who do not experience unemployment, patriarchal values prove quite destabilizing when the male head experiences unemployment. Indeed, the families facing the greatest risk of instability due to unemployment were white families headed by a man who had partriarchal attitudes. Fourthly, this study produced no evidence that black women are. behaviorally, more matriarchal than white women. Finally, this research indicates that the financial problems caused by unemployment appear to be a minor factor in martial dissolution. It appears that socioeconomic, that is, normative and affective factors, rather than utilitarian factors, are critical is shaping a family's reaction to unemployment.

Теоретичні аспекти формування професійної культури правоохоронця

У статті представлено теоретичні аспекти формування професійної культури правоохоронця. Обґрунтовано необхідність формування професійної культури, у зв’язку з реформуванням правоохоронної системи України відповідно до світових стандартів передових країн світу. Досліджено праці вітчизняних та зарубіжних вчених які в своїх наукових роботах акцентували увагу на важливості формування професійної культури правоохоронця. Проаналізовано різні наукові підходи до визначення сутності структури професійної культури правоохоронця. Представлено основні функції професійної культури та етапи її формування в процесі професійної підготовки майбутніх правоохоронців у вищих навчальних закладах України із специфічними умовами навчання .