Ultra-widefield Fluorescein Angiography Research Articles

Comparison of diabetic retinopathy lesions identified using ultrawide field color photography, ultrawide field fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography angiography

AbstractPurposeTo determine the correlation of diabetic retinopathy (DR) findings identified on ultrawide field (UWF) color photos, ultrawide field fluorescein angiograms (UWF‐FA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiograms (OCTA).MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional study. Images taken on the same visit were prospectively collected from adult patients with diabetes at a tertiary center in the Philippines. Patients underwent imaging with UWF and UWF‐FA (Optos plc, Dunfermline, Scotland, UK), and OCT with OCTA (Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc, Dublin, CA, USA). Images were evaluated for the presence of DR lesions and center‐involving diabetic macular edema (ciDME). Ischemia was identified on UWF‐FA using Image J Fiji software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA) and nonperfusion index (NPI) was determined using previously validated protocols. Automated measurements of the macular vessel density (VD), vessel perfusion (VP) and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) metrics were obtained on OCTA.ResultsImages from 69 eyes were included in the analysis. Increasing DR severity was associated with higher NPI (r = 0.55944, p < 0.001) and remained significant after distinguishing between cones (Cone Nonperfusion Index [CPI]: r = 0.55617, p < 0.0001) and rods (Rod Nonperfusion Index [RPI]: r = 0.55285, p < 0.0001). In eyes with NPDR, higher NPI is correlated with the presence of ciDME (r = 0.51156, p 0.0017). Furthermore, macular nonperfusion on UWF‐FA was correlated with higher NPI (r = 0.42899, p 0.0101), CPI (r = 0.50028, p 0.0022) and RPI (r = 0.49027, p 0.0028). Central VD and VP were correlated with the presence of ciDME (r = 0.52456, p < 0.0001; r = 0.51952, p < 0.0001) on OCT. A larger FAZ area was correlated with decreased central VD (r = −0.60089, p 0.0001) and decreased central VP (r = −0.59224, p 0.0001).ConclusionsThe collective findings of UWF, UWF‐FA and OCTA provide complementary information on diabetic eyes, and may offer insights on the pathogenesis and progression of DR.

Ultra-Widefield Fundus Fluorescein Angiography Findings in Patients with Fuchs' Uveitis Syndrome.

Background:The aim of this study was to evaluate ultra-widefield (UWF) fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) findings in patients with Fuchs’ uveitis syndrome (FUS).Materials and Methods:This cross-sectional study was conducted in patients with FUS. All the patients underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination, and FFA was carried out with Optos UWF retinal imaging. Standard FFA and image acquisition consisted of early phase (15–45 s) images, and late-phase (5–10 min) images were also obtained for both eyes.Results:Forty eyes from twenty unilateral FUS patients, including 11 females (55%), who had a mean age of 38.50 ± 6.97 years, were enrolled. Eighty-five percent of the FUS eyes had optic disc hyperfluorescence (ODH) in the FFA. A significant relationship was observed between ODH and iris heterochromia (P = 0.004). ODH was seen in all the patients with iris heterochromia (n = 16). Peripheral vascular leakage (PVL), capillary nonperfusion, chorioretinal scar, and vascular sheathing were observed in 3, 3, 2, and 8 of the patients’ eyes, respectively.Conclusion:UWF FFA imaging seemed to be mandatory for evaluating the prognosis of the FUS patients, and another investigation may require to be conducted to evaluate the effect of antivascular endothelial growth factor agents for the management of PVL in these patients.

Ultra-Widefield Fluorescein Angiography Image Brightness Compensation Based on Geometrical Features

Ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography (UWFA) is an emerging imaging modality used to characterise pathologies in the retinal vasculature, such as microaneurysms (MAs) and vascular leakages. Despite its potential value for diagnosis and disease screening, objective quantitative assessment of retinal pathologies by UWFA is currently limited because laborious manual processing is required. In this report, we describe a geometrical method for uneven brightness compensation inherent to UWFA imaging technique. The correction function is based on the geometrical eyeball shape, therefore it is fully automated and depends only on pixel distance from the center of the imaged retina. The method’s performance was assessed on a database containing 256 UWFA images with the use of several image quality measures that show the correction method improves image quality. The method is also compared to the commonly used CLAHE approach and was also employed in a pilot study for vascular segmentation, giving a noticeable improvement in segmentation results. Therefore, the method can be used as an image preprocessing step in retinal UWFA image analysis.

Quantitative analysis of retinal vasculature in normal eyes using ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography.

To quantify the area and density of retinal vascularity by ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography (UWFA). In a retrospective study, UWFA images were obtained using an ultra-widefield imaging device in 42 normal eyes of 42 patients. Central and peripheral steered images were used to define the edge of retinal vasculature by a certified grader. The length from the center of the optic disc to the edge of retinal vascularity (RVL) in each quadrant and the total retinal vascular perfusion area (RVPA) were determined by the grader using OptosAdvance software. The density of retinal vascularity (RVD) was quantified in different zones of central-steered images using Image J software. Among 42 healthy eyes, the values for mean RVL in each quadrant were 19.007±0.781 mm (superior), 18.467±0.869 mm (inferior), 17.738±0.622 mm (nasal) and 24.241±1.336 mm (temporal). The mean RVPA was 1140.117±73.825 mm2. The mean RVD of the total retina was 4.850%±0.638%. RVD varied significantly between different retina zones (P<0.001), and significant differences existed in the RVD values for total retinal area in patients over 50 years old compared to those under 50 years old (P=0.033). No gender difference was found. The UWFA device can be a promising tool for analyzing the overall retinal vasculature and may provide a better understanding of retinal vascular morphology in normal eyes. Aging may be related to lower RVD.

Prevalence of persistent avascular retina in untreated children with a history of retinopathy of prematurity screening

Persistent avascular retina (PAR) in prematurely born individuals may be a risk factor for late sequelae of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), including retinal detachment in older childhood and adulthood. Although PAR has been associated with use of vascular endothelial growth factor antagonist therapy for treatment-requiring ROP, the prevalence of this finding in patients without prior ROP treatment is unknown. We performed a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of PAR in a cohort of patients 4-8 years of age who were screened for ROP in the neonatal intensive care unit and did not receive treatment. Patients were recruited from an existing population-based cohort and underwent ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography (UWFFA). UWFFA images of 43 eyes of 23 patients were evaluated. Average age at time of evaluation was 6.2 years. PAR was observed in 21 patients (91%). Thirteen eyes (30%) had PAR in zone II; 23 (53%), in zone III. Six eyes (14%) had abnormal vessels without clear PAR. These findings indicate a high prevalence of PAR in patients with a history of ROP screening without treatment.

The clinical use of ultra – Wide field imaging and intravenous fluorescein angiography in infants with retinopathy of prematurity

PurposeTo investigate the potential benefits and practicality of ultra – wide field (UWF) imaging and intravenous UWF fluorescein angiography (IV UWF – FA) in infants with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) using an Optos® California device. MethodsThis retrospective study involved 46 infants with a history of ROP who underwent UWF imaging with or without IV UWF – FA. ROP characteristics were identified using UWF color imaging. Retinal vascular findings following treatment were also assessed at IV UWF – FA analysis. All imaging sessions were performed under topical anesthesia without sedation. Main outcomes were the appearance of ROP at UWF color imaging and IV UWF–FA analysis, including status of ROP, neovascularizations, presence of plus disease, retinal vascular details, and resolution after treatment. ResultsSeven (three girls) of the 46 infants (22 girls) underwent IV UWF–FA. Twelve IV UWF–FA sessions were performed in total. The oldest infant during IV UWF–FA analysis was at 55 postmenstrual weeks. Clinical characteristics of disease were easily identified at UWF color imaging. IV UWF–FA images also clearly revealed non-perfused retinal areas, fluorescein leakage, macular edema, retinal vascular abnormalities, and the status of the peripheral vascular termini. Complications of IV UWF–FA occurred in one infant in the form of patchy yellow skin discoloration around the injection site which completely disappeared on the first day following the procedure. ConclusionsProviding a high resolution panoramic view of the retina in a single image capture with no need for contact with the cornea appear to represent potential advantages of UWF imaging in infants with ROP. IV UWF–FA also seems to be a safe procedure which can be performed under topical anesthesia and that shows detailed retinal vascular alterations in patients with ROP.

A deep learning model for identifying diabetic retinopathy using optical coherence tomography angiography

As the prevalence of diabetes increases, millions of people need to be screened for diabetic retinopathy (DR). Remarkable advances in technology have made it possible to use artificial intelligence to screen DR from retinal images with high accuracy and reliability, resulting in reducing human labor by processing large amounts of data in a shorter time. We developed a fully automated classification algorithm to diagnose DR and identify referable status using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) images with convolutional neural network (CNN) model and verified its feasibility by comparing its performance with that of conventional machine learning model. Ground truths for classifications were made based on ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography to increase the accuracy of data annotation. The proposed CNN classifier achieved an accuracy of 91–98%, a sensitivity of 86–97%, a specificity of 94–99%, and an area under the curve of 0.919–0.976. In the external validation, overall similar performances were also achieved. The results were similar regardless of the size and depth of the OCTA images, indicating that DR could be satisfactorily classified even with images comprising narrow area of the macular region and a single image slab of retina. The CNN-based classification using OCTA is expected to create a novel diagnostic workflow for DR detection and referral.

The 2-Year Leakage Index and Quantitative Microaneurysm Results of the RECOVERY Study: Quantitative Ultra-Widefield Findings in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Treated with Intravitreal Aflibercept.

Eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) have been shown to improve in the leakage index and microaneurysm (MA) count after intravitreal aflibercept (IAI) treatment. The authors investigated these changes via automatic segmentation on ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography (UWFA). Forty subjects with PDR were randomized to receive either 2 mg IAI every 4 weeks (Arm 1) or every 12 weeks (Arm 2) through Year 1. After Year 1, Arm 1 switched to quarterly IAI and Arm 2 to monthly IAI through Year 2. By Year 2, the Arm 1 leakage index decreased by 43% from Baseline (p = 0.03) but increased by 59% from Year 1 (p = 0.04). Arm 2 decreased by 61% from Baseline (p = 0.008) and by 31% from Year 1 (p = 0.12). Both cohorts exhibited a significant decline in MAs from Baseline to Year 2 (871 to 410; p < 0.001; 776 to 207; p < 0.001, respectively). Subjects with an improved leakage and MA count showed a more significant improvement in the Diabetic Retinopathy Severity Scale (DRSS) score. Moreover, central subfield thickness (CST) was positively associated with changes in the leakage index. In conclusion, the leakage index and MA counts significantly improved from Baseline following IAI treatment, and monthly injections provided a more rapid and sustained reduction in these parameters compared with quarterly injections.

Differences between Mycobacterium chimaera and tuberculosis Using Ocular Multimodal Imaging: A Systematic Review.

Due to their non-specific diagnostic patterns of ocular infection, differential diagnosis between Mycobacterium (M.) chimaera and tuberculosis can be challenging. In both disorders, ocular manifestation can be the first sign of a systemic infection, and a delayed diagnosis might reduce the response to treatment leading to negative outcomes. Thus, it becomes imperative to distinguish chorioretinal lesions associated with M. chimaera, from lesions due to M. tuberculosis and other infectious disorders. To date, multimodal non-invasive imaging modalities that include ultra-wide field fundus photography, fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography, optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography, facilitate in vivo examination of retinal and choroidal tissues, enabling early diagnosis, monitoring treatment response, and relapse detection. This approach is crucial to differentiate between active and inactive ocular disease, and guides clinicians in their decisional-tree during the patients’ follow-up. In this review, we summarized and compared the available literature on multimodal imaging data of M. chimaera infection and tuberculosis, emphasizing similarities and differences in imaging patterns between these two entities and highlighting the relevance of multimodal imaging in the management of the infections.

Automated Grading of Diabetic Retinopathy with Ultra-Widefield Fluorescein Angiography and Deep Learning.

Purpose The objective of this study was to establish diagnostic technology to automatically grade the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) according to the ischemic index and leakage index with ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography (UWFA) and the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) 7-standard field (7-SF). Methods This is a cross-sectional study. UWFA samples from 280 diabetic patients and 119 normal patients were used to train and test an artificial intelligence model to differentiate PDR and NPDR based on the ischemic index and leakage index with UWFA. A panel of retinal specialists determined the ground truth for our data set before experimentation. A confusion matrix as a metric was used to measure the precision of our algorithm, and a simple linear regression function was implemented to explore the discrimination of indexes on the DR grades. In addition, the model was tested with simulated 7-SF. Results The model classification of DR in the original UWFA images achieved 88.50% accuracy and 73.68% accuracy in the simulated 7-SF images. A simple linear regression function demonstrated that there is a significant relationship between the ischemic index and leakage index and the severity of DR. These two thresholds were set to classify the grade of DR, which achieved 76.8% accuracy. Conclusions The optimization of the cycle generative adversarial network (CycleGAN) and convolutional neural network (CNN) model classifier achieved DR grading based on the ischemic index and leakage index with UWFA and simulated 7-SF and provided accurate inference results. The classification accuracy with UWFA is slightly higher than that of simulated 7-SF.

The Role of Ultra-Widefield Fundus Imaging and Fluorescein Angiography in Diagnosis and Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy.

Early detection and treatment are important for preventing vision loss from diabetic retinopathy. Historically, the gold standard for grading diabetic retinopathy has been based on 7-field 30-degree color fundus photographs that capture roughly the central third of the retina. Our aim was to review recent literature on the role of ultra-widefield (allowing capture of up to 82% of the retina in one frame) fundus imaging in screening, prognostication, and treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Ultra-widefield fundus imaging can capture peripheral retinal lesions outside the traditional 7-field photographs that may correlate with increased risk of diabetic retinopathy progression. The speed and ability to image through undilated pupils make ultra-widefield imaging attractive for tele-ophthalmology screening. Ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography may help guide targeted laser treatment in eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Ultra-widefield imaging has potential to help shape new diabetic retinopathy screening, staging, and treatment protocols.

How to Achieve Near-Normal Visual Acuity with Bevacizumab in Diabetic Macular Edema Patients.

Patients suffering from diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic macular edema (DME) are inherently interested in achieving normal or near-normal visual acuity. The study aimed to investigate factors influencing the visual acuity achieved by DME patients after bevacizumab (IVB) treatment. 98 patients (98 eyes) diagnosed with DR and DME underwent IVB treatment (9 injections/12 months). Patients were diagnosed and monitored using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT), ultra-wide-field fluorescein angiography (UWFFA) and Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) chart testing. We assessed macular central subfield thickness (CST), non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) indicators and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). After the treatment, patients were divided into BCVA≤75 and BCVA>75 groups. The IVB therapy increased the number of ETDRS letters read by about 9 and 8 in the BCVA≤75 and the BCVA>75 group, respectively. Before and after treatment, the BCVA>75 group had lower CST than the BCVA≤75 group. The treatment reduced macular CST by 177 μm in the BCVA≤75 group and only by 93 μm in the BCVA>75 group. Total non-perfusion area (NPA) decreased in both BCVA score groups after IVB therapy. Normal or near-normal vision can be achieved with IVB treatment, provided it starts when visual acuity is not significantly reduced yet. The ophthalmic screening of DR patients should also target those with relatively high visual acuity.

Characterization of Ultra-Widefield Angiographic Vascular Features in Diabetic Retinopathy with Automated Severity Classification

Purpose:To determine the association between diabetic retinopathy (DR) severity and quantitative retinal vascular features.Design:Retrospective image analysis study.Participants:Eyes with DR and eyes with no posterior segment disease (normal eyes) that had undergone ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography (UWFA) with associated color fundus photography. Exclusion criteria were any previous laser photocoagulation, low image quality, intravitreal or periocular pharmacotherapy within 6 months of imaging, and any other significant retinal disease including posterior uveitis, retinal vein occlusion, and choroidal neovascularization.Methods:The centered early mid-phase UWFA frame that captured the maximum vessel area was selected using automated custom software for each eye. Panretinal and zonal vascular features were extracted using a machine learning algorithm. Eyes with DR were graded for DR severity as mild nonproliferative DR (NPDR), moderate NPDR, severe NPDR, and proliferative DR (PDR). Parameters of normal eyes were compared with age- and gender-matched patients with DR using the t test. Differences between severity groups were evaluated by the analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis tests, generalized linear mixed-effects models, and random forest regression models.Main Outcome Measures:Diabetic retinopathy severity and vascular features (panretinal and zonal vessel area, length and geodesic distance, panretinal area index, tortuosity measures, vascular density measures, and zero vessel density rate).Results:Ninety-seven eyes from 60 patients with DR and 12 normal eyes from 12 patients that underwent UWFA for evaluation of fellow eye pathology had images of sufficient quality to be included in this analysis. The mean age was 60 ± 10 years in DR eyes and 46 ± 17 years in normal eyes. Panretinal vessel area, mean geodesic distance, skewness, and kurtosis of local vessel density was significantly higher in normal eyes compared with the age- and gender-matched eyes with DR (P < 0.05). Zero vessel density rate, skewness of vessel density, and mean mid-peripheral geodesic distance were among the most important features for distinguishing mild NPDR from advanced forms of DR and PDR versus eyes without PDR.Conclusions:Automated analysis of retinal vasculature demonstrated associations with DR severity and visual and subvisual vascular biomarkers. Further studies are needed to evaluate the clinical significance of these parameters for DR prognosis and therapeutic response.

Peripheral arterial filling time and peripheral retina fluorescence features in ultra-widefield angiography.

To evaluate the peripheral arterial filling time (PAFT) and venous filling time (VFT) in eyes without known diseases that may influence filling process using ultra-widefield (UWF) fluorescein angiography (FA), and to review the peripheral retina fluorescence features. A total of 30 eyes of 30 patients were retrospectively reviewed in this observational study. UWF-FA was performed using Optos 200Tx. PAFT and VFT was recorded. The interval between the arterial or venous filling completion and the previous photo was documented. The appearance of the far peripheral retina was described as either granular background fluorescence or mottled fluorescent band or vascular leakage. Terminal vascular patterns was described as loop pattern or branching pattern. Microvascular abnormalities such as arteriovenous shunting, vessels crossing the horizontal raphe, right angle vessels, terminal networks, capillary nonperfusion, drusen or microaneurysms were evaluated. The normal limits of PAFT was 3.397-8.984s and 4.399-11.753s for VFT. The appearance of the far peripheral retina, defined as granular background (63%), mottled fluorescence (20%), or vascular leakage (17%), was symmetrical between both eyes. Capillary nonperfusion (23%) and microaneurysms (40%) were more frequently found in eyes with loop pattern than in eyes with branching pattern. Other peripheral signs such as right-angle vessels (73%), and terminal networks (80%) were commonly seen on UWF-FA in the normal peripheral retina. The main courses of retinal artery and vein filling time are overlapping with each other on UWF-FA. Notably, the arterial filling process is completed in the arteriovenous phase rather than the traditionally named arterial phase. There are various manifestations in the peripheral retina of normal eyes.

Exploring the angiographic-biologic phenotype in the IMAGINE study: quantitative UWFA and cytokine expression

BackgroundThis study investigates the association of intraocular cytokine expression and ultrawide-field fluorescein angiography (UWFA) quantitative imaging biomarkers and their association with angiographical feature response after antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)...

Analysis of Progressive Neovascularization in Diabetic Retinopathy Using Widefield OCT Angiography

To document enlarged neovascularization elsewhere (NVE) quantitatively and morphologically using widefield swept-source (SS) OCT angiography (OCTA) with vitreoretinal interface (VRI) slab images. Retrospective, observational imaging study. The study included 46 NVE examples in 25 eyes of 21 consecutive patients who demonstrated severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy with NVE between March 2018 and June 2020 at Osaka University Hospital. All patients underwent ophthalmologic examination, including ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography and widefield SS OCTA scans. We evaluated the area and the vascular density (VD) of NVE lesions detected on five 12× 12-mm2 or two 15× 9-mm2 SS OCTA panoramic VRI slab images obtained at the first and final visits. At baseline, the mean NVE area on OCTA was 1.85 ± 2.81 mm2, and the VD of the NVE lesions was 73.9 ± 14.6%. At the final visit, the mean NVE area on OCTA was 2.14 ± 3.14 mm2, and the mean VD of the NVE lesions was 65.3 ± 17.1%. The average NVE size change (square millimeters per month) was associated significantly with the ischemic index (P= 0.009). Growth of NVE area was classified into 2 patterns: round (61.8%) and ramified (38.2%). The round group tended to have a larger ischemic index at baseline than the ramified group (P= 0.0375). We quantified the size and density of NVE lesions over time. The NVE size increase was associated significantly with the severity of ischemic changes. Furthermore, the round growth pattern was correlated significantly with the ischemic index. These findings suggest that the morphologic features of NVE are associated with more severe ischemia.

Multimodal imaging of bilateral ischemic retinal vasculopathy associated with Berger\u2019s IgA nephropathy: case report

BackgroundBerger’s IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common primary glomerulonephritis. However, some rare cases of retinal manifestations have been described, with only two cases of retinal vasculopathy reported in the literature.Here we report an uncommon case of bilateral ischemic retinal vasculopathy associated with Berger IgAN, evaluated with complete multimodal imaging including ultra-wide field (UWF) imaging and swept source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA).Case presentationA 51-year-old woman with a history of Berger’s IgA nephropathy complained of visual impairment in both eyes. Fundus examination showed bilateral peripapillary arterial attenuation and perivascular sheathing, associated to perifoveal telangiectatic lesions. There was a central scotoma in the perimetry of the right eye and peripheral visual field defect in the left eye. Full-field electroretinogram revealed significantly reduced oscillatory potentials. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography showed multiple focal areas of thinning of the inner retina, indicating long-lasting vascular occlusion lesions. UWF fluorescein angiography showed the presence of bilateral vasculitis, diffuse capillary leakage, macular ischemia and telangiectasia. SS-OCTA better highlighted the macular ischemia and vascular anomalies layer-by-layer.ConclusionsRetinal vasculopathy is a very rare condition observed in IgA nephropathy. To our knowledge, this is the first report of complete multimodal functional and structural imaging. UWF imaging was very useful for accurate and comprehensive disease assessment, and OCTA was able to assess posterior pole vascular lesions.

Correlation between the Nonperfusion Area on Ultra-Widefield Fluorescein Angiography and Nonflow Area on Optical Coherence Tomographic Angiography in Retinal Vein Occlusion.

Aims To compare the relationship between the nonperfusion area (NPA) on ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography (UWFFA) and the nonflow area (NFA) on optical coherence tomographic angiography (OCTA) in retinal vein occlusion (RVO). Methods Cross-sectional study. 46 eyes of 46 RVO patients who underwent UWFFA and OCTA. NPA and ischemic index (ISI) were quantified on UWWFA. NFA, vessel density (VD) of the superficial capillary plexus (SCP), the deep capillary plexus (DCP), and the size foveal avascular zone (FAZ) on 3 ∗ 3 mm OCTA were measured. The association of the NPA and ISI on UWWFA and the parameters on OCTA were analyzed. Spearman correlation was used for statistical testing. Results The NPA and ISI on UWFFA were significantly correlated with the NFA on OCTA in RVO, and r values were 0.688 (p < 0.01) and 0.680 (p < 0.01), respectively. VD in the SCP of the temporal quadrant was negatively correlated with NPA and ISI, and r values were −0.346 (p < 0.05) and −0.337 (p < 0.05), respectively. VD in the DCP of the temporal quadrant was negatively correlated with the NPA, and the r value was −0.246 (p < 0.05). No significant correlation was found between the NPA and ISI on UWFFA and VD of other quadrants in the SCP or DCP and the FAZ area on OCTA. Conclusion NPA in the peripheral retina was correlated with NFA in macula. NFA detected by OCTA could be an indicator of the ischemic status in RVO.

Retinal vascular bed area on ultra-wide field fluorescein angiography indicates the severity of diabetic retinopathy

AimsTo quantify retinal vascular bed area (RVBA) in square millimetres on stereographically projected ultra-wide field (UWF) fluorescein angiography (FA) in eyes with diabetic retinopathy (DR).MethodsA prospective, observational study. Baseline Optos...

Secondary vasoproliferative tumor in adult-onset Coats disease

A 20-year-old woman noted a 1-month history of floaters in her left eye. Ultra-widefield multicolor imaging and fluorescein angiography (Figure A, B) showed classic findings of Coats disease (telangiectasia, exudation, subretinal fluid, and peripheral nonperfusion) and an additional yellow-red dome-shaped mass of 3 mm thickness that corresponded to a secondary vasoproliferative tumor encircled by gravitating lipid exudation. Coats disease usually occurs in children but can affect older patients.