Cosmetic Usage Research Articles

Evaluation of Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb levels in commonly used cosmetics and some adverse reactions in Ibadan Metropolis, South-West Nigeria

Skin absorption remains a major source of heavy metal toxicity in humans. This study determine the heavy metals content of selected cosmetics frequently used in Ibadan South-west Nigeria using AAS model ICE 3000 and some adverse reactions. Questionnaires administered to people of different age groups and classes in the society informed the choice of representative cosmetics for heavy metals analysis. The questionnaire revealed gender distribution usage of 84.7% and 15.3%; for female and male respectively. Cosmetics use was observed to be highest among the age bracket 21-25years (30.7%). Unmarried (single) females (58.9%) used cosmetics more than the married (40.6%). While 5.9% used it for bleaching, 21.3% had various adverse effects arising from cosmetics usage. All the various cosmetics brands contained Cr, Ni and Cd. Cr levels in eyeliner (12.7ppm) and face-powder (2.5ppm) were higher than EPA limit (1ppm). Pb levels in eyeliner (87.8ppm) and hair-dye (21.6ppm) were higher than WHO limits (10ppm). Cd levels in eyeliner (0.8ppm), lip-gloss (0.5ppm) and face-powder (1.8ppm) were higher than WHO limits (0.3ppm). The cumulative exposure to heavy metals in cosmetics products as a result of prolonged use could be a possible source of heavy metals toxicity.Keywords: Heavy Metals, Cosmetics, Toxicity, Exposure

The consequences of overcoming the human skin barrier by siloxanes (silicones) Part 1. Penetration and permeation depth study of cyclic methyl siloxanes

Dynamic production of cyclic siloxanes: octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane D4, decamethylcyclopentasiloxane D5 and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane D6 increases their concentrations in environment. It is considered that both environmental pollution and the usage of personal care products and cosmetics containing cyclic siloxanes can be the main source of the human exposure by transdermal route.The aim of the study was to verify the possibility to overcome the skin barrier by cyclic siloxanes (ATR-FTIR and GC-FID), evaluation of diffusion pathway to stratum corneum SC (Fluorescence microscopy), and determination of depth of permeation to deeper skin layers: epidermis and dermis (ATR-FTIR) and also of potential interaction with SC lipids and proteins (Fluorescence microscopy, ATR-FTIR) and the cytotoxicity studies against HaCaT cells (MTT test).The results show that D4, D5 and D5 can penetrate to SC and permeate into the deeper layers of the skin: epidermis and dermis. The quantitative analysis (GC-FID) showed that total cumulative doses for D4, D5 and D6 were: 42.50; 95.37 and 77.19 μg/cm2/24 h, respectively. The microscopic analysis proved, transepidermal route through the lipid matrix as well as through the canyons (intercluster spaces) were a diffusion pathway to the SC as well as disruption of human SC lipid structure by: D4 (the most), D5 and D6 (the least). The cytotoxicity studies demonstrated that the tested range of concentrations of D5 and D6 (up to 300 mM, 111 300 mg and 133 500 mg respectively) did not impaired the HaCaT growth, while D4 had IC50 value of 40 098 mM ± 7.94 (10 906 ± 872,5 mg).

A survey on usage of personal care products especially cosmetics among university students in Saudi Arabia.

The harmful health effects of personal care products especially cosmetics have engulfed many societies of the world especially the female section without an alarm. To estimate the prevalence of cosmetic usage and to assess the experiences of Saudi female undergraduate students in Wadi Al Dawasir province in an attempt to arouse general awareness among Saudi students about the harmful effects of the chemicals present therein. It is a cross-sectional study carried out with a total of randomly selected 106 college students (female) at undergraduate level. Two colleges for girls of Prince Sattam Bin Abdul Aziz University at Wadi Al Dawasir region were included. Standard questionnaire was set in Arabic and English both. T test and data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. Chi-square/Fisher's exact tests and a P value of <0.05 were considered statistically significant. The overall prevalence of using cosmetics (makeup) and average age of first use of the cosmetics was found to be quite high. Statistical analysis shows that 69.8% students applied daily and 23.6% students applied twice to thrice daily. Consequently, this makes a gross percentage of 93.4% among college going Saudi students who applied makeup on daily basis. The findings have shown that 93.2% female and married medical students use cosmetics twice/thrice daily. Similarly, 6.8% female and married medical students use cosmetics once daily. The findings have shown that 82.9% female and unmarried medical students possess knowledge about cosmetics. Similarly, 17.1% female and married medical students possess knowledge about cosmetics. The usage of cosmetics was found to be extremely high among the college going Saudi students in Wadi Al Dawasir Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Un-awareness regarding the harmful effects of cosmetics was found to be high among these students.

ANTECENDENTS OF CONSUMERS PERCEPTION AND ITS INFLUENCE TOWARDS PURCHASE INTENTION ON COSMETICS PRODUCT

The aim of this research is to analyze the effects of celebrity endorsement on consumer perception and purchase intention of cosmetic product. The populations in this study were cosmetic users in Purwokerto region. By employing cluster sampling, 120 females who have ever watched cosmetic advertisement were chosen as the sample. The variables of this research were analyzed by using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). From the analysis results, it was revealed that Trustworthiness had no effect on consumer perception whilePhysical attractiveness and Expertise had positive effect on consumer perception and also consumer perception had positive effect on purchase intention. Those results imply that the company should choose a celebrity endorser who are possesing several aspects such as honesty, trustworthiness, and sincerity in advertising. Beside that, the company should give priority on physical attractiveness of celebrity endorser. Moreover, the company should create promotion through advertising with a celebrity endorser who has various expertises such as knowledgeabout the productsand experience to become a star of cosmetics product

Examining the influence of customer-to-customer electronic word-of-mouth on purchase intention in social networking sites

Social networking sites (SNSs) have assumed an increasingly central role in the passage of electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) among cosmetics users. However, the mechanism by which Customer to Customer (C2C) eWOM in SNSs influences consumer purchase intention has yet to be fully understood. This study develops a comprehensive research framework that focuses on the influence of C2C eWOM using information persuasion in reference to purchase decision making. This study collected data from a sample of 314 Taiwanese respondents, using paper-based questionnaires. The programs SPSS and Smart PLS were used to analyze the collected data. The results show that perceived persuasiveness, perceived informativeness, and source expertise are adequate predictors of the usefulness of eWOM. Additionally, perceived persuasiveness, source expertise, and source trustworthiness significantly predict the believability of eWOM with regard to SNSs. It was found that perceived usefulness and credibility together increase the likelihood of the adoption of an eWOM message, and eWOM adoption has a strong mediating role in the influence of eWOM credibility and usefulness on consumer purchase intention toward products recommended on SNSs. Since few previous studies have explored the mediating role of eWOM adoption on the influence of antecedents on consumer purchase intention, this study confirms the key mediating role exerted by eWOM adoption on the relationship between the usefulness and credibility of eWOM and purchase intention. This empirical study can enable managers to better understand the effects of C2C eWOM from SNSs on consumer purchase behavior. Our results should also encourage marketers to work with SNSs to develop viral marketing campaigns, encouraging customers to spread useful and credible C2C eWOM to improve purchase intentions.

REVIEW ON SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF A COSMETIC PRODUCT

Cosmetics can be defined as, “substances which are intended to be applied to the human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance without affecting the body’s structure or functions” according to USFDA. This review encompasses a brief description of the process of safety assessment of a cosmetic product. There is no significant systemic absorption of cosmetics by penetration through skin, but some products are intended to apply on the mucous membranes or skin surrounding the mucous membranes which may result in significant systemic absorption on continuous use. Serious health hazards have not been observed mostly, but in some cases, lead to severe reactions like, allergy, irritation, comedogenicity, genotoxicity, photosensitivity etc. At the same time, long terms effects of usage of cosmetics are still unknown as the products are used repeatedly over a long period of time. Hence, safety evaluation of a cosmetic product is the most prominent step before release of the product into the market. There are no specific safety regulations for cosmetics, but the safety of the product is the responsibility of the manufacturer. The article explains about different organizations that are responsible for the safety of the cosmetic products before they are released into the market in different countries and also about the Product Information File (PIF). The safety of a cosmetic product both at industrial level and finished product level are explained. The different tests deployed for the safety assessment of a cosmetic product are also explained.

Socioeconomic factors influencing cosmetic usage patterns.

Despite daily exposure to chemicals in cosmetic products, there are few studies on the exposure levels to cosmetics particularly in Asians. We sought to investigate the usage pattern of cosmetics, including eye makeup products, fragrances, color makeups, and hair and nail care products, in Koreans. An online survey of 1,800 participants (908 males and 892 females, aged 15-59 years) from 5 Metropolitan cities (Seoul, Incheon, Daejeon, Daegu, and Busan) in Korea was conducted. For overall types of cosmetics, the proportion of users was 7.1% (range: 0.0-46.3%) in males and 30.7% (range: 1.0-82.8%) in females. The most prevalently used product was perfume (46.3%) in males and lipstick (82.8%) in females. In addition, the mean number of application for overall types of cosmetics was 22.7 (range: 4.6-49.4) times per month in male users and 24.8 (range: 4.2-62.0) in female users. The usage pattern was significantly altered according to demographic and socioeconomic factors, including age group, occupation, and income. This work estimated the prevalences and frequencies of use of a wide collection of cosmetics from a large number of Koreans and found that the usage pattern was significantly associated with demographic and socioeconomic factors.

Non-cancer, cancer, and dermal sensitization risk assessment of heavy metals in cosmetics

ABSTRACTThe heavy metal content of cosmetics may be a cause for concern in that exposure to these metals is associated with adverse consequences. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess consequences attributed to exposure to heavy metals in cosmetics as determined by non-cancer, cancer, and sensitization risks methodologies. The quantification and exposure assessments of aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), antimony (Sb), and titanium (Ti) were performed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The non-cancer risk assessment of Al, Cr3+, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Sb, and Ti in cosmetic samples resulted in a margin of safety (MOS) greater than 100 or a hazard index (HI) of less than 1. However, the probability of lifetime cancer risk (LCR) resulting from dermal exposure to heavy metals from cosmetics exceeded the acceptable risk levels (LCR > 10–5). An exposure-based sensitization quantitative risk assessment determined that the ratios of acceptable exposure level to consumers for Ni, Co, Cu, or Hg were above 1, suggesting an absence of skin-sensitizing potential. For an average daily user of lip cosmetics, the estimated intakes of heavy metals were within the acceptable daily intake (ADI). The percentage of heavy users for which metal intakes exceeded ADIs were 20.37% for Pb, 9.26% for Mn, 1.85% for Cr3+, and 1.85% for Cr6+, respectively. Data suggested that the heavy metals present in cosmetics do not appear to pose a serious risk to health. However, for heavy users of lip cosmetics, contamination with some heavy metals, such as Pb, Mn, and Cr needs to be minimized.

ASSESSMENT OF CADMIUM CONTENT IN COSMETICS BY EXTRACTION WITH DILUTED HCl AND AQUA REGIA

The intensive industrial and technological development results in an appearance of a large amount of pollutants and toxic substances in the biosphere including large quantities of heavy metals. Some heavy metals are biogenic (Cu, Zn, Se etc.) and essential for proper maintaining of the metabolism in the human body. The main dangers to the human health are associated with the exposure to toxic elements such as Pb, Cd, Hg and As. Emission of Cd in the environment has increased during the 20th century mainly due to the recycling of the products containing this element. Cadmium accumulates in the human body with a biological half-life from 10 to 30 years and could cause very serious toxic effects. Cosmetic products are potentially a source of cadmium as well as some other heavy metals mostly due to the frequent and uncontrolled usage of cosmetics of poor аnd/or suspicious quality. The goal of the study is to determine the cadmium content in various cosmetic products (lipsticks, eyeshadows and blushes) present in the markets of the Republic of Srpska. The content of Cd was determined with atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) after the extraction with diluted HCl and aqua regia. The results of the research show that the cadmium concentrations in the investigated products are in accordance with the regulations of the Republic of Srpska (Regulations on safety of consumer goods; „Official Gazette RS“ – No.17/15).

Usage of Customized Cosmetics and Preferred Customized Cosmetic Types by Age in Female Consumers

Usage of Customized Cosmetics and Preferred Customized Cosmetic Types by Age in Female Consumers

Guidelines for Formulating Anti-Pollution Products

Anti-pollution skin care and cosmetic products are witnessing a significant growth in the last couple of years due to worsening air quality across the world, and increasing awareness and concern regarding the adverse impact of various environmental pollutants on skin. The various pollutants, like particulate matter, oxides of nitrogen and sulphur, ozone, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons damage skin by different mechanism resulting in skin dryness, loss of firmness, dark spots, uneven skin tone, fine lines and wrinkles, aggravation of acne, and inflammation. The task of developing globally harmonized products is very challenging due differences in skin types according to ethnicity, variation in seasonal weather pattern, differences in benefit expectations, and variances in personal care and cosmetics usage habits of consumers in different regions of the world. However, an increasing understanding about the mechanism by which various pollutants damage the skin manifesting into various extrinsic signs of skin damage and development of various actives that counter the impact of different environmental aggressors has helped formulators to develop different products and to establish efficacy by in vitro and in vivo tests. The article summarizes approaches for formulation development, and a list of few actives classified based in their mechanism action is given. A representative list of products based on their mechanism of action is also given and few potential opportunities for the future are suggested.

Clinical profile of 300 men with facial hypermelanosis.

Facial hypermelanosis is a significant cause of cosmetic disfigurement, social embarrassment and psychological morbidity affecting quality of life. To study clinicoepidemlogic patterns of facial hypermelanoses among men. Medical records of all adult males presenting with facial hypermelanoses were analyzed for this retrospective cross sectional study for demographic details, duration, cosmetic usage, sun exposure, drug intake, infections, systemic or cutaneous diseases, and family history of hypermelanotic dermatosis. Laboratory investigations and skin biopsy were performed when deemed necessary. These were 300 Indian men aged 18 to 74 (mean 37.35) years with 121 (40.3%) individuals aged 31-50 years. Various patterns of melasma in 230 (76.7%) patients were the major cause of facial hypermelanosis. Periorbital hypermelanosis was observed in 32 (10.7%), freckles and lentigens in 26 (8.7%), acanthosis nigricans in 12 (4%) and lichen planus pigmentosus in 10 (3.3%), pigmented cosmetic contact dermatitis in 7, and nevus of Ota in 6 persons. The 71 (30.8%) patients with melasma had a history of frequent sun exposure, 9 (3.9%) patients had systemic comorbidities. Family history of periorbital melanosis was present in 7 (21.8%), personal or family history of atopy in 5 (15.6%) patients. Acanthosis nigricans was associated with obesity in 9 (75%) of patients and with diabetes mellitus in 4 (33.3%) cases. Melasma, periorbital hypermelanosis, acanthosis nigricans and lichen planus pigmentosus remain the predominant causes for facial hypermelanosis in men.

Biodegradation of Cosmetics Products: A Computational Study of Cytochrome P450 Metabolism of Phthalates

Cytochrome P450s are a broad class of enzymes in the human body with important functions for human health, which include the metabolism and detoxification of compounds in the liver. Thus, in their catalytic cycle, the P450s form a high-valent iron(IV)-oxo heme cation radical as the active species (called Compound I) that reacts with substrates through oxygen atom transfer. This work discusses the possible degradation mechanisms of phthalates by cytochrome P450s in the liver, through computational modelling, using 2-ethylhexyl-phthalate as a model substrate. Phthalates are a type of compound commonly found in the environment from cosmetics usage, but their biodegradation in the liver may lead to toxic metabolites. Experimental studies revealed a multitude of products and varying product distributions among P450 isozymes. To understand the regio- and chemoselectivity of phthalate activation by P450 isozymes, we focus here on the mechanisms of phthalate activation by Compound I leading to O-dealkylation, aliphatic hydroxylation and aromatic hydroxylation processes. We set up model complexes of Compound I with the substrate and investigated the reaction mechanisms for products using the density functional theory on models and did a molecular mechanics study on enzymatic structures. The work shows that several reaction barriers in the gas-phase are close in energy, leading to a mixture of products. However, when we tried to dock the substrate into a P450 isozyme, some of the channels were inaccessible due to unfavorable substrate positions. Product distributions are discussed under various reaction conditions and rationalized with valence bond and thermodynamic models.

Survey on Knowledge and Attitudes Related to the Relationship between Smoking, Alcohol, Radiation, Cosmetics Use and Risk of Breast Cancer in the Northern Saudi Arabia

Background: Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of deaths in females worldwide. Increased Knowledge about breast cancer associated risk factors will prevent a number of people from getting the disease. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate knowledge and attitudes related to the relationship between smoking, alcohol, radiation, cosmetics use and risk of breast cancer in the Northern Saudi Arabia. Methodology: This is a descriptive cross sectional study conducted in Northern Saudi Arabia. Essential identification data about smoking, alcohol, radiation, cosmetics use as risk for breast cancer were took from 555 Saudi volunteers living in the city of Hail, Saudi Arabia. Results: When asking the participants the question “Do you think tobacco smoking can increase the risk of breast cancer?” Out of 549 respondents, 23.7% stated yes and the remaining 76.3% stated that smoking doesn’t increase the risk of breast cancer. When the participants were asked “Do you think exposure to radiation increase the risk of breast cancer?” Out of 549 respondents, only 15.5% stated yes and the remaining 84.5% stated that radiation exposure doesn’t increase the risk of breast cancer. When the participants were asked “Do you think exposure to some cosmetics usage increase the risk of breast cancer?” Out of 547 respondents, about 62.7% stated yes and the remaining 37.3% stated that cosmetic use doesn’t increase the risk of breast cancer. Conclusion: Although, the great majority of study population were females, the knowledge level of breast cancer risk related to cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and radiation exposure is very low.

A Study on Usage of Cosmetics and Makeup by Students in Elementary, Middle and High Schools

A Study on Usage of Cosmetics and Makeup by Students in Elementary, Middle and High Schools

Relationship between acne vulgaris and cosmetic usage in Sri Lankan urban adolescent females.

Acne vulgaris is one of the commonest skin disorders affecting up to 80% of the world population at least during adolescence. Significant psychosocial effects such as depression and poor personality development have been linked with acne, especially in female adolescents. Various causative factors, including cosmetic exposure, have been attributed toward acne. To analyze the association between frequent exposure to cosmetics and severity of acne in adolescent females. A cross-sectional analytical study was performed on 140 girls from three schools in Colombo, Sri Lanka. A self-administered questionnaire was utilized to assess the patterns of cosmetic usage. Grading acne of the participants was performed by the researchers utilizing a standard acne grading scale. The overall prevalence of acne in our study population was 91.4% with a mean acne grade of 3.09. At least one cosmetic type was used by 126 (90%) of the population. A Pearson correlation coefficient (r) value of .452 (P<.001) was obtained between cosmetic exposure and acne grade, which indicates a statistically significant correlation. A chi-square value of 22.875 was obtained at a degree of freedom of 2 (P<.001), enabling us to reject the null hypothesis that there is no significant association between cosmetic usage and acne severity. Our results convey a significant positive association between frequent exposure to cosmetics and severity of acne in adolescent females. Girls of this age group must be made aware that cosmetic usage may be a potential aggravating factor for their facial acne.

Understanding the effect of personal and social value on attitude and usage behavior of luxury cosmetic brands

The growth of the luxury market has been phenomenal in recent years, especially in the emerging markets such as India. This research studied luxury value aspects (personal and social) of luxury cosmetic brands and their impact on consumer attitudes and usage behavior, with a focus on women consumers. Data was collected in the form of a survey from 372 women luxury cosmetic users. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the framework. Hedonism and status value were found to have high significant relationship towards attitude whereas usage behavior was influenced by materialism and status value. Hence the symbolic and psychological traits among consumer will show their willingness to buy and preferences on luxury cosmetic brands. The findings of this study provide valuable insights to marketers and managers to understand consumer trends, attitudes and behavior in the luxury cosmetic market and develop marketing strategies to successfully market their products.

ANALISIS PENGARUH PROMOTION MIX TERHADAP BEHAVIOR INTENTION DENGAN RELIGIOUSITY SEBAGAI VARIABEL MODERASI (STUDI PADA KONSUMEN KOSMETIK WARDAH DI KOTA MATARAM)

This research is aimed at analyzing the correlation between promotion mix and behavior intention with regularity as moderating variable of Wardah consumers in Mataram. This research is quantitative study. The populations are women users of Wardah cosmetics in Mataram. the samples are 190 woman respondents selected through purposive sampling. The data were analyzed using Moderated Regression Analysis or interaction test as the hypothesis test with the special multiple linear regression in which the regression equation consists of interactional elements (dual or more multiplication of independent variables).The research showed that promotion mix had some significant effects on the behavior intention which meant that the better the promotion mix, including advertisement, sales promotion, publicity, personal selling, and direct marketing was, the better the behavior intention reflected through loyalty, propensity to switch, willingness to pay more, external response to problem, and internal response to problem was. Religiosity moderated the correlation between promotion mix and behavior intention. This meant that the higher the religiosity was, the stronger the correlation between promotion mix and behavior intention was. Religiosity was a moderating variable that cannot be an independent variable. Keywords: promotion mix, behavior intention, religiousity.

The Study on Elementary Students’ Current Conditions of Cosmetics Usage

The Study on Elementary Students’ Current Conditions of Cosmetics Usage

The Study on Elementary Students’ Current Conditions of Cosmetics Usage

The Study on Elementary Students’ Current Conditions of Cosmetics Usage