Uterine Cervical Carcinoma Research Articles

Fyn expression is associated with the response of patients with locally advanced uterine cervical squamous cell carcinoma to neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) followed by surgery is the current standard of treatment for locally advanced uterine cervical cancer; however, its value and outcomes remain contested. Identifying biomarkers that allow for the prediction of the effect of NAC efficacy before initiation of treatment is essential, in order to assist in choosing the optimum therapeutic regimen to maximize the beneficial outcomes of treatment. In the present retrospective study, 44 patients with locally advanced uterine cervical squamous cell carcinoma who underwent NAC were divided into two groups: A NAC successful group and a NAC failure group, depending on the efficacy of NAC. Subsequently, the association between Fyn expression, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that is a member of the Src family kinases, and NAC efficacy was determined; Fyn expression was detected by immunohistochemistry and assessed using a weighted scoring method. Additionally, the effect of Fyn knockdown on the sensitivity of a uterine cervical cancer cell line to cisplatin was determined. Notably, there were no significant differences between the two groups of patients regarding their characteristics. Regarding overall survival, the NAC successful group had a significantly longer survival time than the NAC failure group (P=0.01). Furthermore, the expression levels of Fyn in tumor tissues were significantly lower in the NAC successful group compared with those in the NAC failure group (P=0.003). The patients were subsequently divided into two groups (high expression group and low expression group) according to a cutoff value of 3, which was determined by producing a receiver operating characteristic curve from the weighted scores. The low expression group was significantly more sensitive to NAC than the high expression group (P<0.001). In vitro experiments revealed that Fyn knockdown significantly enhanced the sensitivity of uterine cancer cells to cisplatin (P<0.05). In conclusion, Fyn expression may be a potentially useful biomarker for predicting the response to NAC in patients with locally advanced uterine cervical squamous cell carcinoma, and may also be a promising molecular target for the management of uterine cancer.

Expression of PD-L1 and tumor infiltrating lymphocyte markers in uterine cervical carcinoma

Objective: To investigate the expression of PD-L1, CD4, CD8 and CXCL-13 in cervical carcinoma, and their clinicopathological significance was analyzed. Methods: A total of 77 patients with cervical carcinoma in the Seventh Medical Center, PLA General Hospital from January 2019 to December 2021 were included. All patients received radical surgical resection in the Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital. The expression of PD-L1, CD4, CD8 and CXCL-13 was detected by immunohistochemical (IHC) method. The correlation between IHC markers and patients' clinicopathological parameters was analyzed. Results: There were 59 cases of squamous cell carcinoma and 18 cases of adenocarcinoma (ranging from 29 to 69 years) with an average of (49.4±9.8) years. PD-L1 was expressed in different degrees in cervical squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma (χ²=4.975, P=0.026); CD4+, CD8+and CXCL-13+tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) were observed in the carcinoma cell nests and peritumoral stroma. PD-L1 expression in cervical carcinoma was moderately correlated with the number of CD4+TIL in the carcinoma nests, and the number of CD8+, CXCL-13+TIL infiltration in the carcinoma nests and stroma, but not to the patient's age, histologic differentiation, presence or absence of vascular invasion, presence or absence of lymph node metastasis and FIGO stage (P>0.05). Conclusions: The high expression of PD-L1 in cervical carcinoma tissues is closely related to the number of TIL in the carcinoma nests and peritumor stroma, suggesting that they may have important reference value for predicting the response to immunotherapy in patients with cervical carcinoma.

Moesin Serves as Scaffold Protein for PD-L1 in Human Uterine Cervical Squamous Carcinoma Cells.

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy targeting the programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1)/PD-1 axis has emerged as a promising treatment for uterine cervical cancer; however, only a small subset of patients with uterine cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) derives clinical benefit from ICB therapies. Thus, there is an urgent unmet medical need for novel therapeutic strategies to block the PD-L1/PD-1 axis in patients with uterine cervical SCC. Here, we investigated the involvement of ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) family scaffold proteins, which crosslink several plasma membrane proteins with the actin cytoskeleton, on the plasma membrane localization of PD-L1 in BOKU and HCS-2 cells derived from human uterine cervical SCC. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that PD-L1 colocalized with all three ERM proteins in the plasma membrane. Gene knockdown of moesin, but not ezrin and radixin, substantially reduced the plasma membrane expression of PD-L1, with limited effect on mRNA expression. An immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated the molecular interaction between PD-L1 and moesin. Moreover, phosphorylated, i.e., activated, moesin was highly colocalized with PD-L1 in the plasma membrane. In conclusion, moesin may be a scaffold protein responsible for the plasma membrane expression of PD-L1 in human uterine cervical SCC.

Expression of CD44v6 and RCAS1 in Uterine Cervical Carcinoma Infected with Human Papillomavirus and Its Effect on Cell Proliferation and Differentiation.

To investigate the expression of CD44v6 and RCAS1 and the presence of HPV in cervical cancer tissues, to determine serum RCAS1 levels, and to evaluate these components in correlation with clinicopathologic features and survival. A total of 52 patients consisting of 28 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and 24 adenocarcinoma cases, were studied. RCAS1 and CD44v6 expression was evaluated using immunohistochemical staining. HPV 16 and 18 E6 genes were detected using PCR, and serum RCAS1 concentrations were measured using ELISA. Associations between these factors and clinicopathologic features and survival were analyzed. CD44v6 expression was significantly higher in SCC compared with that in adenocarcinoma (P<0.001). It also showed a significant relation to histologic grade (P<0.001) and tumor size (P=0.03). RCAS1 expression was higher in adenocarcinoma than in SCC (P=0.001), and it showed a borderline relation with histological grade (P=0.057). Overall survival was not significantly different in both CD44v6 and RCAS1 expression; however, FIGO stage (P=0.025) and tumor size (P=0.042) resulted statistically different. The pre-surgical treatment serum RCAS1 levels were not associated with any clinicopathological variables. The presence of HPV 16 E6 was higher in SCC, while the presence of HPV 18 E6 was higher in adenocarcinoma (P<0.001). Detection of HPV 16 E6 was significantly associated with expression of CD44v6. The presence of HPV both HPV 16 E6 and HPV 18 E6 was found in cancer tissues with RCAS1 expression, but without any statistical significance. CD44v6 and RCAS1 expression seems to be involved in tumor proliferation and differentiation, but it is not implicated in the progression and invasion of cervical cancer infected by HPV. Pre-treatment levels of serum RCAS1 in cervical cancer are not a diagnostic and predictive biomarker.

An Asian multi-national multi-institutional retrospective study comparing intracavitary versus the hybrid of intracavitary and interstitial brachytherapy for locally advanced uterine cervical carcinoma.

This study is an international multi-institutional retrospective study comparing the clinical outcomes between intracavitary brachytherapy (ICBT) and the hybrid of intracavitary and interstitial brachytherapy (HBT) for locally advanced cervical cancer patients treated with definitive radiation therapy. Locally advanced cervical cancer, the initial size of which is larger than 4 cm and treated by concurrent chemoradiotherapy and image-guided adaptive brachytherapy, were eligible for this retrospective study. Patients who received HBT at least once were included in the HBT group, and patients who received only ICBT were included in the ICBT group. Anonymized data from 469 patients from 13 institutions in Japan, one from Korea and one from Thailand, were analyzed. Two hundred eighty and 189 patients were included in the ICBT group and the HBT group, respectively. Patients in the HBT group had more advanced stage, non-Scc histopathology, a higher rate of uterine body involvement, larger tumor at diagnosis, larger tumor before brachytherapy and a lower tumor reduction ratio. With a median follow-up of 51.3 months (2.1–139.9 months), 4-y local control (LC), progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) for the entire patient population were 88.2%, 64.2% and 83%, respectively. The HBT group received a higher HR-CTV D90 than that of the ICBT group (68.8 Gy vs 65.6 Gy, P = 0.001). In multivariate analysis, the non-Scc histological subtype, HR-CTV D95 ≤ 60 Gy, reduction ratio ≤ 29% and total treatment time (TTT) ≥ 9 weeks were identified as the independent adverse prognostic factors for LC. Regarding LC, no difference was found between ICBT and HBT (4-y LC 89.3% vs 86.8%, P = 0.314). After adjustment for confounding factors by propensity score matching, no advantage of applying HBT was demonstrated regarding LC, PFS, or OS. Despite the fact that HBT patients had more adverse clinical factors than ICBT patients, HBT delivered a higher dose to HR-CTV and resulted in comparable LC.

HPV16-A1 Genotype is Associated with Poor Recurrence-Free Survival in HPV16 Associated Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oropharynx

<h3>Purpose/Objective(s)</h3> HPV-positive squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx (HPV+ OPSCC) is the most prevalent HPV-associated malignancy in the United States and is primarily caused by HPV16. Favorable treatment outcomes have led to increasing interest in treatment de-escalation to reduce treatment-related morbidity. Prognostic biomarkers are needed to identify appropriately low-risk patients for reduced treatment intensity. Large series of complete HPV16 genome sequencing from HPV+ OPSCC tumors are lacking in the literature. Therefore, we sought to test the hypothesis that HPV16 genotype is prognostic of recurrence-free survival (RFS) in HPV16+ OPSCC. <h3>Materials/Methods</h3> Targeted sequencing of 104 patients with HPV16+ OPSCC tumors was performed, providing complete coverage of all HPV16 open reading frames. Clinical features were retrospectively extracted from the medical record. A second cohort of OPSCC patients was sequenced using total RNA sequencing, which identified 89 patients with HPV16+ OPSCC for analysis. <h3>Results</h3> A high degree of coding diversity in the HPV16 was identified, with 93 distinct protein-coding HPV16 genotypes amongst the 104 patients subject to HPV (DNA) sequencing. As found in uterine cervical carcinoma, E7 was the most conserved amongst HPV16 viral genes. Sub-clonal variants were more likely to be non-synonymous and were enhanced for APOBEC-related mutagenesis. The HPV16-A1 sub-lineage was the most prevalent (approximately 70%). Genotypes closely related to HPV16-A1 were associated with increased numbers of copy-number variants in the human genome. Genotypes divergent from HPV16-A1 were strongly associated with favorable RFS as compared to HPV16-A1 (or similar genotypes); this finding was independent of tobacco smoke exposure. HPV16 genotypes divergent from HPV16-A1 were subsequently validated in an independent cohort (subject to RNA sequencing), to be associated with improved RFS in patients with moderate (less than 30 pack-years) and low (no more than 10 pack-years) of tobacco smoke exposure. <h3>Conclusion</h3> HPV16 viral genotype is highly diverse in HPV associated OPSCC. Sequence divergence from the HPV16-A1 reference sequence is strongly associated with improved RFS in patients with moderate to no tobacco smoke exposure. This finding was confirmed in two independent cohorts. HPV16 genotype is a promising potential biomarker that could be easily adopted to guide therapeutic decision-making related to de-escalation therapy. Prognostic genotypic information can be obtained from clinical samples stored in FFPE applying either DNA or RNA sequencing technology.

Revised German guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of carcinoma of the uterine cervix-what's new for pathologists in 2021?

In 2021, the 2015 German consensus guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of uterine cervical carcinoma was updated. The present article summarises the new recommendations for pathologists: the incorporation of the International Endocervical Adenocarcinoma Classification (IECC), which morphologically separates HPV-associated and non-HPV-associated adenocarcinomas, as well as the reporting of the prognostic relevant growth pattern of the adenocarcinoma of the endocervical subtype (Silva pattern). Histologically, multifocality has been defined as the presence of clearly invasive foci with a minimum distance between each focus of 0.2 cm. Because of its intratumoural heterogeneity, all carcinomas ≤ 2 cm in their largest dimension should be processed completely, and tumours > 2 cm should be processed with one block per centimetre of their greatest dimension. In cases of (radical) trachelectomy/hysterectomy, the distal vaginal resection margin and all parametrial tissue should be processed completely. Sentinel lymph nodes have to be processed completely by lamellation along its long axis in 0.2 cm intervals. Immunohistochemical ultrastaging is mandatory. Staging should be performed using the 2009 FIGO classification and 2017 TNM classification. Reporting the revised 2018 FIGO classification is optional. To date, molecular markers have not been relevant for prognostication and treatment decision making.

Programme death ligand 1 expressions as a surrogate for determining immunotherapy in cervical carcinoma patients.

The programme death ligand1 and its receptor (PD-1/PD-L1) interaction is a target for blockage by immunotherapy that uses the body's own immune system. Some studies show that PD-L1 expressing tumours are also more aggressive with poor prognosis. This study evaluated the immunohistochemical expression of PD-L1 in uterine cervical carcinomas. Women with cervical cancer would benefit from its use as a marker in therapy and prognosis. Hospital-based cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted. The study materials included 183 archived formalin fixed and paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks with histological diagnosis of cervical carcinoma diagnosed in our facility within a five-year period (January 2012 and December 2016) that met the study criteria. Data were extracted from records in the Department and immunohistochemistry was done using polyclonal antibodies to PD-L1 (GTX104763, Genetex). Obtained data were analysed using SPSS version 23. P < 0.05 was considered significant. A hundred and eighty-three cases of cervical cancer were studied. PD-L1 was positive in 57.4% of all cases. The diffuse pattern of staining was the major pattern accounting for 88.5% of positive cases. Poorly differentiated cervical carcinomas are less likely to express PD-L1. Within the histologic types, the squamous cell carcinomas expressed PD-L1 in 58.7%, and 50% of adenocarcinomas were positive. PD-L1 was not expressed in all cases of adenoid cystic carcinomas and basaloid squamous cell carcinomas. A significant population of cervical carcinoma expresses PD-L1 by immunohistochemistry. PD-L1 prevalence is lower amongst the poorly differentiated cancers compared to other grades.

Expression of Potential Biomarker Targets by Immunohistochemistry in Cervical Carcinomas.

There have been few clinically useful targetable biomarkers in uterine cervical carcinomas. Estrogen receptor (ER), HER2, and fibroblast activation protein (FAP) are potential therapeutic or theranostic targets in other gynecologic and genitourinary carcinoma types. We determined the immunohistochemical expression patterns of these markers in treatment-naive cervical carcinoma, and whether expression correlated with clinical outcomes after definitive chemoradiation therapy. Tissue microarrays were created from 71 patient samples taken before therapy (57 squamous cell carcinomas and 14 nonsquamous cell carcinomas) and stained for ER, HER2, and FAP. ER was positive in 25/70 cases (36%). Of 66 tumors with evaluable HER2 staining, only 1 had positive (3+) staining (3%, positive for HER2 amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization), and 1 had equivocal (2+) staining (negative for amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization). The remainder were negative for HER2 overexpression. FAP expression was widely variably in the tumor stroma. ER positivity and FAP expression did not correlate with cervical recurrence, pelvic recurrence, distant recurrence, or cancer death. In conclusion, HER2 amplification is very rare in nonmetastatic treatment-naive cervical carcinomas, but if present, could represent a target for antibody therapy. ER and FAP were expressed in a subset of tumors, but expression did not correlate with clinical outcomes. These immunohistochemical markers do not demonstrate prognostic significance in treatment-naive cervical cancer, but they may have utility in targeted therapy or imaging.

A case of uterine cervical adenoid cystic carcinoma in a young woman diagnosed with cervical conization for an abnormal cytology result

A case of uterine cervical adenoid cystic carcinoma in a young woman diagnosed with cervical conization for an abnormal cytology result

A case of uterine cervical adenosquamous carcinoma with sarcomatous change, with recurrence of the sarcomatous component detected by liquid-based cytology of the vaginal stump

A case of uterine cervical adenosquamous carcinoma with sarcomatous change, with recurrence of the sarcomatous component detected by liquid-based cytology of the vaginal stump

Infection by High-Risk Human Papillomaviruses, Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Squamous Pre-Malignant or Malignant Lesions of the Uterine Cervix: A Series of Chained Events?

Wound healing requires static epithelial cells to gradually assume a mobile phenotype through a multi-step process termed epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Although it is inherently transient and reversible, EMT perdures and is abnormally activated when the epithelium is chronically exposed to pathogens: this event deeply alters the tissue and eventually contributes to the development of diseases. Among the many of them is uterine cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), the most frequent malignancy of the female genital system. SCC, whose onset is associated with the persistent infection of the uterine cervix by high-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs), often relapses and/or metastasizes, being resistant to conventional chemo- or radiotherapy. Given that these fearsome clinical features may stem, at least in part, from the exacerbated and long-lasting EMT occurring in the HPV-infected cervix; here we have reviewed published studies concerning the impact that HPV oncoproteins, cellular tumor suppressors, regulators of gene expression, inflammatory cytokines or growth factors, and the interactions among these effectors have on EMT induction and cervical carcinogenesis. It is predictable and desirable that a broader comprehension of the role that EMT inducers play in SCC pathogenesis will provide indications to flourish new strategies directed against this aggressive tumor.

T-box 2 expression is a useful indicator of the response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy for patients with locally advanced uterine cervical squamous cell carcinoma.

Platinum-based concurrent chemoradiotherapy is the standard treatment for patients with locally advanced uterine cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Reducing the tumor size by administering neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is beneficial for successful hysterectomy, resulting in a more favorable prognosis. Therefore, identifying biomarkers that predict the effectiveness of NAC in patients with cervical squamous cell carcinoma remains a priority. Cancer cells widely express T-box 2 (TBX2), which contributes to the resistance to DNA-damaging chemotherapeutic agents. The present study aimed to determine the association between TBX2 protein expression in tumor tissues and the efficacy of NAC in locally advanced uterine cervical squamous cell carcinoma using immunohistochemistry. Data from 46 patients with locally advanced uterine cervical squamous cell carcinoma were classified into two groups based on their effective or ineffective response to NAC treatment. In addition, the effect of small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of TBX2 on the sensitivity of cervical cancer cells to cisplatin was investigated in vitro. The results revealed that there were no significant differences in patient clinicopathological features between the NAC effective and NAC ineffective groups. The overall survival of the NAC effective group was significantly improved compared with the NAC ineffective group (P=0.007). Tumors from the NAC effective group also had significantly downregulated TBX2 expression levels compared with those from the NAC ineffective group (P=0.0138). Of note, decreased TBX2 expression was indicated to be significantly associated with higher sensitivity to NAC (P=0.009). The low TBX2 expression group had a more favorable overall survival compared with the high TBX2 expression group (P=0.049). Furthermore, knockdown of TBX2 expression significantly increased cancer cell sensitivity to cisplatin in vitro. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that TBX2 expression may be a useful predictor of the response to NAC in patients with locally advanced uterine cervical squamous cell carcinoma.

Genomic alterations in gynecological malignancies: histotype-associated driver mutations, molecular subtyping schemes, and tumorigenic mechanisms.

There are numerous histological subtypes (histotypes) of gynecological malignancies, with each histotype considered to largely reflect a feature of the "cell of origin," and to be tightly linked with the clinical behavior and biological phenotype of the tumor. The recent advances in massive parallel sequencing technologies have provided a more complete picture of the range of the genomic alterations that can persist within individual tumors, and have highlighted the types and frequencies of driver-gene mutations and molecular subtypes often associated with these histotypes. Several large-scale genomic cohorts, including the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), have been used to characterize the genomic features of a range of gynecological malignancies, including high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma, uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma, uterine cervical carcinoma, and uterine carcinosarcoma. These datasets have also been pivotal in identifying clinically relevant molecular targets and biomarkers, and in the construction of molecular subtyping schemes. In addition, the recent widespread use of clinical sequencing for the more ubiquitous types of gynecological cancer has manifested in a series of large genomic datasets that have allowed the characterization of the genomes, driver mutations, and histotypes of even rare cancer types, with sufficient statistical power. Here, we review the field of gynecological cancer, and seek to describe the genomic features by histotype. We also will demonstrate how these are linked with clinicopathological attributes and highlight the potential tumorigenic mechanisms.

Dynamic crosstalk within the tumor microenvironment of uterine cervical carcinoma: baseline network, iatrogenic alterations, and translational implications.

Uterine cervical cancer is the fourth most frequent gynecological tumor worldwide. The tumor microenvironment of cervical cancer is the result of persistent high-risk human papillomavirus infection together with stromal activation of estrogen receptor alpha and the pro-angiogenic and pro-inflammatory activity of immune cells, mainly T-helper 17 cells and tumor-associated macrophages. Therapeutic management (e.g., immunotherapy, especially in advanced cases) may be influenced by the translational implications of tumoral stroma crosstalk and an abundance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes within the tumor microenvironment. The prognosis of cervical cancer is inversely correlated with microvessel density, making anti-angiogenic strategies with agents such as bevacizumab crucial for improving both progression-free survival and overall survival in patients with advanced and recurrent tumors.

Analysis of radiotherapy-induced alteration of CD8+ T cells and PD-L1 expression in patients with uterine cervical squamous cell carcinoma.

Radiotherapy induces an immune response in the cancer microenvironment that may influence clinical outcome. The present study aimed to analyse the alteration of CD8+ T-cell infiltration and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression following radiotherapy in clinical samples from patients with uterine cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Additionally, the current study sought to analyse the association between these immune responses and clinical outcomes. A total of 75 patients who received either definitive chemoradiotherapy or radiotherapy were retrospectively analyzed. CD8+ T-cell infiltration and PD-L1 expression were determined by immunohistochemistry using biopsy specimens before radiotherapy (pre-RT) and after 10 Gy radiotherapy (post-10 Gy). The PD-L1+ rate was significantly increased from 5% (4/75) pre-RT to 52% (39/75) post-10 Gy (P<0.01). Despite this increase in the PD-L1+ rate post-10 Gy, there was no significant association between both pre-RT and post-10 Gy and overall survival (OS), locoregional control (LC) and progression-free survival (PFS). On the other hand, the CD8+ T-cell infiltration density was significantly decreased for all patients (median, 23.1% pre-RT vs. 16.9% post-10 Gy; P=0.038); however, this tended to increase in patients treated with radiotherapy alone (median, 17.7% pre-RT vs. 24.0% post-10 Gy; P=0.400). Notably, patients with high CD8+ T-cell infiltration either pre-RT or post-10 Gy exhibited positive associations with OS, LC and PFS. Thus, the present analysis suggested that CD8+ T-cell infiltration may be a prognostic biomarker for patients with cervical cancer receiving radiotherapy. Furthermore, immune checkpoint inhibitors may be effective in patients who have received radiotherapy, since radiotherapy upregulated PD-L1 expression in cervical cancer specimens.

Regression of Hypermetabolic Splenic Granulomata Mimicking Metastases Following Non-targeted Effect of Radiotherapy for Uterine Cervical Carcinoma

Regression of Hypermetabolic Splenic Granulomata Mimicking Metastases Following Non-targeted Effect of Radiotherapy for Uterine Cervical Carcinoma

Clinicopathologic and genomic characterization of PD-L1-positive uterine cervical carcinoma.

Positive program death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) immunohistochemistry (IHC) is an approved companion diagnostic guiding the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in uterine cervical carcinoma (CXC). The clinical and genomic features of PD-L1-positive (PD-L1positive) CXC have not been previously described. We reviewed the clinicopathologic and molecular features of 647 CXC cases that were tested using DAKO 22C3 PD-L1 IHC and comprehensive genomic profiling during the course of clinical care. PD-L1positive cases were defined via a combined positive score of ≥1. No differences were found in age, genetic ancestry, and HPV status of the PD-L1positive (n = 548) and PD-L1negative disease subset. The PD-L1 positivity rate varied by histologic subtype of CXC with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) having a PD-L1 positivity rate of 91% (397/437) and usual-type adenocarcinoma's PD-L1 positivity rate being 60% (35/58). In addition, the PD-L1 positivity rate varied depending on site of the specimen with 89.1% (261/293) positivity rate observed in cervix specimens compared to 25% (2/8) in brain metastases specimens. No significant difference in tumor mutational burden (TMB), microsatellite instability, and CD274 (encoding PD-L1) amplification was observed between PD-L1positive and PD-L1negative CXC subsets. By combining TMB with PD-L1, an additional 17 patients are eligible for pembrolizumab when compared to PD-L1 testing alone. TERT promoter alterations and APOBEC mutational signature were enriched in the PD-L1positive CXC SCC (p = 0.011, and p = 0.004, respectively). Our study reveals important prevalence data on PD-L1 positivity in CXC non-SCC and suggests that further studies in these histologic subtypes are warranted. In addition, we also provide a key framework to guide both specimen selection and future investigations of predictors of immunotherapy response in cervical cancer patients. Lastly, TERT promoter alterations and APOBEC mutational signature may be a biologically unique subset of PD-L1positive CXC SCC.

Brain Metastases from Uterine Cervical and Endometrial Cancer.

Simple SummaryThis review investigated the prevalence, clinical characteristics, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of patients with brain metastases from uterine cervical carcinoma (CC) and uterine endometrial carcinoma (EC). The findings of this review indicate the factors that can facilitate better treatment selection and, consequently, better outcomes in patients with CC and EC.Reports on brain metastases (BMs) from uterine cervical carcinoma (CC) and uterine endometrial carcinoma (EC) have recently increased due to the development of massive databases and improvements in diagnostic procedures. This review separately investigates the prevalence, clinical characteristics, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of BMs from CC and uterine endometrial carcinoma EC. For patients with CC, early-stage disease and poorly differentiated carcinoma lead to BMs, and elderly age, poor performance status, and multiple BMs are listed as poor prognostic factors. Advanced-stage disease and high-grade carcinoma are high-risk factors for BMs from EC, and multiple metastases and extracranial metastases, or unimodal therapies, are possibly factors indicating poor prognosis. There is no “most effective” therapy that has gained consensus for the treatment of BMs. Treatment decisions are based on clinical status, number of the metastases, tumor size, and metastases at distant organs. Surgical resection followed by adjuvant radiotherapy appears to be the best treatment approach to date. Stereotactic ablative radiation therapy has been increasingly associated with good outcomes in preserving cognitive functions. Despite treatment, patients died within 1 year after the BM diagnosis. BMs from uterine cancer remain quite rare, and the current evidence is limited; thus, further studies are needed.

Charateristics of Gynecological Abnormalities and Types of Urine Diversion at Dr Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia, in Three-Year Period

In the case of advanced stage gynecological disorders, most patients have a disturbance in the upper urinary tract. Most patients with uterine cervical carcinoma are already in stage 3B and require urine diversion. The purpose of this study is to find and determine the profile of gynecological disorders that require urine diversion, the type of urine diversion, and urine diverted output in patients with cervical carcinoma. This descriptive analytical retrospective study was conducted at Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia, between 2012 and 2015. The samples of this study were all patients with gynecological disorders who underwent retrograde DJ stent procedures, underwent ureterocutaneostomy and nephrostomy at the Integrated Central Surgery Building, Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya, for three years between 2012 and 2015. Data was collected based on the medical record number of patients with gynecological disorders who underwent urine diversion procedures and were recorded in the book on the operation schedule. We find that the most common cause of gynecological abnormalities in kidney obstruction is cervical carcinoma. There are three types of urine diversions used, namely DJ stent, percutaneous nefropyelostomy, and ureterocutaneostomy, with DJ as the most commonly performed. Urine diversion can improve creatinine without being influenced by the type of diversity.