User Rights Research Articles

Perpanjangan dan Pembaruan Hak Atas Tanah Bagi Investor di Ibu Kota Nusantara

Indonesia is a developing country that is trying to carry out national development. National development in Indonesia is philosophically based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, as Pancasila is the way of life of the Indonesian nation. The essence of national development is to realize national goals, one of which concerns social welfare. Social welfare is closely related to economic development. The Indonesian nation is currently making efforts to accelerate economic development towards stability and economic growth by paying attention to aspects of economics overeignty. Efforts to accelerate economic development are achieved through investment by making maximum use of fertilization and utilization of domestic investment and foreign investment. In 2022, the Government of the Republic of Indonesia promulgated Law Number 3 of 2022 concerning the National Capital which regulates there location of the National Capital, one of which is due to the economic gap between Java and outside Java and there are studie swhich show that Jakarta is no longer able to carry out its role as the capital city. The Government of the Republic of Indonesia needs investors to support facilities and infrastructure in the new National Capital. The Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning or the National Land Agency emphasized that it would provide convenience for land matters, spatial planning and business licensing to attract investors to invest in the National Capital City. One way to facilitate this matter is bygranting land rights in the form of building user rights for 160 (one hundred and sixty) years to investors. The convenience provided seems to only prioritize the interests of investors and if it is realized it will create legal uncertainty for investors.

Increased Public Legal Awareness of the Primary Rights of Road Users That Need to be Prioritized

The rampant violations of the main rights of road users that need to be prioritized can cause material and immaterial losses for those who get the main priority for road use. These violations can occur while driving or when utilizing road functions, due to intent, negligence, or ignorance. As a result of a lack of legal understanding and awareness, there is still a tendency to use and use roads not according to their designation, such as disruption of traffic order, delays for users of priority rights to obtain road access, and the potential for legal problems. The priority rights of road users that must be preceded are not fully understood by the community, especially regarding actions, criminal sanctions, and the importance of community participation. With this activity, people can add insight and knowledge to prevent and anticipate violations of the main rights of road users that need to be prioritized. The community is moved to orderly traffic to create conditions of obeying and obeying the law. As well as being able to provide awareness and increase legal awareness to prevent traffic violations in the future.

Evaluation of energy detection based spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks

Spectrum sensing is the process of identifying the free (unused) spectrum of the main user without making any interference or upsetting the rights of licence users. This procedure takes place without creating any interference and without disturbing the rights of licence users. It means identifying gaps in the spectrum that are not being utilised. The most effective method for locating gaps in spectrum use is to search for key users. The development of an energy detector and a detector based on cyclostationarity for an OFDM-based cognitive radio system, as well as the implementation of these detectors and an evaluation of their performance, are the primary focuses of this project. The idea behind cognitive radio is to make the most of the underutilized spectral resources by utilising unused spectrums in an opportunistic way. This is accomplished via the notion of cognitive radio. Main users of the spectrum are typically incumbent licensees, while secondary users of the spectrum are users who wish to make opportunistic use of the spectrum when main users are not actively using it. This is an example of a cognitive radio system. The cognitive radios are required to do spectrum sensing to determine whether or not the spectrum is accessible. Both the energy detector and the cyclostationary detector are derived, then we implement them, and then we assess them. Plotting the Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) in clean and noisy situations allows us to assess the performance of the detectors.

Web3: Exploring Decentralized Technologies and Applications for the Future of Empowerment and Ownership

The emergence of the World Wide Web has revolutionized online communication, aiming to achieve global information sharing and communication. However, the current Web 2.0 architecture, which relies on centralized platforms, presents limitations such as restricted user rights, data privacy concerns, and dependence on centralized institutions. Web3, as a concept describing the next evolutionary stage of the internet, offers a solution to these issues by reshaping the internet infrastructure. Web3 provides a foundation for autonomous digital experiences and drives the advancement of the digital economy. This paper offers a thorough exploration of Web3, covering its key technologies, applications, challenges, and opportunities. We begin by introducing the core technologies behind Web3, followed by an exploration of its prominent applications. Finally, we analyze the challenges faced by Web3 and discuss potential research opportunities to address these challenges in the future. In summary, this study comprehensively elaborates on Web3 and lays a solid foundation for subsequent research work, encouraging researchers to explore new frontiers.

Measuring Quality of Property Rights: Development of User Rights Quality in the Icelandic Fisheries

Strong user rights in fisheries are fundamental drivers of efficiency and profitability in the utilization of those resources. These user rights refer to the rights of fishers to harvest from fish stocks. The rights can be weak, or they can be strong, in terms of security, duration, exclusivity, and transferability. For this a definition of and a measure of the strength of user rights is needed, which we present in the property rights quality index, so-called Q-measure. By strong user rights in fisheries, we mean fishing rights that score highly on the quality of property rights, or Q-measure. Weak user rights are fishing rights that score low on the quality of property rights. We then explain how this approach can be applied to analyze and score the quality of actual user rights in fisheries. This we do first by relating the characteristics of property rights to harvesting rights or vessel quota systems in fisheries and we then look at the case of Iceland which implemented an individual transferable quota system in its fisheries in the latter half of the 20th century. We recount the story of the implementation and score the different property rights attributes. We then relate this to the change in performance of the fisheries by comparing the quality score to the economic value of the fishing quotas, and indirectly to the profitability of the fisheries. It turns out that there is a high correlation between the quality score and the value of the quotas.

Управління діяльністю фахівців з кібербезпеки в умовах повномасштабного вторгнення

In this study dedicated to the management of cybersecurity professionals in the context of full-scale intrusion, significant aspects of this pressing issue have been examined. Drawing from an analysis of the content of cybersecurity professionals' activities and their core concepts, it has been identified that this field encompasses various facets requiring diverse skills and knowledge from these experts. Specifically, cybersecurity experts must possess technical expertise, understand threats and risks, detect and thwart cyberattacks, and adhere to ethical and legal standards. Addi-tionally, the ability to communicate and collaborate within a team, while considering socio-cultural and legal peculiarities of the country they operate in, is vital. In the context of full-scale intrusion, such as russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022, cybersecurity professionals face challenges of extraor-dinary complexity. They must respond to aggressive cyberattacks targeting various sectors, includ-ing governmental structures, critical infrastructure, media, and the information space. Simultane-ously, they must consider ethical aspects and responsibly engage with other entities and organiza-tions to ensure collective cyber defense. This research underscores the importance of adopting a comprehensive approach to manag-ing cybersecurity professionals in times of intrusion. To achieve this, it is essential to provide train-ing and continuous skill enhancement, establish effective mechanisms for detecting and responding to cyber aggression, and strengthen international cooperation in the field of cybersecurity. Through these measures, cybersecurity professionals will have the capability to effectively safeguard the in-terests of their organizations and nations amidst heightened cyber threats, ensuring the security, privacy, and rights of users. Such an approach contributes to creating a more resilient and secure in-formation environment, a critical factor in the modern world. Furthermore, the article presents a comparative analysis of soft skills and transferable skills for cybersecurity professionals, highlighting key abilities and qualities crucial in this field. This analysis helps develop more effective strategies for training and developing cybersecurity experts, enhancing their professional competence to meet contemporary security demands. This analysis also promotes the improvement of managing cybersecurity professionals in the context of large-scale in-trusion, emphasizing the importance of combining technical and interpersonal skills to ensure the reliability and effectiveness of cybersecurity.

Una disputa por agua de riego en el Šarq al-Andalus: las alquerías de Ṭurruš y Qarṣ (Sagunto), 619 H/1222

Water from the Palancia River has been used to irrigate crops since the Middle Ages through a great canal known as the Séquia Major de Sagunt. This channel is mentioned in the only Valencian document prior to Christian conquest in the thirteenth century: a friendly agreement between the villages of Ṭurruš and Qarṣ, inscribed in Islamic law, which aimed to resolve the ongoing dispute between them regarding how water how water should be distributed. The document initiated a field study based on hydraulic archaeology that made it possible to locate Qarṣ huerta farmlands and the structures that made up the system, revealing how the water distribution and the application of usage rights by the communities worked. From the study we concluded that the Qarṣ village did not build the channel but was added to its irrigation system later. As a result, it only had rights to surplus water.

Libraries and National Security: A Review of the Evidence and a Proposed New Strategic Direction

The article aims to identify and discuss the various roles that libraries hold with regard to national security and to use the findings to propose a more clearly delineated future role for the global and national communities which reconciles these diverse and sometimes conflicting roles. The review of literature revealed that the roles of libraries with regard to national security fall mainly into two categories. That which has received most attention, mainly in the U.S. context, involves co-operation with the provisions of national security legislation which relate to libraries and their users and, relatedly, advocating for limits on these policies to protect the rights of citizens. The other main category comprises ways in which libraries have been shown to actively strengthen national security, such as ensuring equality of access to information and the digital literacy education necessary to understand it, providing safe community spaces where democratic values can be developed and shared, and disseminating information about national security threats to governments and citizens alike. The article is expected to be of considerable value in demonstrating how libraries can work together internationally and with national governments to help promote national security while ensuring that the rights of library users are also protected
 Keywords: Public Libraries, National Security, Information Specialists, IFLA, Information Dissemination, Legislations, Advocacy Role.

Evaluating the potential impact of National Health Insurance on medical scheme members' rights to have access to health-care services in South Africa

The National Health Insurance Bill proposes to establish a national health insurance scheme that aims to provide universal access to health-care services for everyone. Section 33 of the Bill also proposes to limit the provision of parallel services by medical schemes if such services are provided or covered by the tabled NHI scheme. The establishment of the NHI scheme is likely to have a negative effect on the existing access rights of general private health-care users, particularly members of medical schemes. The NHI scheme may enhance access to and the quality of health-care services for millions; however, enabling large portions of the population to access services currently provided by costly private practitioners - services at present almost exclusive to a minority - is not without its perils. It risks negatively impacting on existing access rights and reducing the quality currently enjoyed by users of private health-care services. The propriety of these potential infringements is not necessarily suspect, and may in fact be justifiable. However, this contribution argues that the limitation proposed under section 33 of the NHI Bill is cause for concern. The contribution explores the state's constitutional duty to observe and respect the right of members of medical schemes to access health-care services. It uncovers the constitutional shortcomings of the limitation, and argues that it does not appear to serve any particular legitimate economic or legal purpose.

Marijuana: Forensics of Abuse, Medical Uses, Controversy, and AI

Motor vehicle accidents are a significant consequence of marijuana abuse. Limitations of its roadside detection and the forensic problems with establishing impairment require innovations that are scientifically achievable. Marijuana abuse currently is at an all-time high in the United States and its physiological effects make it a popular recreational drug that is reported to be a leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality among the youth in the 18 most affluent nations. The medical benefits of drugs derived from marijuana complicate its forensic regulation. In an extensive 2017 report by The American Academy of Sciences, the evidence for the medical benefits of delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (derived from marijuana) were stated to be conclusive or substantial for the treatment of chronic pain in adults, as an antiemetic for treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and for improving patient-reported multiple sclerosis spasticity symptoms. The benefits from treatment for many other medical conditions were inconclusive or absent. The evidence is clear that safely driving a motor vehicle is significantly impaired while under the influence of marijuana. However, there is no roadside forensic test that reliably detects impairment, and there is an urgent need for such to protect the public while insuring the legal rights of users. There is strong societal pressure to relax marijuana’s forensic regulation, including removing it from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act. Artificial intelligence (AI) should be implemented with appropriate human control to resolve controversies.

Making the private public: Regulating content moderation under Chinese law

With the expansion of digital economy, tackling illegal online content is an increasingly challenging task. China implemented a dual-track legal mechanism on content moderation, whereby it exempts general monitoring obligations of intermediaries under private law while imposing monitoring obligations under public law. In recent years, major platforms exercise much stronger control over flow of information, regardless of more serious consequences that impact the fundamental rights of users. Meanwhile, a series of Chinese court rulings have shown that these divergent attitudes towards monitoring obligations under public and private law have given rise to legal conflicts that may deprive intermediaries of their legitimate immunity, undermining the stability and efficiency of the safe harbor rule. Furthermore, the lack of adequate legal safeguards against the risk of abusing automatic content filtering technology might transform the internet into a digital panopticon. To redraw boundaries between monitoring obligations under private and public law, future Chinese legislation should not only provide clearer clarification on the scope of monitoring, but also include a provision prohibiting general monitoring obligations in private law. To provide legal predictability for affected parties and flexibility for future technological developments, a Good Samaritan clause should be introduced in Cybersecurity Law by learning from the substance of Article 7 of the DSA.

Drawing on the project initiators’ perspectives to evaluate TURF implementation in the Kepulauan Seribu Marine National Park: an online Q methodology study

Territorial User Rights for Fisheries (TURF) are established to grant privileged rights exclusively to local fishing communities to manage their stock within a bounded fishing ground. Theoretically, they will improve their sense of ownership which will eventually lead to stewardship and responsibility. In Indonesia, contemporary TURF has been introduced to meet such social outcomes and address the overfishing problems caused by open-access systems. The primary objective of this study was to determine how different project initiators perceive the system’s performance of TURF in Kepulauan Seribu Marine National Park. This study used an online Q methodology to determine what key actors thought of similarities and differences in TURF implementation by developing a concourse based on the original TURF project success elements. The results show that there are two different perspectives on what the essential aspects of TURF succeed in Kepulauan Seribu. The first opinion group appreciated the technical design of TURF, particularly the exclusion mechanism and boundary, which are crucial. A second opinion group argues that the clarity of rights, roles, and responsibilities is fundamental. Both opinion groups agreed that consistent law enforcement is the key to a successful TURF implementation. This study evaluated key stakeholders’ perspectives on co-management programs to identify points of consensus and disagreement that could ultimately help ensure the long-term success of TURF and similar co-management programs.

Examining the Accuracy of Using a Single Short-Term Historical Flow Period to Assess the Nile’s Downstream Water Deficit from GERD Filling: A Technical Note

Increasing water and energy demands, hydroclimatic fluctuations, damming, and usage rights disputes present major challenges in managing transboundary rivers worldwide. Of particular interest is the Eastern Nile River Basin (ENRB), which is subject to broad debate over which modeling approach should be applied to resolve the disparities in transboundary water management among the river’s riparian nations, under increased upstream damming. Several studies have simulated the downstream High Aswan Dam (HAD) storage change during the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) filling under different hydrological conditions. However, their findings diverge regarding the impacts of GERD filling on HAD storage, especially when considering a specific, naturalized, historical 10-year period to represent the average flow condition used, as a benchmark for assessing potential downstream impacts. Our extended analysis of the Nile flow historical records demonstrates that considering a single historical 10-year period to simulate the downstream water budget, as performed in Wheeler et al. (Nat Commun 11:5222, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19089-x), widely communicated to policymakers as a robust proof that GERD filling will not generate a deficit at HAD under average flow conditions, is inconclusive as it strongly depend on the selection of the historical inflow period, due to the river high interannual flow variability. Our simulation results of 20 average/near average historical flow periods in Wheeler et al. (Nat Commun 11:5222, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19089-x)’s datasheet indicates that 60% of them generates a downstream water deficit ranging from 0.5 to 14.5 BCM under the same modeling conditions and filling policy. Therefore, considering the simulation results of multiple flow sequences is crucial for accurately reflecting the impact of the Nile’s high interannual flow variability on downstream water deficit assessments, thereby settling the disparities in transboundary water management forecasts for the impacts of GERD filling and operation.

Spatial Analysis of Land Ownership on Spatial Patterns (Coastal Borders) from 2012-2032 in Aceh Besar Regency

This study aims to analyze land ownership in 2022, mainly in the area of Mesjid Raya District of Aceh Besar Regency. This study used a descriptive survey method. This study's results indicate that nine out of 4,208 Land Ownership Rights in the Mesjid Raya District (0.225%) have buildings on them. Therefore, the issuance of Land Ownership Certificates in Coastal Border Areas violates laws according to Government Regulation No. 16 of 2004 and Circular Letter No.4 SE-100.PG.01.01/II/2022 regarding Land Use Policy in Protected Areas. The nine types of Land Ownership Rights issued in the Coastal Border Areas are divided into four certificates of Ownership Rights and five certificates of Usage Rights, and they are located in several villages, such as two certificates in Neuheun, two certificates in Ladong, two certificates in Ruyung, one certificate in Meunasah Keudee and one certificate in Lamreh. The total area of the Ownership Rights Certificates issued in the Coastal Border Areas is 21,206 m2, and the total area of the Usage Rights Certificates is 145,302 m2.

Study of Citizenship Rights of the Disabled in the Field of the Urban Environment and in the Light of Afghanistan's Urban Planning Law

In light of Afghan environmental legislation and policy, the goal of this study is to analyze the citizenship rights of individuals with disabilities in the urban environment. It examines the issues faced by the disabled, particularly the physically challenged, who live in Afghanistan's cities in order to achieve this goal. The government's existing laws and regulations also include preparing for these issues. A descriptive-analytical approach has been adopted in the investigation. In this regard, the researcher has utilized the library study method to explain the concepts and give a theoretical framework to assess the course of domestic legislation after evaluating the development of domestic and international laws. This article comes to the conclusion that the physical and administrative requirements of disabled people cannot be met in Afghan cities. Think about the sidewalks. In reality, a wheelchair user is unable to use the sidewalks. Wheelchair users' rights have been violated as a result of the obstacles that the town has put in place to keep motorcycles off the pavements. Think about the sidewalks; in reality, a wheelchair user cannot utilize them. The right of wheelchair users has essentially been infringed due to the obstructions put in place by the municipality to prevent motorcycle riders from using the sidewalks. There are few organizations in the road and construction engineering sector, particularly in government departments, that have measured the essential facilities and measures for the disabled in their structures. The law of motion is one of the acknowledged tenets among philosophers. They hold the view that everything in the universe is in motion and that each living thing is gradually evolving to realize its potential. Therefore, all facets of society should have access to the amenities required for advancement. This rule applies to everyone, including those with disabilities, and the urban environment must be created and modified in a way that allows them to utilize all of its amenities. The road system in every city is what connects all of the metropolitan areas, and by making it accessible to people with disabilities, many of their difficulties are resolved. In cities, disabled persons are assessed. The necessary design requirements for people with disabilities are then presented.

The transition of sokshing (leaf litter forest) property rights and management: A case study of Punakha and Wangdue district, Bhutan

Prior to the government's involvement, the local communities had customary rights over the forest including access to, use of, and management of forest resources in Bhutan. However, the fate of customary rights changed with the provision of new governance. A case of sokshing (leaflitter forest) and its management under new regulations are discussed in this study. The sokshing which was de facto independent and owned by private households and communities, was nationalized under the provision of the Forest Act of 1969. Subsequently, the Land Act of 1978 permitted the use of sokshing for the collection of leaf litter and fodder, restraining the use of standing trees and land. However, with the Land Act of 2007, the user right was abolished and sokshing was completely nationalized and deregistered from lagthram (private land registration record), infringing the people's customary rights. This study examined how an individuals responded to changes in the legal ownership of sokshing and its effect on the sustainability, management, and preservation of sokshing land. To achieve this, 61 households comprising both sokshing and non-sokshing owners were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Ostrom and Schlager's bundles of rights framework were used to examine the changes in the forest property rights of local people. The results revealed that despite the enactment of the 2007 land act, the majority of respondents continued to manage and use sokshing for the production of leaf litter. However, there were concerns among local people about the ownership of their sokshing land due to poor implementation of the land act and lack of clarity on land property rights. Therefore, to address the concerns and ensure the sustainable management and utilization of sokshing land, it is recommended that the Land Act of 2007 be amended to include provisions for thorough consultation and participation, the development of a comprehensive management plan, and the promotion of equity in the use and management of sokshing resources.

Introduction of Censorship by Foreign Internet Platforms

Internet platforms have considerable power over information flows on a global scale in the conditions of mass digitalization of modern life. Currently, Internet platforms can control the ability of self-expression of billions of Internet users, including Russian ones. The concentration of the most popular platforms in the United States, where there is a vacuum of legal regulation of Internet platforms that enjoy legal protection as distributors of information along with the press and other types of media, has led to the fact that Internet platforms are actively creating a system of censorship of information, carefully masking such censorship and giving it the appearance of conscientious moderation aimed at combating extremism, false information, aggression, and other illegal phenomena. Censorship in its digital incarnation is fundamentally different from censorship that existed in the past. If earlier censorship used to be based on normative regulation and was regulated in detail, now it is hidden and it uses new technical opportunities. Being a product of the American political system, Internet platforms censorship is based on the political preferences of their leadership. Using historical and legal analysis, including analysis of the history of censorship since its appearance and transformation into the state institution, the author concludes that Internet platforms censorship represents a new phenomenon that has not been described in detail before, requiring reflection in legislation in order to ensure protection of the constitutional rights of users. Effective protection of the constitutional rights of Internet users is impossible without legislative prohibition of Internet platforms censorship and international cooperation aimed at combating this phenomenon.

How to backdoor split learning

Split learning, a distributed learning framework, has garnered significant attention from academic and industrial communities. In contrast to federated learning, split learning offers a more flexible architecture for participants with limited computing resources. However, the security of split learning has been questioned due to the separation of data and model control rights from usage rights. Currently, most research work focuses on inference attacks in split learning. In this paper, we first reveal the vulnerability of split learning to backdoor attacks and present two backdoor attack frameworks from both the server and client perspectives. Regarding the client-side attacker, we insert backdoor samples into the training data by utilizing the client’s direct control over local data, and propose two methods for labeling backdoor samples that can be adapted to various application scenarios. Due to the server’s lack of control over the client in split learning, it is infeasible for server-side attackers to inject backdoor samples into training data. Our strategy involves leveraging the server’s control over the training process to shape the optimization direction of the client model, thereby enabling it to encode backdoor samples. Moreover, we introduce an auxiliary model into the attack framework to enhance the effectiveness of the backdoor attack. The auxiliary model can increase the distinction between backdoor samples and clean samples in the feature space to improve the sensitivity of the client model to backdoor samples. Extensive evaluations demonstrate the high attack accuracy of both proposed attack frameworks without causing any compromise to the performance of the main task. Our research uncovers the potential security risks and rings the alarm for the application of split learning.

User rights in the fisheries and salmon-farming of the Faroe Islands

This paper focuses on the user rights regimes that have governed access to the marine resources of the Faroe Islands, which in the case of the fisheries are primarily fish stocks, and, in the case of salmon farming, primarily clean and healthy water masses. Examining the application of different user rights arrangements, we were able to observe a gradual improvement in the economic efficiency of the production activity for salmon farming, where strong operating exclusivity played a pivotal role in strengthening user rights. Similarly, the pelagic fisheries and the distant-waters demersal fisheries governed by ITQs have witnessed improved economic efficiency, although the strength of their user rights weakened over the last decade because of diminishing exclusivity and security of their rights. At the same time, the coastal demersal fisheries governed by ITEs continued to be marked by overcapacity and low fish stock levels despite the presence of strong exclusivity. These findings indicate that the design of user rights must also relate to specific management differences in marine resource exploitation under consideration.

The Puppet Regime, Rent-Collecting Groups, and Rent-Tax Relations in Changshu County, Jiangsu Province, during the Japanese Puppet Regime Era

Abstract The land tax was a major source of local fiscal revenue in southern Jiangsu during the Japanese puppet regime era. It involved a complex tug-of-war between the puppet “central” and local governments and was closely tied to rent affairs. At the onset of the “Rural Pacification,” the simultaneous imposition of rent and taxes by the Japanese puppet regime infringed upon various stakeholders’ interests but did not aid in increasing land tax revenue or stabilizing the economy. Instead, the regime could only profit from local surcharges via the embezzlement case in Changshu County. In the process of grabbing land taxes and constructing tax collection standards, both the puppet regime and the rent-collecting groups pursued their own interests, colluding and competing with each other. In the meantime, the puppet regime, aiming at extracting land output, disrupted the existing rent-tax management method, thereby reconstructing the urban-rural relationship in southern Jiangsu and increasing the peasants’ burden. The rent-tax issue in Changshu County during the occupation period reflects the entanglement of the three-fold relationships – “central” vs. local, “official” vs. civilian, and landlord vs. tenant – under the Japanese puppet regime. Yet, the acute landlord-tenant contradiction was ultimately replaced by social conflicts provoked by the Japanese puppet regime’s intervention in land ownership and usage rights.