Use Of Waste Products Research Articles

Compost and legume management differently alter soil microbial abundance and soil carbon in semiarid pastures

AbstractEstablishment of improved perennial pasture systems for livestock production has been demonstrated to improve soil health in the semiarid Texas Southern High Plains (SHP). Use of waste products from other components of the animal production chain, such as applying composted manure from feedlot operations to grazed pastures, may provide an additional means of improving soil health and sustainability of these systems. However, few studies have examined the impact of composted animal manure on the changes in soil microbial communities, although they are important indicators of soil health. We investigated the effects of a one‐time composted cattle manure application at 3.36 Mg ha−1 on soil microbial community size and structure, soil organic C (SOC), total N (TN), and soil organic matter (SOM) up to 1.5 yr after application. We compared pastures consisting of either WW‐B. Dahl Old World bluestem grass [Bothriochloa bladhii (Retz.) S.T. Blake] alone or in mix with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Results showed that compost application significantly increased SOC by about 4.4 g kg−1 soil within 1.5 yr after application. In N‐fertilized grass‐only pastures, compost addition increased microbial phospholipid fatty acid abundance, SOC, TN, and SOM, but no significant differences were observed between compost treatments in unfertilized pastures containing legumes. Our results show that even a one‐time compost addition at a relatively low rate can augment SOC in this semiarid pasture system after 1.5 yr, and that stimulation of soil microbial abundance and soil C and N from compost is more pronounced in fertilized grass‐only pastures compared with those with legume establishment.

Alternative Sorbents for the Cobalt-Containing Wastewater Treatment

Electroplating industry cobalt-containing wastewater treatment solutions have been found. We have opted for the reactant method of chemical treatment. We have precipitated cobalt (2+) as cobalt stearate, which we propose to use in lubricants mixed with paraffin, high-pressure polyethylene and ultrafine polytetrafluoroethylene, thus resulting in a material, possessing lower rolling friction coefficient than polytetrafluoroethylene. We have resorted to the ion-exchange method as a means of physico-chemical treatment. This method has made it possible to lower the wastewater cobalt (2+) ion concentration to the MPC h.h..(Maximum Permissible Concentration for Households). We propose the use of waste products of timber-processing (lignin) and power-producing (ash, fly ash) industries as sorbents. The mix of slag, fly ash and hydrolised lignin has been found to be the most efficient cobalt ion sorbent for the sorption method. Upon the sorbent treatment, it can be burnt in a furnace, while the ash can be stored in a sludge collector without any heat treatment.

Applicability of Waste Engine Oil for the Direct Production of Electricity

New methods for the use of waste products as input for other technologies are a constant subject of research efforts. One such product is waste engine oil. Due to the constantly increasing number of motor vehicles in the world, the recycling or application of engine oils for energy production purposes is currently of considerable importance. This paper contains research regarding the analysis of the electro-oxidation potential of waste engine oil, and thus the possibility of using such oil as a material in fuel cells. The research demonstrates the basic possibility of the electro-oxidation of this oil emulsion on a platinum electrode in an acid electrolyte (aqueous solution of H2SO4). It was shown that in the temperature range of 20–80 °C, the electro-oxidation of the waste engine oil emulsion occurred for all emulsion concentrations (0.005%, 0.010%, 0.030%, and 0.060% of the reactor volume). The maximum current density obtained in the measurements was 21 mA·cm−2 at the temperature of 60 °C (0.030% waste oil and 0.5 M electrolyte). Although this value is small, it encourages further research on the use of used engine oil for the direct generation of electricity.

Environmental assessment of road construction materials and technologies with the use of production wastes

The following paper presents some results of long-term research on the urgent problem of recycling waste products and their use in road construction. The studied new materials and technologies are justified by the developments of Tyumen Industrial University. The aim of this work is to prove the technique, checking the ecological safety of the road materials with the use of waste products. Research techniques and test subjects are quantitative chemical analysis and biological testing of road material samples with waste additives obtained during drilling and oil production. Along with the standard procedures for analyzing the contamination and toxicity of water extracts, the authors have proposed and tested the evaluation of repeated and long-term extractions, imitating the possible environmental impact of waste products. The obtained results showed the environmental safety of the road-building materials based on wastes.

INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF HOTEL INDUSTRY ENTERPRISES: FOREIGN EXPERIENCE

Purpose. The aim of the article is generalization of the provisions of innovative approaches to the development of hospitality enterprises implemented in foreign practice. Methodology of research. The following were used in the course of the study: the method of systematization, which made it possible to classify modern innovative approaches in this area; a statistical method necessary to establish the effectiveness of the implementation of these approaches in foreign practice; a comparison method that is used to assess the possibility of implementing foreign practices in Ukrainian conditions. Findings. Generalizations of the provisions of innovative approaches to the development of hospitality enterprises, which are implemented in foreign practice, are presented. The following innovative approaches are highlighted in these areas, including: an innovative approach to optimizing contacts between staff and clients of hotel enterprises (using monitoring contact models); an innovative approach associated with the creation of new customer acquisition strategies that combine information technology capabilities and full compliance with supply and demand in the hotel services market; an innovative approach based on increasing the number of customers due to increased loyalty of hotel service; an innovative approach based on the use of a development strategy benchmark for the introduction of greening of accommodation premises, their operation, customer service, the use of energy-saving technologies in the field of heating, energy supplies and other, ecological use of waste products. The effectiveness of the implementation of these innovative approaches is determined on the basis of the materials of the considered empirical studies, the probability of their application in the conditions of the functioning of the Ukrainian hospitality enterprises is proved. Originality lies in the fact that the study further developed the issue of systematizing innovative approaches to the development of hospitality enterprises, which are implemented in foreign practice. Practical value. The determined results of the study are based on the fact that certain innovative approaches to development can be implemented in the development of hospitality enterprises in Ukraine. Key words: innovative approaches, development, hospitality enterprises, hotel service loyalty, energy-saving technologies, greening of premises, monitoring contact models, customer involvement.

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVATION OF ETHANOL EXTRACTS FROM PINEAPPLE LEAVES (Ananas comosus) AT TAC CAU REGION, KIEN GIANG PROVINCE

Pineapple (Ananas comosus) is a kind of fruit with high nutritional value. This study investigated the resistance to oxidation DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (free radical) and deionized Fe3+ of ethanol extracts from theleaves (leaves grow on stems) and crown (crown of scale leaves) of pineapples. Study of high extraction efficiency in 99,5% ethanol solvent, mixing ratio between samples with the solvent is 1 : 4, combined ultrasonic wave with a capacity of 120 Walt within 72 hours. The total polyphenol content in all treatments was high: leave sample (140,9 ± 2,86 mg GAE/g) and crown sample (204,6 ± 0,29 mg GAE/g). The results showed thatDPPH oxidation resistance and deionized Fe3+ were: crown (IC50 = 254,74 ± 1,55 mg/mL và 908,12 ± 9,35 mg/mL) higher than leaves (IC50 = 977,78 ± 30,27m mg/mL and 2156,62 ± 23,03 mg/mL). Theresearch has found that the use of waste products from pineapple peels with antioxidant capacity could be added to potential raw materials in the field of pharmaceutical production.

Bamboo Tar as a Novel Fungicide: Its Chemical Components, Laboratory Evaluation, and Field Efficacy Against False Smut and Sheath Blight of Rice and Powdery Mildew and Fusarium Wilt of Cucumber.

The application of agricultural and forest residues can benefit the environment and the economy; however, they also generate a large amount of byproducts. In this study, bamboo tar (BT), a waste product of bamboo charcoal production, was dissolved in natural ethanol and the surfactant alkyl glucoside to manufacture a 50% (wt/wt) BT emulsifiable concentrate (BTEC) biopesticide. BTEC was screened for fungicidal activity against pathogens. The greatest activity was seen against Ustilaginoidea virens with a half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) value of 6 mg/liter. Four phytopathogenic fungi, Podosphaera xanthii, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum, and Botrytis cinerea, showed EC50 values of <60 mg/liter. Greenhouse tests in vivo showed 2,000 mg/liter BTEC had a 78.4% protective effect against U. virens, and replicated treatments had an 80.6% protective effect. In addition, replicated 2-year field trials were conducted in two geographic locations with four plant diseases: false smut (U. virens), rice sheath blight (Thanatephorus cucumeris [Frank] Donk), cucumber powdery mildew (P. xanthii), and cucumber Fusarium wilt (F. oxysporum). Results showed that 1,000 to 2,000 mg/liter BTEC significantly inhibited these diseases. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed that the total phenolic mass fractions of two BT samples were 45.39 and 48.26%. Eleven components were detected, and their percentage content was as follows (from high to low): 2,6-dimethoxyphenol > 2- or 4-ethylphenol > 2- or 4-methylphenol > phenol > 4-ethylguaiacol > dimethoxyphenol > 4-methylguaiacol > 4-propenyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol > 2,4-dimethylphenol. Some of the phenolic compounds identified from the tar might be fungicidally active components. BT is a biochar waste, which has potential as a biofungicide and has promise in organic agriculture. The value of this tar may not be because of any fundamental physical differences from other synthetic fungicides but rather caused by reduced production expenses and more efficient use of waste products.

Effects of waste fig seed powder on quality as an innovative ingredient in biscuit formulation

Being a rich source of antioxidants, phenolic compounds and dietary fiber, the fig seed could be valuable health-promoting food ingredient. The possibility of using fig seed powder in biscuits was investigated. For this purpose, wheat flour was replaced by fig seed powder at levels of 0, 5, 10, and 15%. The effects of replacement on proximate composition, color values, total phenolic contents, antioxidant activity, textural characteristics, and sensorial properties of biscuit samples were investigated. The composition of fig seed powder showed a significantly higher concentration of fiber (56.6± 0.27%), protein (14.32± 0.21%), fat (20.32± 0.32%), and total phenolic content (665.12± 0.52mg GAE/100g). The biscuit samples were obtained with increased fiber content by adding fig seed powder to the biscuit formulation. Moreover, fig seed powder increased the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of biscuits significantly (P <0.05). The addition of fig seed powder to the biscuit formulation up to 10% increased the sensory scores of the biscuits in terms of odor, flavor, and overall impression. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The use of waste products in food industry is relevant in terms of the circular economy context. The enrichment of biscuit with waste fig seed powder could also supplies accessional channel for valorization of a food waste. Fig seed powder could be used to produce acceptable biscuits with improved nutritional quality.

The increase of the potential agricultural landscapes fertility through the use of non-traditional organic fertilizers

In modern conditions of economic crisis, the use of mineral and organic fertilizers has sharply decreased, which leads to the soil fertility degradation and the microbial cenosis structure simplification. In this regard, there is a growing interest in the use of non-traditional fertilizers, including those obtained from wood vegetation wastes. The purpose of the research is to study the possibility of using waste oil from coniferous trees as fertilizers and growth stimulants for grain crops. The object of the research is soft spring wheat variety of Siberian selection “Krasnoyarskaya-12”. Recording was performed using generally accepted methods and existing State Standards. The influence of fir water on the germination energy, germination capacity and infection of soft spring wheat “Krasnoyarskaya-12” seeds was determined by the wet chambers method using paper rolls, as well as Petri dishes according to State Standard 12044-93. Statistical processing of the obtained data was performed by the method of dispersion and correlation analysis. The obtained results and the conducted chemical analysis of fir needles, peat and water solution of needles showed a fairly high content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Therefore, the use of waste products in the production of fir oil as non-traditional organic fertilizers requires targeted research and can be a very promising agricultural approach.

USE OF OIL AND BITUMINOUS ROCKS AND WASTE FROM THEIR PROCESSING IN CREATION OF COMPOSITE SILICATE MATERIALS

The article considers the issues of technology of silicate materials of dense and cellular structure with usage of oil bituminous rocks and waste from their processing, in particular: the optimization of the ratios of the raw components of a silicate materials mixture, the development of optimal technological parameters for the production of silicate materials, and the technological aspects of the production of the above materials. The optimal compositions of binders with use of waste products from OBR are studied in this work as an activating component of lime or cement. The stability of the samples was studied in various media with a low and high content of basic calcium hydrosilicate. If they contain insoluble silicates and aluminosilicates containing silica, they are acid resistant. Alkali-resistant rocks containing oxides corresponding to strong bases are combined with oxides corresponding to weak acids, for example, calcium and magnesium carbonates. As a result of the experimental work, technological processes for the manufacture of silicate materials (of dense and cellular structure) based on the OBR and waste from their processing are substantiated and developed. The paper reveals the chemical-mineralogical and the structural features of oil bituminous rocks and waste from their processing. The optimal ratio of the waste mixture of oil and bituminous rocks with lime and the technological parameters that ensure the grade of lime-sand binder from 400 to 500 are established. Silicate materials based on this mixture have high physical and mechanical properties and comply with the requirements of the ST standards of the Republic of Kazakhstan for silicate brick and GOST state standard for aerated concrete. Thus, the compositions and conditions for the preparation of these binders with high resistance in large temperature, pressure and aggressive environments are proposed in this work. Key words: oil bituminous rocks and waste from their processing, structure, mechanochemical activation, silicate materials, binder, cellular concrete, durability.

Experimental Investigation on the Use of Waste Elastomeric Polymers for Bitumen Modification

The study described in this paper focused on the possible use of waste products coming from the production of styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) and polybutadiene rubber (PBR), as bitumen modifiers. Modified binders containing these products were prepared in the laboratory with different polymer dosages and were thereafter subjected to the evaluation of empirical and rheological properties. For comparative purposes, the study also considered SBR and PBR products of premium quality. Ageing effects were also taken into account by means of proper laboratory simulations. Obtained results indicated that the two types of polymer (SBR and PBR) have completely different effects on the rheology and expected performance of the resulting modified binders. In particular, while the two polymers showed similar effects in terms of resistance to permanent deformation, the SBR products proved to be superior from the viewpoint of fatigue resistance. However, only minor differences were found when comparing the effects produced by premium quality and waste polymers. As a result of the experimental findings, it was concluded that the use of waste SBR polymers can be an attractive solution for the production of affordable modified binders.

Anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of polar extracts obtained from waste product of wine making

A lot of diseases are characterized by an increased inflammatory response with an exacerbated production of free radicals. The anti-inflammatory effect of different compounds with antioxidant capacity, as polyphenols present in grape is well known. Therefore, the objective is to evaluate the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of waste product of wine production. Six different non-toxic-marc-polar extracts from Malbec and Syrah grape varieties were obtained, their total phenol and flavonoid content were evaluated, and their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity were determined. High content of total phenols and flavonoids were found mainly in extracts obtained from Syrah (80.51 ± 16.63 g equivalent to gallic acid/100 g and 25.47 ± 3.33 g equivalent to quercetin/100 g). In addition, they had a high antioxidant effect (above 88.5% of ABTS inhibition by Syrah extracts). Finally, all extracts decreased the nitric oxide (NO) production, but this was more accented when extract from Syrah obtained by infusion was used, which decreased NO levels to baseline (4.46 µM). Taking together, our results show the potential pharmaceutical use of waste product of wine making to prevent or to treat diseases which inflammatory response is exacerbated.

Effects of Crumb Rubber Size and Concentration on Marshall Parameters of Rubberized Asphalt Mixture

The depletion of natural aggregate sources which generally accounts for a huge percent of Hot Mixed Asphalts (HMAs) and the difficulty posed by disposal scrap tires are a major environmental concern for the future. The use of waste products like scrap tires in highway construction is considered a sustainable way of dealing with these issues. Crumb rubber is a material pulverized from waste polymer products like scrap tires which are then added to HMAs to improve their performance. This study focuses on the sensitivity of crumb rubber particle sizes (fine ≤1.18 mm), (coarse ≥1.18 mm and ≤3.35 mm) (and mix of 50% fine and 50% coarse) and partial replacement (1.5 and 2.5% of total weight) of aggregates on the Marshall test parameters of rubberized asphalt mixes. The Marshall test parameters: density, stability, VTM, VFB of both rubberized asphalt and conventional asphalt samples were compared and also the Asphalt Institute (AI) and National Asphalt Pavement Association (NAPA) methods were used to obtain the optimum bitumen content (OBC). From the results, it suggests that; the utilization of dry process methodology of adding crumb rubber additives in different sizes and percentages had a considerable effect on Marshal test parameters and also influences the optimum binder content estimates. The results of this study can be used as a reference point for the use of crumb rubber in HMAs.

Rheological and strength properties of self-compacting concrete incorporating marble and granite powders

The use of waste products like fly ash in self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a common practice. In regions where a lot of waste generated due to sawing and polishing of granite and marble has a huge potential of using them in concrete without compromising the rheology and strength. This paper presents the experimental investigations on rheological behavior (T500, Vft, and viscosity) and strength properties (compressive, flexural, and splitting tensile strengths) of SCC made of marble and granite powders. The comparison was made with higher fly ash and higher sand content concrete mixes. The rheological properties showed similar and linear inter-relationship between different sets of mixes. Most of the mixes fall under VS2/VF1 and VS2/VF2 categories of EFNARC specifications. The strength properties of SCC mixes were compared with normal concrete mixes and found analogues with control concrete mix. The use of marble and granite powders up to 360 kg/m3 was studied. There is a beneficial effect due to the reduction of other raw materials significantly in concrete mixes. The admixture dosage was identified and found to be dependent on the surface area of particles.

Use of Plastic Aggregates in Concrete

There is no doubt concrete is most useful thing in construction industry but it has a negative impact also, just like a coin has two faces. Raw materials used in manufacturing of concrete affects the environment in one or the another negative way. Like manufacturing of cement produce carbon dioxide whereas the production of aggregates adds dust to the environment. Production of coarse aggregates also impact the geology of the area from they were extracted. A step taken in this direction is the use of waste products along with or in replacement of cement. Many of these materials are already in use, like silica fume, fly ash etc. In this study, plastic coarse aggregates were used in place of natural coarse aggregates. Plastic aggregates were produced by little processing of waste plastic. Plastic is the biggest threat to the environment, and it is affecting the environment rapidly. Some recent studies show that it can be used construction industry due to some of its properties like inert behavior, resistance to degradation etc. Also use of waste plastic can help in reducing plastic waste Various experiments were performed to test the mechanical properties of the concrete with plastic coarse aggregates. Concrete was prepared using plastic coarse aggregates in varying proportions of 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10%.

Justification of the method for phytoremediation of degraded and contaminated lands by composite vermicompost briquettes

The object of research is the effectiveness of the use of vermicompost products of vermicultivation in the practice of phytoremediation of degraded and technogenic contaminated lands. One of the problematic aspects in solving the scientific problem of reclamation of lands degraded as a result of technogenic activity is the long-term stage of biological restoration of the disturbed landscape. For a more efficient and quick reclamation, it is advisable to create a phytocenosis from tree-shrub vegetation, resistant to negative environmental influences. Well-tested biotechnologies of vermicultivation create the prerequisites for the use of waste products of the colonies of the worms of the genus Eisenia in the form of composite vermicompost briquettes for the needs of land phytoremediation, and it is proved in the study.The analysis of literary sources using modern technologies of vermicultivation and the use of vermicompost products for the needs of agriculture and land phytoremediation is carried out. The growth process of the biomass of worms of the Eisenia fetida species and the accumulation of vermicompost over time depending on the temperature of the medium are studied. The results of laboratory bioindication experiments with composite briquettes, consisting of vermicompost, loam and seeds of wild cereals, are presented. It is determined that the ratio of vermicompost and loam in the composition of composite briquettes, which is the most optimal for plant growth indicators, is 60:40 and 40:60 by mass, which makes it possible to justify the phytomeliorant working mixtures for biological land reclamation technologies.Laboratory studies have shown the promise of using vermicompost as a product of vermicultivation in the form of composite briquettes in the practice of phytoremediation of disturbed lands.

Substantiation of optimal type of a blockout in a monolithic flat slab

Problem statement. The problem of rational and efficient use of material resources has always been a priority, since the rational use of materials and the reduction of material consumption of production lead to savings in total capital costs. Today, the needs of Ukraine in raw materials are very large, and the cost of its production is constantly growing. Thus, in order to reduce capital investments, it is necessary to use resources more rationally, including at the expense of reducing material consumption of products, using cheaper and more efficient materials, economical use of raw materials and introducing new technologies for the production of building materials. In addition, one of the important factors of saving construction materials is the use of waste products as raw materials. The research concerning the reduction of the volume of concrete monolithic slabs by arranging pinholes and choosing the most efficient material for their manufacture is very relevant. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the optimal type of a blockout in a monolithic flat slab. Conclusion. As a result of the research performed, it was established that it is rational to use expanded polystyrene and cardboard tubes (waste of chemical and pulp and paper industry) as a material for the manufacture of blockouts for arranging pinholes in monolithic flat slabs. In this case, the most rational section of pinhole-formers is the round shape of the section, despite the fact that with a gradual decrease in the thickness of the concrete, such an intersection is inferior to a square section. Based on the analysis of the operation of pinholes from various materials in the process of laying the concrete mix, a step is determined and the reinforcement consumption fixes the blockout of frames.

Aspects of Use Of Waste Fuel and Energy Complex and Chemical Industry in the Production of Ceramic Bricks

One of the most promising areas for the use of waste production is ─ involving them recycled as raw materials for the production of ceramic bricks. The use of waste fuel and energy complex (inter-shale clay) and chemical wastes (alumosilicate sludge) in the production of ceramic bricks promotes recycling of industrial waste, environment, expansion of raw materials base for production of ceramic building materials. Developed innovative proposals for reducing negative impacts of toxic waste processing on environmental objects, which novelty is confirmed by Patents of the Russian Federation.

Durability Studies on Concrete Containing Treated Used Foundry Sand

Use of waste products from foundry industry in concrete not only makes it economical, but also helps in reducing disposal problems and environmental degradation. The waste materials required for the replacement of fine aggregate are processed to the required specifications that could match with the properties of fine aggregate to be used in concrete. Such type of industrial waste by-product namely waste foundry sand was treated and used as partial replacement material for fine aggregate in concrete. Experiments were conducted to study the durability characteristics of Treated Used Foundry Sand (TUFS) as partial replacement for fine aggregate. Fine aggregate was replaced with various percentages of TUFS by weight. Tests were conducted for water absorption, sorptivity and Rapid Chloride Permeability. Further these concrete specimens were exposed to chemical solutions and marine environment for 7, 28, 56 and 90 days. After the exposure period, these specimens were tested for loss in weight and compressive strength. Test results indicated better performance of concrete with TUFS than control specimen and established that concrete with 30% TUFS is more impermeable than control concrete with better durability properties also proved that TUFS can be effectively used in making good quality concrete.

Use of waste production of crystalline silicon in the production of vacuum insulation

The purpose of the study is to consider the possibility of using microsilica - waste of aluminum production, as filler in a vacuum insulation panel. The properties of silicon dioxide powder have been studied, and compositions and manufacturing technology of vacuum thermal insulation panels on its base have been developed. Differential thermal analysis of powders is carried out; the curves of differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetric analysis, x-ray phase analysis are obtained. The microstructure of the samples is investigated. The thermal conductivity of the manufactured panels is measured. The test results suggest that for the manufacture of low–vacuum insulation panels of microsilica powders, waste production of crystalline silicon can be used. The use of waste in the future can become the basis for the production of high-quality vacuum insulation with low cost.