User Information Processing Research Articles

Your Eyes on Speed: Using Pupil Dilation to Adaptively Select Speed-Reading Parameters in Virtual Reality

Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) improves the reading speed for optimizing the user's information processing capabilities on Virtual Reality (VR) devices. Yet, the user's RSVP reading performance changes over time while the reading speed remains static. In this paper, we evaluate pupil dilation as a physiological metric to assess the mental workload of readers in real-time. We assess mental workload under different background lighting and RSVP presentation speeds to estimate the optimal color that discriminates the pupil diameter varying RSVP presentation speeds. We discovered that a gray background provides the best contrast for reading at various presentation speeds. Then, we conducted a second study to evaluate the classification accuracy of mental workload for different presentation speeds. We find that pupil dilation relates to mental workload when reading with RSVP. We discuss how pupil dilation can be used to adapt the RSVP speed in future VR applications to optimize information intake.

Impact of misinformation from generative AI on user information processing: How people understand misinformation from generative AI

This study examines the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on the ways in which users process and respond to misinformation in generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) contexts. Drawing on the heuristic–systematic model and the concept of diagnosticity, our approach examines a cognitive model for processing misinformation in GenAI. The study’s findings revealed that users with a high-heuristic processing mechanism, which affects positive diagnostic perception, were more likely to proactively discern misinformation than users with low-heuristic processing and low-perceived diagnosticity. When exposed to misinformation from GenAI, users’ perceived diagnosticity of misinformation can be accurately predicted by the ways in which they perform heuristic systematic evaluations. With this focus on misinformation processing, this study provides theoretical insights and relevant recommendations for firms to be more resilient in protecting users from the detrimental impacts of misinformation.

Mechanisms for successful management of enterprise resource planning from user information processing and system quality perspective

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems are now ubiquitous in modern organizations. A number of previous studies have focused only on system factors and perceptions, there is a noticeable shortfall in research that concurrently addresses technological factors and human roles in explaining user satisfaction. This study aimed to identify these variables from the perspectives of information systems, technology, and human participation, thereby addressing this knowledge gap. The focus of the study was a large shipbuilding and marine company utilizing an ERP system. The participants, a sample of 234 ERP users, were carefully selected by the company’s executives and practitioners, and data was collected through online questionnaires. They were selected through purposive sampling from among employees who use ERP systems in large-scale shipbuilding and marine engineering companies. The study aimed to clarify the relationships between user satisfaction and perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, system quality, service quality, participation, and information quality. A partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to analyze the collected data. The results indicated that perceived ease of use, system quality, service quality, and participation positively influenced user satisfaction, whereas perceived usefulness did not have a significant impact. Interestingly, participation was found to lessen the effects of perceived usefulness on satisfaction. The findings of this study suggest that to enhance ERP user satisfaction, managers should strive to make the ERP system easy-to-use and stable, encourage employee participation in the decision-making process, and bolster the role of the support team. It should be noted, however, that the study has limitations as it did not consider all possible factors, such as training and support. Future research should take a broader view of the variables involved in the operation of an enterprise-wide information system.

한국관광공사 1330 관광안내 문자채팅 서비스에 대한 연구

The 1330 Korea Travel Helpline is a public service that provides tourists with customized travel information in order to promote tourism. 1330 Travel Helpline differs from other online tourism information platforms in that users can interact with certified tourism specialists throughout their journey. Furthermore, the service is run by the Korea Tourism Organization. Taking these distinguishing characteristics into account, the purpose of this study is to investigate the factors influencing the service user's information processing process and the tourist's destination visit intention. This study specifically employs the Elaboration Likelihood Model to examine the impact of information quality and source credibility on destination visit intention. Furthermore, using data collected from tourists who have used this service, this paper investigates whether the interaction quality with service representatives acts as a predictor of visit intention. The PLS-SEM approach reveals that interaction with service representatives gives users a social presence, which influences their information processing path positively. Information usefulness and visit intent are significantly influenced by information quality and source credibility. In addition, the research demonstrates that the interaction quality has a mediating effect on both of the central and the peripheral paths. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the live chat service in the context of the hospitality and tourism industries, as well as suggestions for future research.

Research on the influencing factors of users' information processing in online health communities based on heuristic-systematic model.

With the rapid development of the Internet and the normalization of COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control, Online health communities (OHCs) have gradually become one of the important ways for people to obtain health information, and users have to go through a series of information processing when facing the massive amount of data. Understanding the factors influencing user information processing is necessary to promote users' health literacy, health knowledge popularization and health behavior shaping. Based on the Heuristic-Systematic Model (HSM), Information Ecology Theory, Privacy Trade-Off and Self-Efficacy Theory, we constructed a model of factors influencing user information processing in online health communities. We found that information quality and emotional support had indirect effects on heuristic and systematic information processing, and these effects were mediated by privacy concerns and self-efficacy. In our research model, systematic information processing was most positively influenced directly by self-efficacy. Privacy concerns had a direct negative correlation with both dual information processing pathways. Therefore, OHCs managers should develop relevant regulations to ensure the information quality in OHCs and improve privacy protection services to promote user information processing by improving users' self-efficacy and reducing their privacy concerns. Providing a user-friendly and interactive environment for users is also recommended to create more emotional support, thus facilitating more systematic information processing.

Effect of Disinformation Propagation on Opinion Dynamics: A Game Theoretic Approach

Disinformation can alter or manipulate our values, opinions, and rational decisions toward any life event because disinformation, such as fake news or rumors, is propagated rapidly and broadly in online social networks (OSNs). Game-theoretic models can help people maximize the benefits from dynamic social interactions. This work presents an opinion framework formulated by repeated, incomplete information games that model OSN users’ subjective opinions. The users may update their opinions using various criteria, such as uncertainty, homophily, encounter, herding, or assertion. We demonstrate how Subjective Logic, a belief model explicitly handling opinion uncertainty, can be employed to model attackers’ deception strategies, users’ opinion update models, and the influences of propagating disinformation through the interactions between users. Through extensive experiments, we investigated how an individual user's information processing type can introduce different impacts on the extent of disinformation propagation. We compared the performance of the five different opinion update models under OSNs characterized by two real OSN datasets. We analyzed their impact on the choices of best strategies, their utilities, and network/opinion polarization. We also examined how the player's choices of best strategies under uncertainty are different from Nash Equilibrium strategies based on correct beliefs towards their opponents’ moves.

User information processing mechanisms for news quality judgment conformity to professional standards: Comparing combinations of news content/formal cue processing

It is more difficult to judge news quality on digital news platforms because editorial cues (such as size and placement of news articles that signal the quality of articles in the traditional news environment) are far less obvious. Without these editorial cues, how do users process news cues to judge news quality in conformity to professional standards? Relying on dual information processing literature, this study investigates five combinations of news content/formal cue processing to identify user information processing mechanisms for news quality judgment conformity to professional standards. A total of 88 news articles were evaluated by 3547 survey respondents and two professional editors. Based on the partial-least-squares structural equation modeling, we found that the joint functioning of content/formal cue processing better explains news quality judgment conformity than other combinations (such as the independent functioning of each cue processing and the biased functioning of content cue processing affected by formal cue processing). The large, negative effect of joint functioning suggests that the less the respondents relied on formal cues, the greater they achieved news quality judgment conformity as they elaborated more on content cues. Elaboration on a given article’s believability/depth as a content cue and heuristics regarding its number of quotes as a formal cue had greater impact on judgment conformity. These results imply how the elaborative and heuristic routes of news processing interact and in what ways news cues can be processed to identify quality news which is necessary for democratic decision making.

Fingerprint Based Authentication Architecture for Accessing Multiple Cloud Computing Services using Single User Credential in IOT Environments

Cloud computing technology provides access to the pool of configurable resources including storage space, application, services and on demand network. Involvement of Cloud with the organization minimizes organization efforts toward fulfilling its customer’s needs. One of the major advantages of cloud computing is the Single Sign On (SSO) technique that allows the user to access multiple application services using a single user credential. In cloud computing, there are many issues, and challenges to be discussed. However, prevention from security attacks is much more difficult in preserving privacy of user agents. This paper has proposed SSO-based bio-metric authentication architecture for cloud computing services to overcome the security and privacy attacks. Bio-metric authentication is effective for resources controlled by end devices at the time of accessing the cloud services since these devices are computationally inefficient for user information processing during authentication. Accordingly, security attack in the cloud computing gets minimized using the proposed architecture. The proposed architecture also includes a novel approach in which there exist one to one relationship between user agent and the service provider. In this user agents can use their fingerprint while requesting for registration and accessing different cloud application services at cloud. Based on comparative study with several existing architectures, the highlights of the proposed architecture have been presented.

The Effect of Information Type (Inforgraphic vs. Text) on an E- Government Site on Userʼs Attitudes and Responses to the Site: Moderating Roles of User Information Processing Tendency (Visual vs.Verbal) and Information Literacy

The Effect of Information Type (Inforgraphic vs. Text) on an E- Government Site on Userʼs Attitudes and Responses to the Site: Moderating Roles of User Information Processing Tendency (Visual vs.Verbal) and Information Literacy

The effect of message framing on security behavior in online services: Focusing on the shift of time orientation via psychological ownership

Researcher in the fields of business management, marketing and consumer studies have become increasingly interested in psychological ownership, expanding beyond the previous focus on the organizational context and into the online context. This study was designed to verify the outcomes of psychological ownership experienced by an individual in an online environment and to examine how psychological ownership affects an individual's way of thinking. Specifically, we conducted one study that focuses on the behavior of protecting personal information online and analyzes the interaction between level of psychological ownership regarding an online service (high vs. low) and the method of framing the message (gain vs. loss). The results showed that, among users with a high degree of psychological ownership regarding the online service, messages with gain framing were more effective than loss framed ones, whereas, among users with low psychological ownership, loss framed messages were more effective than gain framed ones. The second study took the perspective of user information processing; it was designed to verify that psychological ownership can change an individual's time orientation. With psychological ownership fixed at a consistent level, we evaluated the interaction between time orientation (past-oriented vs. future-oriented) and the method of framing the message (gain vs. loss). We found that, in online services, past-oriented users were more effectively targeted by gain framed messages than by loss framed ones to influence the user's password-changing behavior. Conversely, among future-oriented users, loss framed messages were more effective than gain framed ones in influencing the user's password-changing behavior.

The Role of User Privacy Concerns in Shaping Competition Among Platforms

We study the effect of user privacy concerns on competition between online advertising platforms. Online platforms attract advertisers by offering capabilities to reach audiences likely to be receptive to their ads in a timely and accurate manner. However, the collection and processing of user information required for targeting of ads may lead to privacy concerns. We model the competition between two platforms as a two-stage game where platforms announce their targeting capabilities in the first stage and advertising fees in the second stage. The presence of heterogeneity in the user and the advertiser populations with respect to their preferences for targeting leads to differentiation between platforms. While one platform offers the minimum level of targeting feasible, the other platform offers a strictly higher level of targeting. The extent of differentiation in targeting levels depends on the intensity of competition between the platforms on the user side. When competition on the user side is relatively low, the extent of differentiation is higher. Such competition for users may decline, when users are less concerned about loss of privacy or when they choose to double home. Higher targeting differentiation allows platforms to charge higher advertising fees and earn higher profits. We also consider the case where platforms can reduce the privacy concerns of users by offering them greater control over their personal information. We demonstrate that awarding user control leads to reduced targeting differentiation between platforms and lower advertising fees. Last, we derive the equilibrium targeting levels for platforms that use a subscription-based business model instead of an advertising-based business model. The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2017.0730 .

Understanding the impact of web personalization on user information processing and decision outcomes

Personalized information technology services have become a ubiquitous phenomenon. Companies worldwide are using the web to provide personalized offerings and unique experiences to their customers. While there is a lot of hype about delivering personalized services over the web, little is known about the effectiveness of web personalization and the link between the IT artifact (the personalization agent) and the effects it exerts on a user's information processing and decision making. To address the impact of personalized content, this article theoretically develops and empirically tests a model of web personalization. The model is grounded on social cognition and consumer research theories adapted to the peculiar features of web personalization. The influence of a personalization agent is mediated by two variables: content relevance and self reference. Hypotheses generated from the model are empirically tested in a laboratory experiment and a field study. The findings indicate that content relevance, self reference, and goal specificity affect the attention, cognitive processes, and decisions of web users in various ways. Also, users are found to be receptive to personalized content and find it useful as a decision aid. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.

High performance AAA architecture for massive IPv4 networks

Even though the total volume of paid data through networks has increased rapidly, most telecommunication and network service providers are still struggling with the continuously decreasing voice revenue and the overheating competition as regards broadband services. Moreover, new technologies, such as VoIP, HomeNet and Bluetooth telephones, are still having trouble generating profit. Obviously these obstacles have dogged the transition to the next generation of business. To maintain the existing customer base and to survive under tight competition, network service providers are being forced to improve their service quality and to create new value added services without additional mass investment or replacing existing infrastructure. In the light of these factors, it is necessary to have a set of different prices for differentiated service levels, instead of the current flat pricing and network access-only service. The preliminary factors for transforming the current system to an upgraded and flexible one are identifying and personalizing subscribers. As a result, the current Authentication, Authorization, Accounting (AAA) infrastructure must be changed to meet those requirements. However there are two main technical limits. First, the limit of large volume user information processing capability. Second, the low rate of progress in the field of applications especially in countries such as the United States and Korea. To deal with these limits, we will first present neo-functional AAA architecture for massive and distributed network environments and describe successful cases of nationwide deployment in Korea.

Internet usage for information provisioning: theoretical construct development and empirical validation in the clinical decision-making context

Despite substantial discussion of the Internet's impact on individual activities, there is an absence of a theoretically grounded measure of Internet usage for the provisioning of information required by decision-makers. Our research addresses this void in the literature. We conceptualize Internet Usage for Information Provisioning (IUIP) as the degree to which the Internet is used to meet information requirements of individual decision-makers engaged in diagnostic decision-making tasks. Drawing on the information processing theoretical framework, three dimensions (usage for breadth of content, usage for depth of content, and usage for interaction dynamism) of IUIP are identified. The construct was validated through a two-phase empirical study conducted in the physician clinical decision-making context. The first phase involved interviewing physicians to establish face validity of the dimensions and to generate multi-item measures for each dimension. The second phase consisted of surveying physicians to evaluate measurement properties and nomological validity. Principal components analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and partial least squares analysis were the primary statistical techniques used to analyze the data and evaluate construct validity. Our results suggest that decision-makers operating in uncertain and equivocal decision contexts use the Internet to a greater degree for their content needs and selective attention requirements. Our results also suggest that a fit between the user's information processing requirements and technology, and selected social norms, lead to higher levels of IUIP. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.

Understanding the Impact of Web Personalization on User Information Processing and Decision Outcomes

Personalized information technology services have become a ubiquitous phenomenon. Companies worldwide are using the web to provide personalized offerings and unique experiences to their customers. While there is a lot of hype about delivering personalized services over the web, little is known about the effectiveness of web personalization and the link between the IT artifact (the personalization agent) and the effects it exerts on a user's information processing and decision making. To address the impact of personalized content, this article theoretically develops and empirically tests a model of web personalization. The model is grounded on social cognition and consumer research theories adapted to the peculiar features of web personalization. The influence of a personalization agent is mediated by two variables: content relevance and self reference. Hypotheses generated from the model are empirically tested in a laboratory experiment and a field study. The findings indicate that content relevance, self reference, and goal specificity affect the attention, cognitive processes, and decisions of web users in various ways. Also, users are found to be receptive to personalized content and find it useful as a decision aid. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.

A Paradigm Shift in Interactive Computing: Deriving Multimodal Design Principles from Behavioral and Neurological Foundations

As technology advances, systems are increasingly able to provide more information than a human operator can process accurately. Thus, a challenge for designers is to create interfaces that allow operators to process the optimal amount of data. It is herein proposed that this may be accomplished by creating multimodal display systems that augment or switch modalities to maximize user information processing. Such a system would ultimately be informed by a user's neurophysiological state. As a first step toward that goal, relevant literature is reviewed and a set of preliminary design guidelines for multimodal information systems is suggested.

An Intelligent Agent for Prioritizing E-Mail Messages

The proliferation of telecommunication networks, like Internet and Bitnet, has promoted mail e-mail into a viable business communication tool with widespread use that traverses all levels of management. In some organizations, e-mail users are being overwhelmed with a barrage of useless messages or electronic junk mail. This interferes with a user's information processing capability and causes a negative effect on usefulness of this communication tool. This paper addresses the issue of time management by reducing information overload in email. A knowledge-based agent, called AIMS, was developed to prioritize e-mail messages. AIMS is different from other systems in three ways: 1 it does not burden users with the task of creating or maintaining message prioritizing rules, 2 it uses a user's personal knowledge or preferences with organizational considerations for prioritizing messages, and 3 it was evaluated at an academic institution with a group of 46 e-mail users who found the prioritized list generated by AIMS highly accurate.

Implications of the User's Information Processing Strategy on the Design of Decision Aids for Complex Systems

Performance was evaluated in a single and dual task environment which simulated basic tasks carried out by sonar operators, using processed, visual representations of acoustic data. Two general classes of performance functions were obtained. One group of subjects performed at high levels in both single and dual task conditions and responded to increasing demand with increased throughput. The second group showed performance levelling or decrement once information load reached a critical level. The strategies used by the two groups (heuristics/pattern recognition for the former, and serial analysis for the latter) have clear importance for the type of decision aids which need to be provided in future generation sonar systems.

Precision architecture

The processor component of the Hewlett-Packard Precision Architecture system is described. The architecture's goals, how the architecture addresses the spectrum of general-purpose user information processing needs, and some architectural design tradeoffs are examined. Extendibility and longevity features are considered.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>