UTI Patients Research Articles

Isolation and identification of Rhizobium radiobacter From UTI patients in Mosul City

Isolation and identification of Rhizobium radiobacter From UTI patients in Mosul City

E. coli Strains in Iraq Show High Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Potential

General Background: Escherichia coli is a widely distributed species that includes strains ranging from highly pathogenic to harmless avirulent isolates, often found in the human gut. Specific Background: E. coli pathogenicity is determined by virulence factors like adhesins, invasins, toxins, and capsules, which are often transferred horizontally via phages and plasmids. Knowledge Gap: Despite advancements in understanding E. coli virulence, there is a need to further understand genetic factors contributing to urinary tract infections, especially in regions with high antibiotic resistance. Aims: The study investigated the prevalence of virulence genes and antibiotic resistance in E. coli strains from UTI patients at Al Hussien Teaching Hospital in Iraq. Results: The study reveals the presence of specific virulence genes in UPEC strains from a specific region, suggesting the potential involvement of the pap AH gene in UTI pathogenesis. Novelty: This study reports the prevalence of specific virulence genes in UPEC strains from a specific region, indicating the potential role of the pap AH gene in UTI pathogenesis. Implications: The study indicates that UPEC strains, characterized by high virulence factors like pap AH, are promising vaccine targets, necessitating further research for effective prevention strategies. Highlights: E. coli strains show high antibiotic resistance in UTI patients. pap AH gene is crucial for UPEC virulence. Virulence factors like pap AH are potential vaccine targets. Keywords: E. coli, UTI, virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, pap AH gene

Virulence Factors and the Effect of Garlic Extract against Proteus mirabilis Isolated from Patients with UTI at Thi-Qar Province

Background: Proteus mirabilis isolates are nosocomial bacteria that increase the incidence of multidrug-resistant infections in immunocompromised patients. The garlic genus belongs to the Allium family, and its cultivation is widespread throughout the world. The study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of garlic extract against different strains of P. mirabilis that can products biofilms and carry genes such as blaCTX-M. and pm1 genes. Method: Sixty three specimens were collected from identified patients' UTI from Al-nasiriyah general hospital between September and December 2023. Using microbial culture methods, the samples were cultured, and using Biochemical and VITEK system tests, the P. mirabilis isolates were diagnosed and confirmed. Results: Out of a total of 63 specimens isolated from UTI patients, there were 11 bacterial isolates, and the results of the garlic extract were against the bacteria. 3 isolates were susceptible, and only two isolates were moderately sensitive at a concentration of 100%, three isolates were sensitive at a concentration of 75%, and only two bacterial isolates, one of which was moderately sensitive and the other resistant, respectively. It was noted that most of the bacterial isolates carried the blaCTX-M gene. While all isolates were able to produce biofilms using sterile polystyrene 96-well microtiter plates. In addition, all bacterial isolates carried the pm1 gene.

Prevalence of Colistin Pan Resistance among Multidrug-Resistant and Extensively Drug-Resistant Escherichia Coli O157:H7

Antimicrobial resistance is an important problem threatening human health. With the appearance of colistin-resistant bacteria, the World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are declaring a global emergency and an alarming disaster that goes back to the time before antibiotics. The usage of colistin rises as a result of the global growth of Enterobacteriaceae, which produces carbapenemase and certainly causes the emergence of resistance to investigate the prevalence of colistin resistance among multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant E. coli. The cross-sectional study included 140 swab samples and 200 urine samples that were collected from patients attending Al Imam Al Hussein Medical City in Karbala. The identification of bacterial isolates and the pattern of antibiotic resistance were determined using the fully automated VITEK 2 compact system in addition to the manual antibiotic resistance testing confirmation. The isolates were highly resistant to Ticarcillin (94.4%), Trimethoprim/ Sulfamethoxazole (91.1%) and Piperacillin (87.3%). In contrast, colistin had the lowest (4.2%) out of the total multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains that formed (46.4%) and the extensively-drug resistant (XDR) strains (25.4). Antimicrobial resistance is one of the biggest health problems facing people today. In Iraq, the appearance of colistin resistance (2.8%) among extensively drug-resistant Escherichia coli O157:H7 may lead to failure of treatment, especially among burn and UTI patients. It is urgently recommended to lower the occurrence of antibiotic resistance through cautious antibiotic usage and stringent infection control protocols, which are priorities.

Appropriateness of antibiotic prescribing for urinary tract infection in the emergency department of a tertiary care hospital

BackgroundUrinary tract infections (UTIs) are frequently diagnosed in the Emergency Departments (EDs) in Saudi Arabia. Despite their prevalence, there is a lack of localized data on antibiotic prescribing practices for UTIs in EDs, hampering optimal patient care and antibiotic resistance management. ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions for UTI patients by examining adherence to treatment guidelines at a tertiary care ED in Saudi Arabia. MethodsA retrospective cohort analysis was performed in UTI patients with ≥18 years of age who were presented to the ED at a tertiary care hospital between January 2022 and January 2023. 179 patients were randomly selected for enrollment, and data related to their demographics, medical history, microbial isolation, administered antibiotics, and incidence of recurrent infections were collected. ResultsCiprofloxacin (38 %), Cefuroxime (26.8 %), and Nitrofurantoin (16.8 %) were the most prescribed antibiotics. The female population accounted for 87.3 % of UTI cases. Notably, 40.7 % lacked microbial growth or data. Inappropriateness was found in 55.3 % of selection, 27.9 % of dosing, and 38.5 % of treatment duration confined to antibiotics in UTI management. Moreover, complicated UTIs rather than duration and indication for antibiotic therapy were independent risk factors for the re-occurrence of UTIs. ConclusionsThe study depicted an overall 44.7 % of appropriate antibiotic prescriptions in UTI patients. However, it also highlighted the necessity for tailored interventions and promotional efforts aimed at promoting the rational use of antibiotics in patients, thereby preventing resistance and treatment failure.

Evaluation of Vit. D3 and Zn levels in patients with urinary tract infections

Background: Vitamin D, known for its immunoregulatory effects and antimicrobial properties, plays a crucial role in regulating inflammation and chemokine production. Zinc is influential for a healthy immune system and human health, influencing cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis, which impact organism growth. Objective: Determine the serum zinc and vitamin D3 levels in UTI patients and controls to detect the role of vit. D3 and Zn in UTIs, and their levels in recurrent and non-recurrent infections. Materials and Methods: Samples of 60 urinary tract infection patients, distributed between 30 females and 30 males, were collected from Imam Hassan Al-Mujtaba Hospital for the period from December 2022 to April 2023. After collecting venous blood samples from patients and the controls, the serum was separated to measure the concentrations of vitamin D3 and zinc. The concentration of vitamin D3 was measured using the Cobas system, while the concentration of zinc was measured using a Mindray device. Results: UTI patients have lower serum zinc levels than the controls group, with the patient group having 83.0 mg/dL compared to the control group. Vitamin D3 was also low in the patients group compared to controls (10.50, 12.58 respectively). Conclusion: Vitamin D3 and zinc levels can influence UTI development, with patients having lower serum vit. D3 and zinc than the controls group, indicating a potential risk of UTI.

Phylogenetic analysis, biofilm formation, antimicrobial resistance and relationship between these characteristics in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli.

In the present study, we examine the prevalence of phylogenetic groups, O-serogroups, adhesin genes, antimicrobial resistance, the level of gene expression associated with biofilm formation, and the presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) in UPEC strains isolated from both pediatric and adult patients. In this cross-sectional study, 156 UPEC isolates were collected from UTI patients. ESBL-producing isolates were detected using the double-disc synergy (DDS) method, and biofilm formation was assessed through a microplate assay. The presence of O-serogroups, adhesion factors and resistance genes, including ESBLs and PMQR genes, was detected by PCR, and isolates were categorized into phylogenetic groups using multiplex PCR. Additionally, the quantitative real-time PCR method was also used to determine the expression level of genes related to biofilm. During the study period, 50.6% (79/156) of the samples were obtained from children, and 49.4% (77/156) were from adults. The highest rate of resistance was to NA (91.7%), while FM (10.9%) had the lowest rate of antibiotic resistance. In addition, 67.9% (106/156) of UPEC isolates were ESBL producers. Most of UPEC isolates belonged to phylogenetic group B2 (37.1%). This study revealed that blaCTX-M and qnrS are widely distributed among UPEC isolates. The mean expression levels of fimA genes were significantly higher in non-biofilm producers than in biofilm producers (p < 0.01). The high antibiotic resistance rates in this study highlight the significance of local resistance monitoring and investigating underlying mechanisms. Our findings indicate the dominance of phylogroup B2 and group D as the prevailing phylogenetic groups. Consequently, it is imperative to investigate the epidemiological aspects and characterize UPEC isolates across diverse regions and time frames.

Oxidative Changes among Women Suffering From Urinary Tract Infection in Enugu Metropolis, Nigeria

Background: The action of bacterial infection in the urinary tract can trigger the release of free radicals which could progress and overwhelm endogenous antioxidants, hence oxidative changes occur. This work aimed to estimate the level of oxidized low density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), among women suffering from urinary tract infection in Enugu metropolis. Materials and Methods: Ethical approval was obtained from the Health Research and Ethics committee (HREC) of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Ituku–Ozalla, Enugu State. Informed consent was obtained from all recruited subjects. About forty (40) women diagnosed of UTIs at the UNTH were recruited for the study and twenty (20) women free of UTIs and who are not registered with UNTH were used as a control for this study. Blood specimens were collected and analysed using the ELISA technique to check for Ox-LDL and SOD levels. Results: The mean value of the antioxidant enzyme, SOD, was lower than that of the control which suggests a possibility of oxidative stress. However, Ox-LDL mean value was lower than that of the control population showing absence of lipid peroxidation in all sampled population, which may have been pronounced if the subjects had complicated UTI like pyelonephritis. Conclusion: This study showed a drop in the levels of an antioxidant enzyme among UTI patients placing the patients at risk of oxidative stress. Ox-LDL should be higher in test than in control population indicating lipid peroxidation. However, in this study, the Ox-LDL showed no increase in values. Oxidative stress should be looked out for and treated by physicians when treating UTIs.

Antibiotic sensitivity profiles of uropathogenic E. coli: A prevalence study in UTI patients

Antibiotic sensitivity profiles of uropathogenic E. coli: A prevalence study in UTI patients

Prevalence of Bacteriuria, and Characterization of Their Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern and Efflux Pumps Activity in Diabetic and Non-diabetic Uti Patients

Rationale: Urinary tract infections (UTI) occur more frequently in patients with type 2 diabetes. In developing countries, impairments in the defense system, metabolic disorder during diabetes, and incomplete bladder emptying all contribute to the pathogenesis of UTI in diabetic patients. This comparative study is undertaken to reveal the prevalence of uropathogens and their antimicrobial resistance patterns, and to assess hematological biomarker in diabetic and non-diabetic UTI patients. Methods: The prevalence of uropathogens were tested in 40 diabetic and 40 non-diabetic UTI patients. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates were assessed by the Kirby-Buer disc-diffusion method. Moreover, the bacterial load, Gram-staining, biochemical and serological assays were performed using appropriate methods. Results: The findings showed that diabetic patients are more likely to UTI compared to non-diabetic patients. In terms of uropathogenic prevalence, 61% Escherichia coli, 34% Klebsiella pneumoniae, 2% Staphylococcus aureus, 2% Pseudomonas aureginosa and 1% others. The antimicrobial resistance profile demonstrated that most of the bacterial isolates were resistant to amoxicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin and methicillin but susceptible to azithromycin, chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin. Moreover, the drug efflux pumps activity and bacterial burden were significantly high among antimicrobial resistant bacterial isolates. Besides, the C-reactive protein, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, glycosylated hemoglobin A1C, neutrophils and lymphocytes were significantly high in diabetic UTI patients. Conclusion: This study found E. coli was the most frequent bacteria isolates, and this observation is consistent others. Diabetic UTI patients are more vulnerable with high bacterial burden and systemic inflammation. Bioresearch Commu. 10(1): 1413-1419, 2024 (January)

Study of the Genomic Characterization of Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia Coli Isolated From Iraqi Patients with Urinary Tract Infections.

Urinary tract infection is one of the last diseases prevalent in humans, with various causative agents affecting 250 million people annually, This study analyzed UTIs in Iraqi patients caused by Escherichia coli. ESBL enzymes contribute to antibiotic resistance. The research aimed to analyze ESBL gene frequency, resistance patterns, and genetic diversity of E. coli strains; Between Dec 2020 and May 2021, 200 urine samples were collected, cultured on blood agar, EMB, and MacConkey's plates, samples incubated at 37°C for 24h. Positive samples (> 100cfu/ml) underwent Kirby-Bauer and CLSI antibiotic susceptibility testing. PCR detected virulence genes, Beta-lactamase coding genes, and biofilm-associated resistance genes in E. coli isolates; Out of 200 isolates, 80% comprised Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Specifically, 120 isolates (60%) were Gram-negative, while 40 isolates (20%) were Gram-positive. Among Gram-negative isolates, 20% were identified as E. coli. Remarkably, all E. coli strains showed resistance to all tested antibiotics, ranging from 80 to 95% resistance. The E. coli isolates harbored three identified resistance genes: blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTXM. Regarding biofilm production, 10% showed no formation, 12% weak formation, 62% moderate formation, and 16% strong formation; our study found that pathogenic E. coli caused 20% of UTIs. The majority of studied E. coli strains from UTI patients carried the identified virulence genes, which are vital for infection development and persistence.

Detection of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern and Molecular Detection of Resistance Genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated from Urine Samples of Suspected UTI Patients Attending Public Hospitals in Nasarawa South Senatorial District, Nasarawa State, Nigeria

Aims: The aim of the current study was to determine antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and the incidence of resistance genes (β-lactamase-encoded genes) among clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae.&#x0D; Study Design: Investigative.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, between November 2022 and July 2023.&#x0D; Methodology: A total of 375 clinical samples were randomly collected from patients and isolation and identification was done using standard microbiological methods. The antibiotic susceptibility testing for the isolates was carried out in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute protocol. The detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production in K. pneumoniae isolates was carried out using double disc synergy test. In addition, molecular detection of ESBL genes was carried out using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method.&#x0D; Results: The overall incidence rate of K. pneumoniae in the 375 clinical samples from Nasarawa South Senatorial District was 38 (10.13%). Resistance was high to ampicillin (94.74%) and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (73.6%) but low to cefotaxime (13.16%), ceftriaxone (18.42%), ceftazidime and cefoxitin (23.60%) and gentamicin (28.94%). Most of the isolates were multi-drug resistant (MDR; 81.5%) and none was Pan Drug resistant. All 15 isolates jointly resistant to cefotaxime and/or ceftazidime and ciprofloxacin 100.0% were ESBL producers, distributed as follows: blaCTX-M-1 7(46.6%); blaCTX-M-34(26.6%); blaSHV 6(40.0%); blaTEM6 (40.0%); and blaOXA 5(33.3%).&#x0D; Conclusion: K. pneumoniae isolated from the urine of patients attending public hospitals in Nasarawa South were less resistant to cefotaxime, ceftazidime, gentamicin, ceftriaxone, and cefoxitin in the study location. This implies that the antibiotics are useful in the treatment of infection caused by K. pneumoniae. Also, ESBL-positive K. pneumoniae isolates harbored ESBL genes, with blaCTX-M as the most common.

Association the allelic variation and SNP rs12917707 genotyping with UMOD serum level among Iraqi patients infected with uropathogenic Escherichia coli

: The current study included 90 samples collected and divided into (45) Urinary tract infections of E. coli patients and (45) controls with different ages of both genders. Patient samples were collected from UTI patients admitted to ALYarmouk Teaching Hospital, AL-Karama Teaching Hospital and Al Kidney Teaching Hospital from November 2020 to March 2021. The current study measured Tamm Horsfall protein (THP) concentration in patients with Urinary tract infections and healthy groups. The study also included the Relationship of Umod rs12917707 genotype and Uromodulin level in patients and control using Nested T-ARMS PCR. Our study had two objectives: First, to address whether urinary uromodulin concentration is associated with urinary tract infection with E. coli in a community-based study, and second, to determine whether a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the UMOD region, rs12917707, is associated with urinary uromodulin concentrations. After statistical analysis, the results showed that there could be an association between having mutant homozygous GG polymorphism in the UMOD gene and having UTI of E. coli. At the same time, the mutant homozygous TT represents a risk factor compared to other genotypes (ORs: 0.4, 95% CI (0.17 - 0.93 and ORs: 4.4, 95% CI (1.47-13.26) respectively. The results also showed a significant decrease at P≤0.01 in the patients group with Urinary tract infection (1.38 ± 0.03) Ng/ml compared with the control sample, which was (1.83 ± 0.04) Ng/ml. Keywords: urinary tract infection, UPEC, UMOD-promoter region, SNPs, Nested T-ARMS PCR

Prevalence and Antibiogram of Escherichia Coli Isolated from Urine Sample of Suspected Male UTI patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Southern Bihar

Prevalence and Antibiogram of Escherichia Coli Isolated from Urine Sample of Suspected Male UTI patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Southern Bihar

A test combining multiplex-PCR with pooled antibiotic susceptibility testing has high correlation with expanded urine culture for detection of live bacteria in urine samples of suspected UTI patients

We evaluated whether multiplex polymerase chain reaction (M-PCR) detects viable micro-organisms by comparing micro-organism identification with standard urine culture (SUC) and expanded quantitative urine culture (EQUC). Of the 395 organisms detected by M-PCR, EQUC detected 89.1% (p = 0.10), whereas SUC detected 27.3% (p < 0.0001 vs. M-PCR and p < 0.0001 vs EQUC). M-PCR identified 260 nonfastidious bacteria, EQUC detected 96.5% (p = 0.68), whereas SUC detected 41.5% (p < 0.0001). Common nonfastidious bacteria missed by SUC included Escherichia coli (72.5% detected), Klebsiella pneumoniae (66.7% detected), Enterococcus faecalis (34.6% detected) and Enterococcus faecium (0% detected). M-PCR identified 135 fastidious bacteria and EQUC 101 (74.8%, p = 0.01), whereas SUC failed to detect any (0%, p < 0.0001). Clinical samples evaluated using EQUC and M-PCR yielded very similar findings, indicating that most microbes identified by M-PCR represented viable organisms, and validating M-PCR as a diagnostic tool for UTIs.

Extended Spectrum B-Lactamase (ESBL) and Metallo B-Lactamase (MBL) Production in Gram-Negative Bacteria isolated from Urinary Tract Infection Patients.

Background: The rate of infections caused by Morganella species is reported to be affected by difficulties in their isolation. Enterobacter, species, Citrobacter freundii, Serratia marcescens, and Morganella morganii are the major pathogens involved in hospital acquired infections. All of them are extensively reported in the infections of urinary tract, respiratory tract, cutaneous disorders, catheter associated infections and infections of the central nervous system.Objective: To investigate the frequency of ESBL producing bacteria in Urinary Tract Infection. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study of 200 urine samples was collected from the outdoor patient departments of Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar through consecutive sampling technique during April, 2019 to June 2019. The urine samples were collected and then cultured on selective media i.e., Cysteine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient Agar (CLED) and on MacConkey agar plates. Isolates were identified by conventional morphological and biochemical tests while antibiotic susceptibility was analyzed by “Agar disc diffusion method” using different antibiotics and their zone of inhibition was measured. Results: Total 200 samples processed, 125 (62.5%) isolates, including 67 (53.6%) females, tested positive for the growth of Gram-negative bacteria. Among the identified species, 76 (60.8%) isolates produced ESBLs, with Escherichia coli accounting for 32.6%, Enterobacter for 23.2%, and Morganella species for 12.0%. Moreover, 77 (61.6%) of the isolates were found to be MBL positive, with 30 (24.0%) of them being E. coli, 28 (22.4%) being Enterobacter, and 19 (15.2%) being Morganella spp. The isolates formed a zone of inhibition like a clover leaf and demonstrated a sensitivity of 85 (68%) to antibiotics in the carbapenem class, such as imipenem and meropenem. Cefoparazone/Sulbactam 80 (64.0%), Ofloxacin 79 (63.2%), and Amikacin 78 (62.4%) were the next three antibiotics with high sensitivity. Ampicillin 106 (84.8%) showed the highest resistance, followed by Nitrofurantoin 84 (67.2%) and Ceftriaxone 79 (63.2%), in that order. Conclusion: The study indicated that ESBL-producing bacteria were present frequently among UTI patients. Most of the isolates exhibited strong carbapenem class antibiotic sensitivity. The findings of this study may contribute to the formulation of tactics to lower the incidence of ESBL-producing UTI.Keywords: Antibiotics resistance, Gram Negative bacteria, Plasmid-mediated enzymes, UTI.

Detection of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBLs) among Urinary Tract Patients in Khartoum State, Sudan

Background: Many different organisms can cause urinary tract infections, but Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus are the most prevalent ones. 60% of all antibiotics used to treat infectious diseases around the world are beta-lactam antibiotics, one of the main classes used to fight gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Objective: The purpose of this study is to detect and isolate Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs), which are responsible for urinary tract infections, as well as check for any potential medication resistance. Materials and Methods: The gram stain technique and biochemical assays were used to identify 100 urine samples from Khartoum state hospitals based on their cultural characteristics and morphological appearance. Using the disk diffusion method, the isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility to third-generation cephalosporins (Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime, and Ceftriaxone). The Combination Disk Technique (clavulanic acid+third-generation cephalosporins) was used to inoculate the bacterial isolates to demonstrate their capacity to create ESBL. In comparison to non-ESBL producers, the ESBL producers were assessed. Results: E. coli, Klebsiella, S. aureus, Proteus, and Pseudomonas were among the microorganisms isolated from UTI patients. 61% of the participants in this study were female, whereas 39% were male. E. coli has an increased frequency among isolated bacteria, as it presented in 46% of urine cultures, followed by pseudomonas and Klebsiella, each with a 22% frequency. Growth of the majority of the bacteria was found among females more frequently than males, and it also seems to be among older age patients than younger. Amoxyl alone and in combination with Clavulanic Acid (AAMC) was the most medicine that bacteria were resistant to (76%), but Ceftriaxone (CTR) has higher sensitivity (45%) and resistance (50%). The growth of the bacteria in the media of antibiotics was sorted into sensitive, intermediate, and resistant. Conclusions: Tested antibiotic resistance was higher for AAMC than for CTR, which is typically taken without performing urine sample culture and sensitivity testing, which over time leads to increased resistance.

Bacteria Causing UTI in Patients at Abu Ghraib, Iraq: Isolation and Identification

This study aimed to detect the most pathogenic bacteria causing UTI in the Abu Ghraib region in Iraq. A cross-sectional study was done in the clinic to investigate the most common bacterial cause of UTI in patients suffering from UTI symptoms. Patients who visited clinics and whose UTI signs and symptoms were verified by the attending clinician were included in the study. All patients had given their consent to participate in the trial and had no prior history of receiving antibiotics for UTIs in the previous two weeks. Patients who were currently menstruating, had a history of taking an antibiotic within the previous two weeks, or who did not give their consent were not included in the study. Two hundred thirteen midstream urine samples were included in this study obtained from 137 females and 76 males. The age of these patients ranged between 18 and 72 years. The collected urine was examined within 3 hours in the bacteriology laboratory. These samples were cultured on primary media, and then the identification of these unknown bacteria was done. The current study showed that the infections in males were significantly higher than in females. Infection was found to be significantly higher in the age group of 31-50 years than in the other age groups, followed by the age groups of 18-30 years. This study showed that E. coli is the most prevalent bacteria isolated from UTI patients, followed by K. pneumonia. In conclusion, UTIs are caused mainly by E. coli and K. pneumonia. They occur mainly in females as compared to males, especially in the age group between 31 and 50 years.

Genome profiling of uropathogenic E. coli from strictly defined community-acquired UTI in paediatric patients: a multicentric study

BackgroundUrinary tract infection (UTI) in children is a common bacterial infection. The emergence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) poses a major challenge against the treatment of uropathogens. We aimed to characterize the E. coli isolates recovered from children with UTI for their resistance profile and circulating sequence types (ST).MethodsChildren (> 1.5–18 years of age) from different community health centres of India with symptoms of UTI were enrolled. Isolates causing significant bacteriuria were identified by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by the automated system, VITEK-2 (Biomeriux, Durhum, US). Nineteen E. coli isolates (15 ESBL positive and 4 ESBL negative) were sequenced in Oxford Nanopore platform followed by core-genome phylogeny, accessory genome cluster analysis, identification of sequence types, mobile genetic elements, genetic antimicrobial resistance markers. The correlation between detection of antimicrobial resistance genes with phenotypic resistance profiles was also investigated.ResultsEleven percent of children had significant bacteriuria [male:female—1:1, > 50% were 11–18 years of age group]. E. coli was predominant (86%) followed by K. pneumoniae (11%). Susceptibility of E. coli was highest against fosfomycin (100%) followed by carbapenems (90.7%) and nitrofurantoin (88.8%). ST131 (15.8%) and ST167 (10.5%) found as high-risk clones with the presence of plasmid [IncFIB (63.1%), IncFIA (52.6%)], and composite transposon [Tn2680 (46.6%)] in many isolates. Few isolates coharboured multiple beta-lactamases including blaNDM-5 (33.3%), blaOXA-1 (53.3%), blaCTX-M-15 (60%) and blaTEM-4 (60%).ConclusionsThis study highlights horizontal transmission of resistance genes and plasmids in paediatric patients at community centers across the nation harbouring multidrug-resistant genes such as blaNDM-5 and blaCTX-M-15 associated with high-risk clones ST131 and ST167. The data is alarming and emphasizes the need for rapid identification of resistance markers to reduce the spread in community. To our knowledge, this is the first multicentric study targeting paediatric UTI patients from the community setting of India.

Megrment the Level of SDF1-Α in the Serum of Patients with Urinary Tract Infection and Patients with Vaginal Infection

Urinary tract infection, Bacterial vaginosis as one of the global threats affecting millions of women and causing some time deaths around the world. Objective: This study aims to assess levels of SDF1 and IgA in patients with Urinary tract infection, Bacterial vaginosis, and people enjoying good health as a control group. Methods: Collecting medical information from (180) participants in the Imam Al-Sadiq General Teaching Hospital in Iraq-Babylon, the Gynecology Consultant, according to specific criteria, the subjects were divided into three groups: the control group, the patients (UTI, BV), while the demographic study included age, education, Jobs, and living Laboratory results, signs and symptoms, SDF1-α and IgA levels were assessed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Results: The results revealed that there were significant variations in SDF1 and IgA between the UTI group, BV group, and control groups. SDF1 level with the UTI group was (1.206522 ±.0927277 pg/ml) and for patients with BV was(1.213735 ±.0661389 pg/ml) whereas the control group appear was (1.130013±.0496400 pg/ml), IgA level in the UTI patients was (64.252983 ± 7.5946759pg/ml) and patients with BV was (60.441928±6.1457661pg/ml) whereas the control group appears was (48.011745 ±4.7938613 pg/ml) Conclusion: They can be considered good indicators to give knowledge about the diagnosis of urinary tract infection and bacterial vaginosis, and help doctors to give appropriate medications. Keywords: Urinary tract infection, bacterial vaginosis, stromal cell-derived factor 1-alpha, Immunoglobulin A.