CO2 Utilization Research Articles

Experimental investigation of La0.6Sr0.4FeO3 -δ pellets as oxygen carriers for chemical-looping applications

Lanthanum Strontium Ferrite (LSF), as an oxygen carrier, is used for chemical looping H2 production and CO2 utilization. In this work, the first attempt to upscale and understand the heat and mass transfer using 400 g of LSF pellets in a dynamically operated packed bed reactor is carried out.Experiments were conducted at 650–820 °C and 1–5 barg, evaluating the pellets' reactor heat management, phase stability, and mechanical integrity over 70 h for the high-temperature redox cycling in chemical looping water-gas shift (CL-WGS) and chemical looping reverse water-gas shift (CL-RWGS) reactions.Key results at the reactor scale indicate a maximum cyclic average H2O-to-H2 conversion of 31%, with a peak oxygen carrier capacity for CL-WGS of 0.38 mmol/gLSF. In the case of CL-RWGS, a peak CO2-to-CO conversion of 99.8% was achieved, with an oxygen carrier capacity of 0.57 mmol/gLSF.Reactor heat management for exothermic and endothermic redox reactions showed the ability to maintain a high temperature profile where the heat front lagged the reaction front over a 15 cm reactive bed length. A maximum ΔT of 45 °C and 35 °C were observed during the oxidation of the LSF bed with H2O and CO2, respectively. In the case of air oxidation, a maximum ΔT of 120 °C indicates that the reaction is more exothermic and can be used to raise the temperature of the bed especially if heat is required to sustain the process.No evidence of material performance degradation was recorded over 70 h of testing, maintaining the pellets' operational cyclability, phase stability, and mechanical integrity. The results demonstrate the robustness of the material, and they are encouraging versus the scalability of LSF for chemical looping applications, into H2 production and CO2 utilization processes.

Gas Separation Membranes: Advances In Polymer And Mixed-Matrix Membranes For CO₂ Capture

This study provides a comprehensive review of advancements in polymer and mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) for CO₂ capture, focusing on their design innovations, performance enhancements, sustainability, and scalability. A total of 92 peer-reviewed articles were analyzed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to ensure a systematic and transparent review process. The findings highlight significant progress in polymer membranes, particularly in overcoming the permeability-selectivity trade-off through advanced techniques such as cross-linking, functional group incorporation, and polymer blending. MMMs have emerged as a transformative technology, leveraging the unique properties of inorganic fillers like metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and graphene oxide to achieve superior separation performance and durability under industrial conditions. Additionally, the review emphasizes the growing focus on sustainability, with an increasing shift toward biodegradable and recyclable membranes that reduce the environmental footprint of CO₂ capture. The application of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) has further accelerated material discovery, optimized membrane design, and improved operational efficiency. Membranes' integration into broader Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) frameworks showcases their versatility in CO₂ separation, utilization, and storage applications. Despite these advancements, challenges such as material degradation under harsh conditions, cost, and scalability persist, necessitating further research and innovation. This study underscores the critical role of membrane technologies in enabling efficient and sustainable CO₂ capture, offering valuable insights for researchers and industry stakeholders working toward global decarbonization goals.

Hierarchically conductive electrodes unlock stable and scalable CO2 electrolysis

Electrochemical CO2 reduction has emerged as a promising CO2 utilization technology, with Gas Diffusion Electrodes becoming the predominant architecture to maximize performance. Such electrodes must maintain robust hydrophobicity to prevent flooding, while also ensuring high conductivity to minimize ohmic losses. Intrinsic material tradeoffs have led to two main architectures: carbon paper is highly conductive but floods easily; while expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene is flooding resistant but non-conductive, limiting electrode sizes to just 5 cm2. Here we demonstrate a hierarchically conductive electrode architecture which overcomes these scaling limitations by employing inter-woven microscale conductors within a hydrophobic expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene membrane. We develop a model which captures the spatial variability in voltage and product distribution on electrodes due to ohmic losses and use it to rationally design the hierarchical architecture which can be applied independent of catalyst chemistry or morphology. We demonstrate C2+ Faradaic efficiencies of ~75% and reduce cell voltage by as much as 0.9 V for electrodes as large as 50 cm2 by employing our hierarchically conductive electrode architecture.

A Comprehensive Review of Approaches in Carbon Capture, and Utilization to Reduce Greenhouse Gases

Addressing atmospheric CO2 levels is crucial for mitigating global warming and promoting sustainable fossil fuel use. This review explores various CO2 capture strategies, including pre-combustion, post-combustion, oxy-fuel combustion, direct air capture, chemical looping, and polymeric membranes. Each strategy is critically evaluated in terms of its advantages, limitations, and overall effectiveness. Additionally, this study discusses advanced separation techniques for captured CO2, emphasizing recent innovations in membrane technology integrated with cryogenic processes. This integration has the potential to economically extract CO2 from diverse industrial processes, offering significant benefits in terms of operational cost reduction and increased efficiency. A detailed market analysis is also presented to explore feasible CO2 utilization options, highlighting potential incentives and motivations for capturing CO2. Furthermore, the technological readiness level of various capture and separation techniques is assessed, offering insights into their development and progress over time. This comprehensive analysis aims to support the advancement of effective and economically viable CO2 management solutions, contributing to a more sustainable and climate-resilient future.

Enhanced ethanol synthesis via CO2 hydrogenation using La-Doped CuFeOx catalysts

CO2 hydrogenation is an effective solution for direct ethanol production as it realizes a high-value utilization of waste CO2. As it requires a synergistic multi-step process of CO2 activation, asymmetric hydrogenation of CO, and precise coupling of C-C bonds, the design of highly active and selective catalysts for such procedures remains challenging. In this study, we prepared a series of La-doped CuFe catalysts using a simple and green solvent-free ball milling method to accelerate the rate of CO2 hydrogenation to ethanol generation. HRTEM, in situ XRD, EPR, and CO2-TPD analyses indicated that the doping of moderate amounts of La can significantly improve the dispersion of the Cu and Fe species, enhance the interaction between the CuFe species, decrease the reduction temperatures of CuO and Fe2O3, promote the formation of oxygen vacancies during the reaction process, and enhance CO2 adsorption and activation ability. DFT calculations, XPS, in situ FTIR, and CO-TPSR-MS analyses indicated that the transfer of electrons from the Fe to La species decreased their electron cloud densities, weakened the bridge type adsorption of CO, enhanced the linear adsorption of CO, and optimized the ratio of the dissociative and non-dissociative adsorption of CO intermediates, which ultimately resulted in a better matching of the rates of generation of CHx* and C(H)O* intermediates. The occurrence of C-C coupling at the abundant Cu0-Fe5C2 interface promoted the highly efficient synthesis of ethanol, achieving yields as high as 13.5% over the 5La-CuFeOx catalyst, ranking the top level among the reported catalysts in the literature. This study presents a feasible strategy for the targeted regulation of multicomponent active centers.

Size-Dependent Copper Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotubes with Balanced Cu+ and Cu0 Dual Sites for the Selective Hydrogenation of Ethylene Carbonate.

Cyclic carbonate hydrogenation offers an alternative for the efficient indirect CO2 utilization. In this study, a series of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) supported xCu/CNTs catalysts with different Cu loadings were fabricated using a convenient impregnation method, and exhibited excellent catalytic activity for the hydrogenation of ethylene carbonate to methanol and ethylene glycol. The structural and physicochemical properties revealed that acid treatment of CNTs resulted in plentiful oxygen-containing functional groups, providing sufficient anchoring sites for copper species. The calcination process conducted under an inert atmosphere resulted in the formation of ternary CuO, Cu2O, and Cu composites, enhancing the metal-support interaction and facilitating the formation of balanced Cu0 and Cu+ dual sites as well as high active surface area after reduction. Contributed to the synergetic effect of balanced Cu+ and Cu0 species proved by density functional theory calculation and the electron-rich CNTs surface, the 40Cu/CNTs catalyst achieved strengthened catalytic performance with methanol yield of 83 %, ethylene glycol yield of 99 % at ethylene carbonate conversion of >99 %, and 150 h of long-term running stability. Consequently, CNTs supported Cu serve as efficient non-silica based catalyst for ester hydrogenation.

Selectively electrolyzing CO2 to ethylene by a Cu-Cu2O/rGO catalyst derived from copper hydroxide nanostrands/graphene oxide nanosheets.

Electrolyzing CO2 into ethylene (C2H4) is a promising strategy for CO2 utilization and carbon neutrality since C2H4 is an important industrial feedstock. However, selectively converting CO2 into C2H4 via the CO2 electro-reduction reaction (CO2 ERR) is still a great challenge. Herein, Cu-Cu2O nanoparticles anchored on reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (Cu-Cu2O/rGO) were prepared from copper hydroxide nanostrands (CHNs) and graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets via in situ electrochemical reduction. Cu-Cu2O nanoparticles with diameter less than 10 nm were formed on the surface of rGO nanosheets. After assembling the Cu-Cu2O/rGO catalyst into a flow cell, it demonstrated high Faraday efficiencies (FEs) of 55.4%, 37.6%, and 6.7% for C2H4, C2H6, and H2, respectively, and a total 93% FE for C2 at -1.3 V vs. the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE). Moreover, its FE was 68.2% for C2H4, 10.2% for C2H6, and 20.5% for H2 at -1.4 (vs. SHE). Besides, no liquid carbon product was detected. This high selectivity is attributed to the synergistic effect arising from the small diameter of Cu-Cu2O NPs with the combination of Cu0-Cu+ and rGO nanosheets, which promotes the activation of CO2 molecules, facilitates C-C coupling, and enhances stability. This may provide a facile way for designing an efficient catalyst for selectively electrolyzing CO2 into valuable C2 chemicals.

Simultaneous Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction and H2O Oxidation Under Non-Sacrificial Ambient Conditions.

The utilization of CO2, H2O, and solar energy is regarded as a sustainable route for converting CO2 into chemical feedstocks, paving the way for carbon neutrality and reclamation. However, the simultaneous photocatalytic CO2 reduction and H2O oxidation under non-sacrificial ambient conditions is still a significant challenge. Researchers have carried out extensive exploration and achieved dramatic developments in this area. In this review, we first primarily elucidate the principles of two half-reactions in the photocatalytic conversion of CO2 with H2O, i. e., CO2 reduction by the photo-generated electrons and protons, and H2O oxidation by the photo-generated holes without sacrificial agents. Subsequently, the strategies to promote two half-reactions are summarized, including the vacancy/facet/morphology design, adjacent redox site construction, and Z-scheme heterojunction development. Finally, we present the advanced in situ characterizations and future perspectives in this field. This review aims to provide fresh insights into effectively simultaneous photocatalytic CO2 reduction and H2O oxidation under non-sacrificial ambient conditions.

Non-Noble Metal Anchored 2D Covalent Organic Framework for Ambient CO2 Fixation to High-Value Compounds.

The catalytic functionalization of CO2 into high-value compounds comprises a promising approach to mitigate its atmospheric content and sustainable generation of fine chemicals. In this respect, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) offer great potential in carbon dioxide capture and utilization. Herein, we report application of a crystalline, nanoporous 2D COF (ET-BP-COF) obtained by condensation of 4,4',4'',4'''-(ethene-1,1,2,2-tetrayl) tetraaniline (ET-NH2) and 2,2'-bipyridyl-5,5'-dialdehyde (BP-CHO) building blocks for strategic utilization of CO2. The ET-BP-COF features a unique 2D kagome (kgm) topology composed of hexagonal and triangular 1D channels decorated with bipyridine sites, which were exploited for covalent anchoring of eco-friendly, alkynophilic Cu(I) by the post-synthetic method. The Cu(I) engrafted COF was applied as a recyclable catalyst for coupling CO2 with alkynes to generate two high-value compounds, α-alkylidene cyclic carbonates (α-ACCs) and 2-oxazolidinones. Notably, Cu(I)@ET-BP-COF demonstrated excellent catalytic performance for transforming propargylic amine and CO2 to 2-oxazolidinone, an essential building block for antibiotics. Besides, an efficient transformation of propargylic alcohols to generate α-ACCs, valuable commodity chemicals, has been achieved by utilizing carbon dioxide. Further, detailed theoretical simulations disclosed the insight mechanistic path of Cu(I) catalyzed coupling of CO2 and alkynes to produce 2-oxazolidinones and α-ACCs. Significantly, the Cu(I)@COF was reusable for multiple cycles without losing framework rigidity and catalytic performance. This study showcases the potential application of ET-BP-COF for stable anchoring of eco-friendly metals as catalytic sites for effective utilization of CO2 to produce two high-value products, 2-oxazolidinones and α-ACCs, under mild atmospheric conditions.

In-situ CO2 release from captured solution and subsequent electrolysis: Advancements in integrated CO2 capture and conversion systems

The electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2ER) offers a compelling strategy for sustainable energy and carbon management by transforming CO2 into valuable chemicals and fuels. This approach is particularly attractive when powered by surplus renewable energy, aiding in the closure of the carbon cycle. However, the significant energy requirements for CO2 isolation, pressurization, and purification from capture media pose challenges for industrial-scale implementation. To overcome these obstacles, recently innovative electrolyzers have developed that directly convert reactive carbon solutions, such as bicarbonate-rich effluents from carbon capture units, into higher-value products. This electrolyzers produces CO2 in situ by reacting (bi)carbonate with acid generated within the electrolyzer, facilitating efficient CO2ER at the cathode surface and eliminating the need for costly CO2 recovery and compression steps. This study details recent efforts in advancing this type of electrolyzer, focusing on CO2 sources for capturing step, technical aspect consideration of integrated systems, electrolyzer design consideration and membrane designs for integrated systems. Herein, we emphasize the need for a permeable cathode that allows efficient (bi)carbonate ion transport while maintaining a high catalytic surface area. Additionally, we discuss the critical role of electrolytes, including the impact of (bi)carbonate concentration, their effect on CO2 utilizations and CO2ER selectivity. We also demonstrate the state-of-the-art performance metrics for electrolyzers that utilize CO2-captured solutions, such as Faradaic efficiency, experimental validation of CO2 sources, current density, and CO2 utilization efficiency, a guideline for future studies. Collectively, we believe that this analysis will contribute to the development of industrial-scale electrochemical reactors for CO2 conversion, advancing towards a sustainable and closed-loop carbon cycle.

Fossil Fuel Prospects in the Energy of the Future (Energy 5.0): A Review

Achieving the energy and climate goals of sustainable development, declared by the UN as imperative and relevant for the upcoming Society 5.0 with its human-centricity of technological development, requires ensuring a “seamless” Fourth Energy Transition, preserving but at the same time modifying the role of fossil fuels in economic development. In this regard, the purpose of this review is to analyze the structure of publications in the field of technological platforms for the energy of the future (Energy 5.0), with digital human-centric modernization and investment in fossil fuel extraction in the context of the Fourth Energy Transition. To achieve this goal, this review presents a comprehensive overview of research in the field of determining the prospects of fossil fuels within Energy 5.0, characterized not only by the dominance of renewable energy sources and the imperative of zero CO2 emissions, but also by the introduction of human-centric technologies of Industry 5.0 (the Industrial Internet of Everything, collaborative artificial intelligence, digital triplets). It was concluded that further research in such areas of Energy 5.0 development as the human-centric vector of modernization of fossil fuel extraction and investment, achieving energy and climate goals for sustainable development, reducing CO2 emissions in the mineral extractive sector itself, and developing CO2 capture and utilization technologies is important and promising for a “seamless” Fourth Energy Transition.

Review of Power-to-Liquid (PtL) Technology for Renewable Methanol (e-MeOH): Recent Developments, Emerging Trends and Prospects for the Cement Plant Industry

The cement industry is a significant contributor (around 8%) to CO2 global emissions. About 60% of the industry’s emissions come from limestone calcination, which is essential for clinker production, while 40% are the result of fuel combustion. Reducing these emissions is challenging due to limestone’s role as the primary raw material for cement. Cement plants are required to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, as outlined in the 13th United Nations Sustainable Goals. One strategy to achieve this goal, involves Carbon Capture and utilization (CCU). Among the options for CO2 utilization, the Power-to-Liquid (PtL) strategy offers a means to mitigate CO2 emissions. In PtL, the CO2 captured from cement industrial flue gas is combined with the hydrogen generated by renewable electrolysis (green hydrogen) and is catalytically converted into renewable methanol (e-MeOH). In this sense, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the worldwide existing pilot and demonstration units and projects funded by the EU across several industries. It specifically focuses on PtL technology worldwide within cement plants. This work covers 18 locations worldwide, detailing technology existent at plants of different capacities, location, and project partners. Finally, the review analyses techno-economic assessments related to e-MeOH production processes, highlighting the potential impact on achieving carbon neutrality in the cement industry.

Comparative Analysis of Photosynthetic Traits, Yield, and Fruit Quality Among Different Chestnut Cultivars

This study aimed to compare the photosynthetic physiological traits, fruiting characteristics, and fruit quality of four different chestnut cultivars. The cultivars studied were ‘Yanshanzaofeng’ (YS), ‘Guangdedahongpao’ (GD), ‘Chang’anhuijianli’ (CA), and ‘Guizhouyouli’ (GZ). Leaf functional traits, photosynthetic activity, fruit setting characteristics, and both external and internal fruit quality indicators were measured. The results indicated significant differences in leaf traits among cultivars. Cultivar GD exhibited the largest leaf area and dry matter content, while cultivar GZ had the smallest. The photosynthetic rate (Pn) followed a bimodal curve, with an obvious ‘lunch break’ caused by stomatal limitations. Cultivar GD had the highest Pn, followed by CA, YS, and GZ. The water use efficiency (WUE) and CO2 utilization of cultivar CA were notably superior, indicating its suitability for arid conditions. In terms of yield, cultivar GD had the highest bur, nut weight, and plant yield, followed by CA, YS, and GZ. The phenotypic quality of the fruit was also superior in cultivar GD. However, cultivar YS had the highest amylopectin and soluble sugar content, and cultivar GD had the greatest amylose, total starch, and fat content. Cultivars CA and YS exhibited better overall fruit quality than GZ. Correlation analysis revealed that single bur weight, single nut weight, and single plant yield all exhibited highly significant or significant positive correlations with Pn, stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), and the transpiration rate (Tr). The longitudinal diameter of burs showed a significant positive correlation with vitamin C (Vc), Pn, and Gs, with a correlation coefficient of 0.99. Additionally, both the transverse and longitudinal diameters of nuts were significantly positively associated with Pn and Ci. Furthermore, the total starch content and water content of nuts demonstrated a significant positive correlation with Pn. In conclusion, cultivar GD was found to be ideal for high-yield starch production, while cultivar YS offers superior sweet and waxy nut qualities. Cultivar CA presents a balance of photosynthetic capacity, yield, and quality, making it the second-best candidate. Cultivar GZ is unsuitable for large-scale cultivation.

Advances in Carbon Dioxide Catalytic Conversion and Applications

To achieve the global climate goals set out in the Paris Agreement, reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and utilizing resources have become key areas of focus within international energy technology research and development. CO2 can be converted into high-value chemicals, including hydrocarbons, alcohols and hydrocarbons, through the catalytic technology. This process can potentially address environmental issues while generating economic benefits. This paper presents a review of the principal products resulting from the catalytic conversion of CO2, together with an examination of their practical applications. These include hydrogenation of olefins, light aromatics, methanol, polyols, and synthetic bioconversion technologies. The development of catalysts with high conversion and selectivity represents a key area of current research. In the future, it will be necessary to combine physical, chemical, and biological technologies to establish an engineered heterogeneous carbon sequestration technology system to achieve the efficient conversion and utilization of CO2.

Sustainable utilization of magnesium slag through carbonation: a pathway to high-value products with vaterite calcium carbonate

In this study, vaterite - rich materials (VRM) were prepared by carbonating magnesium slag (MS) with the addition of glycine as a regulator and the influence of VRM on the preference of cement was also investigated. The results showed that VRM without glycine exhibited only calcite, whereas the presence of glycine led to an increased vaterite content. The formation of rhombic calcite particles was observed in pure carbonated MS samples, while the addition of glycine during the carbonation process led to the formation of spherical vaterite particles. The compressive strength decreased with increasing MS content, while the high surface area of VRM, nucleation effect of vaterite and the pozzolanic reaction of amorphous silica gel led to an enhancement compressive strength. Overall, the prepared VRM offers a promising approach for transforming solid waste into valuable products through CO2 capture and utilization.

Fingering inhibition triggered by CO2 dissolution and viscosity reduction in water-alternating-CO2 injection

As a CO2 capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technology, water-alternating-CO2 (WAG) injection has demonstrated excellent results in enhancing oil recovery. Current research on WAG injection primarily focused on factors such as increasing injection pressure and optimizing the water–gas slug ratio (W:G) to enhance the driving force, reduce instability due to the significant viscosity difference between oil and CO2, thereby inhibiting fingering phenomenon and improving oil recovery. However, in immiscible flooding, CO2 dissolution reduces the viscosity of the oil, changing the instability of the interfaces and affecting oil recovery. We employed computational fluid dynamics to study the effect of CO2 dissolution and viscosity reduction on fingering patterns and its effect on enhanced oil recovery (EOR) under capillary numbers Ca = 0.12 × 10−2–1.14 × 10−2 and W:G = 1:3–3:3. The results indicated that: (1) the dissolution of CO2 reduced oil viscosity, inhibiting the fingering phenomenon, promoting stable displacement and enhancing oil recovery. (2) The viscosity reduction effect of CO2 dissolution was more effective in viscous fingering. (3) Analysis of the EOR capacity after injecting a unit volume of displacement fluid confirmed that the optimal W:G remains 1:3. These findings highlight the importance of considering CO2 dissolution and its viscosity reduction effect to optimize WAG injection strategies for enhanced oil recovery.

Efficient paddle-wheel copper cluster-based metal-organic framework for catalytic conversion of CO2 to oxazolidinones under mild conditions

Efficient utilization of CO2 and its conversion into high-value-added products contribute to mitigating environmental issues such as the greenhouse effect. Among these methods, the carboxylation cyclization of CO2 with propargylic amine represents a green and atom-economical approach. Developing cost-effective catalyst that can promote this reaction under mild condition is desirable but challenging. Herein, a unique two-dimensional (2D) metal–organic framework (MOF) {[Cu(QCA)2]∙0.5DMF∙0.5H2O}n (1) (QCA =6-quinolinecarboxylic acid, DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide) have been synthesized and thoroughly characterized. Compound 1 was constructed from paddle-wheel dinuclear copper clusters [Cu2(COO)4] and carboxylate ligands, presenting a two-dimensional framework with new topology. Stability tests indicate that compound 1 undergoes reversible structural changes in different solvents and exhibits good thermal stability. 1 as heterogeneous catalyst enabled the transformation of CO2 and propargylic amine into oxazolidinones under mild conditions with broad substrate generality. In addition, 1 could maintain its catalytic performance with five continuous reactions. This work presents an infrequent example of a 2D noble metal free MOF-based catalyst that shows high catalytic efficiency under mild conditions.

Investigation of highly efficient CO2 hydrogenation at ambient conditions using dielectric barrier discharge plasma

The increasing utilization of CO2 for synthesizing high-value fuels or essential chemicals is a potentially effective approach to mitigating global warming and climate change. Compared to thermal catalytic CO2 conversion under hash operating conditions (400–500°C, 10 ​MPa), non-thermal plasma can overcome kinetic barriers and trigger reactions beyond thermal equilibrium at ambient temperature and pressure. In this study, the effects of operating conditions (discharge frequency, input power, and gas flow rate) and geometrical parameters (discharge length, discharge gap, and dielectric materials) have been extensively analyzed using typical cylindrical dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma. The discharge characteristics changed by operating conditions (including waveforms of applied voltage and current) are compared, indicating higher applied voltage and lower gas flow rate can strengthen the filamentary discharges. The results demonstrate CO2 conversion rate increases with the increase of applied voltage and the decrease of CO2/H2 ratio, achieving its maximum value of 43.0% at 20 ​mL/min. The highest energy efficiency of 3771.9 ​μg/kJ for CO generation is obtained at the applied voltage of 5.5 ​kV and gas flow rate of 40 ​mL/min, respectively. Besides, the constructure of plasma reactor also impacts the performance of CO2 conversion. On the one hand, the discharge gap has a significant role in the variation of CO2 conversion and product selectivity, which is attributed to the electric field density and corresponding electron-induced reaction. On the other hand, the circulating water-cooling jacket was used to find out the influence of reaction temperature, which switched the product from CO to CH4. This work will pave the way for a sustainable alternative towards future CO2 conversion and utilization.

Cs‐Promoted Co Particles on Yttria‐Stabilized Zirconia as Coke‐Tolerance Methane Dry Reforming Catalyst under Elevated Pressure

AbstractMethane reforming with CO2 (dry reforming) co‐converts the two green‐house gases into synthesis gas and offers a promising way to integrate CO2 utilization into the current chemical infrastructure. One major obstacle for its industrial deployment is coke deposition on catalyst surface, in particular, under industrially relevant, pressurized operation conditions. Most catalytic investigations are conducted at atmospheric pressure, but the elevation in pressure poses a grand challenge for catalyst design. In this study, we demonstrate that Cs can promote carbon‐tolerance of Co catalyst supported on Yttria‐stabilized Zirconia under 20 bar, 850 °C with stochiometric feed flow for up to 100 h, which is often regarded as accelerated deactivation testing condition. Lowered amount and mostly CO2 gasifiable residue carbons are determined in Cs‐promoted spent Co‐catalyst, with respect to pristine Co catalyst. Kinetic studies reveal that Cs slows down coke deposition, while the essential reaction mechanism on pristine Co catalyst remains unaltered. Cs+ moieties absorb CO2 to afford Cs2CO3 that can release O* on adjacent Co surface to facilitate surface C* oxidation and simultaneously suppress carbon nucleation. The disclosure of the promoting effect of Cs on Co catalyst may have implications to other reforming catalyst and process design.

A Guideline for Cross-Sector Coupling of Carbon Capture Technologies

Many governments around the world have taken action to utilise carbon capture (CC) technologies to reduce CO2 emissions. This technology is particularly important to reduce unavoidable emissions from industries like cement plants, oil refineries, etc. The available literature in the public domain explores this theme from two distinct perspectives. The first category of papers focuses only on modelling the CC plants by investigating the details of the processes to separate CO2 from other gas components without considering the industrial applications and synergies between sectors. On the other hand, the second category investigates the required infrastructure that must be put in place to allow a suitable integration without considering the specific particularities of each carbon capture technology. This review gives a comprehensive guideline for the implementation of CC technologies for any given application while also considering the coupling between different energy sectors such as heating, power generation, etc. It also identifies the research gaps within this field, based on the existing literature. Moreover, it delves into various aspects and characteristics of these technologies, while comparing their energy penalties with the minimum work required for CO2 separation. Additionally, this review investigates the main industrial sectors with CC potential, the necessary transportation infrastructure from the point sources to the end users, and the needs and characteristics of storage facilities, as well as the utilisation of CO2 as a feedstock. Finally, an overview of the computation tools for CC processes and guidelines for their utilisation is given. The guidelines presented in this paper are the first attempt to provide a comprehensive overview of the technologies, and their requirements, needed to achieve the cross-sector coupling of CC plants for a wide range of applications. It is strongly believed that these guidelines will benefit all stakeholders in the value chain while enabling an accelerated deployment of these technologies.