Use Of Agricultural Waste Research Articles

Evaluation of Co-Composting as an Alternative for the Use of Agricultural Waste of Spring Onions, Chicken Manure and Bio-Waste Produced in Moorland Ecosystems

Composting is an adequate method for treating and valorizing agricultural waste such as those from spring onion (SO) cultivation and chicken breeding (chicken manure–CM). However, the low content of Total Organic Carbon in the waste from SO and the high concentration of total nitrogen in CM are limitations for the composting process. This research studied the co-composting of SO and CM in a moorland ecosystem, together with locally available co-substrates such as biowaste (BW) and woodchips (WC), focusing on the effect of co-composting in process development and end-product quality. A pilot-scale experiment was carried out using three treatments in triplicated composting piles: (i) Treatment A: 43% CM + 41% BW + 16% WC; (ii) Treatment B: 52% CM + 32% SO + 16% WC, and (iii) Treatment C: 70% SO + 30% WC. Treatments A and B reached thermophilic temperatures after two days of the process start and remained at that level for 17 days. However, treatment B reached environmental temperature during curing in a shorter time (43 days) than treatment A (53 days). Treatment C did not achieve thermophilic temperatures. Tests carried out at the end of the process showed end-product stability and non-phytotoxic characteristics (germination indexes 80%). The fertility index of the products showed that treatments A and B presented values of 4.3 (over 5.0) while treatment C obtained a value of 2.5. From the perspective of agricultural use, products from the three treatments had limitations due to deficiencies in essential nutrients like phosphorus. Still, they had potential as a soil amendment for restoration processes. In summary, we have demonstrated that this waste, in combination with other organic materials, could be a good amendment for the composting process and the end product.

The Reasons of Farmers Marketing and the Motivation Of Farmers to Maintain Bali Cowards in the Covid-19 Era

Covid-19 has damaged the world economy, including the economy of farmers. So that farmers survive the waves of Covid-19, many farmers sell cattle. The habit of farmers who sell their feeder livestock when they need large funds, so the price of feeder cattle sold is relatively cheap, because it determines the price is in an intermediary trader (blantik). The purpose of this study is to determine the causes of breeders who sell their feeder cattle and to analyze the marketing channel of feeders. This research is exploratory research through qualitative and quantitative combinations and combinations. This study was conducted on feeder cattle breeders who had sold their feeder cattle in Sembung Village, Mengwi, Badung. The study location was chosen intentionally (purposive sampling). The research instrument or measurement instrument used as an interview guide to help get answers from respondents is a structured and closed questionnaire that is equipped with open questions. The conclusion of this study is the tendency of farmers to sell their feeder cattle because of the need for school fees for children 30%, traditional ceremonial fees (marriage, odalan, dental slaughtering) 13.75%. Home repair costs 12.50%, medical costs 15%and daily consumption costs 28.75%. . Meanwhile: Farmers' motivation to increase cattle is for family savings by 41.25%, the use of agricultural waste is 22.50%, utilizing 23.75% from leisure time and increasing family income by 12.50% by increasing income that leads to welfare family.

Damen (Rice Straw) Waste and Eggshell as Liquid Organic Fertilizer: An Effort for New Business Opportunities

The dissemination activity of exploring damen (rice straw) waste as liquid organic fertilizer is a form of Tridharma of higher education for community service practiced by four lecturers. This activity has several main goals: increasing public awareness, particularly among residents of RT 20 Sadar Sriwijaya Village, Bandar Sribhawono District, about the importance of utilizing damen waste to be used as liquid organic fertilizer, rather than being thrown away or simply burned after the harvesting process is complete. Socialization activities are carried out in two ways: material delivery and practice daily. Based on the socialization, it was discovered that the participants achieved the socialization's objectives with good criteria in general. As a result, the public knowledge, particularly among residents of RT 20 Sadar Sriwijaya Village, Bandar Sribhawono District, East Lampung Regency, on the use of damen waste and chicken eggshell waste is still low, so socialization is required to raise awareness of the use of agricultural waste as fertilizer

RETRACTED: Effect of rice straw ash and palm leaf ash on the properties of ultrahigh-performance concrete

The global expansion of agricultural production has increased the amount of agricultural waste (AW). Accordingly, AW should be disposed of properly to preserve the environment. This study focuses on using rice straw ash (RSA) and palm leaf ash (PLA) as partial replacement for cement in the production of ultrahigh-performance concrete (UHPC). In particular, this research investigates the effect of using RSA and PLA as pozzolanic materials on the microstructure and the fresh, mechanical and physical properties of UHPC. Eleven UHPC mixtures are prepared as control mixtures without RSA and PLA. Five mixtures are used with 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% RSA, whilst five residual mixtures contain 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% PLA. Results indicate the efficiency of RSA or PLA as a partial substitute (i.e. 20% of cement weight), with mechanical properties and durability better than those of the reference mixture. The microstructure analysis shows that 20% RSA or PLA yields denser concrete than the control mixture. The UHPC samples with 20% RSA and 20% PLA achieve the best results of 188.5 MPa and 185 MPa by increasing compressive strength by about 13.2% and 11.1%, respectively, compared with the control mixture at a test age of 28 days. Important mechanical properties, such as splitting tensile strength, flexural strength and modulus of elasticity, exhibit a trend similar to that of the compressive strength results for all the UHPC mixtures. The average values of splitting tensile strength and flexural strength at 28 days are about 11% and 14% of the compressive strength of the same UHPC mixtures, respectively. The significance of the current study is the relatively high cement replacement percentages of up to 50% by weight and the use of AW as replacement materials.

Processability and Physical Properties of Compatibilized Recycled HDPE/Rice Husk Biocomposites

The circular economy promotes plastic recycling, waste minimization, and sustainable materials. Hence, the use of agricultural waste and recycled plastics is an eco-friendly and economic outlook for developing eco-designed products. Moreover, new alternatives to reinforce recycled polyolefins and add value to agroindustrial byproducts are emerging to develop processable materials with reliable performance for industrial applications. In this study, post-consumer recycled high-density polyethylene (rHDPE) and ground rice husk (RH) of 20% w/w were blended in a torque rheometer with or without the following coupling agents: (i) maleic anhydride grafted polymer (MAEO) 5% w/w, (ii) neoalkoxy titanate (NAT) 1.5% w/w, and (iii) ethylene–glycidyl methacrylate copolymer (EGMA) 5% w/w. In terms of processability, the addition of RH decreased the specific energy consumption in the torque experiments with or without additives compared to neat rHDPE. Furthermore, the time to reach thermal stability in the extrusion process was improved with EGMA and MAEO compatibilizers. Tensile and impact test results showed that using coupling agents enhanced the properties of the RH composites. On the other hand, thermal properties analyzed through differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis showed no significant variation for all composites. The morphology of the tensile fracture surfaces was observed via scanning electron microscopy. The results show that these recycled composites are feasible for manufacturing products when an appropriate compatibilizer is used.

Efficient use of agricultural wastes as Biosorbent in the removal of Fuchsin basic dye from aqueous solutions

Batch mode adsorption studies of Fuchsin basic (FB) on different agricultural waste materials were carried out using parameters including initial FB concentration, adsorbent dosage, agitation time, particle size of adsorbent and temperature. The best fitting isotherm model is elucidated using linear regression coefficient (R2). Both Langmuir (R2?0.998) and Freundlich (R2 = 0.968 to 0.986) isotherms were found to be best fitting model for the adsorption studies. The monolayer (maximum) adsorption capacities were found to be between 142.857 to 250 mg/g of given adsorbents. Lagergren pseudo -second order model best fits the kinetics of adsorption as qe(the) values are in consistent with qe(exp) with whole range of agitation time. Adsorption process was found to be directly proportional to temperature but inversely proportional to particle size of adsorbent. Thermodynamic analysis showed that adsorption was favourable, spontaneous, increased disorder and randomness at the solid- solution interface of FB with adsorbents. Mangrove plant leaf powder was found to have greater adsorption capacity towards FB amongst the adsorbents under study.

Agriculture Waste Used as Partial Replacement in Green Concrete Manufacturing

Abstract: Nowadays the total requirement of concrete increased in the whole world. This paper is about green concrete based on agricultural waste, research is using agricultural waste as a substitute for cement. Concrete mix proportion used is 1:1:2 (concrete of grade M25), from that quantities of different materials find out for Rice Husk Ash and Coconut Shell as a partial replacement of cement and coarse aggregates respectively. Like this three mix design done, one mix for Rice husk, one for coconut shell and one for combination of both. Agricultural waste contains chemical compounds which have pozzolanic properties. The rice husk ash is finely ground material which can give the pozzolanic reaction. The silica contents in the agricultural waste material reacted with calcium oxide to produce calcium silicate gel helps in binding the concrete. Some researches has been done for the use of agricultural waste in concrete. Collection of materials, mix design and quantities required to produce concrete blocks is find out then actual preparation of concrete blocks and different test on concrete done in this experiment. From the experimentation result is that 9% utilization of these materials in the replacement of cement gives rise to 15% increase in strength of concrete. Rice husk ash powder has a large amount of silica with which gives pozzolanic action and increases the strength. Use of coconut shell pieces of proper size (i.e. 20 mm nominal size) as a partial substitute of coarse aggregates in different percentage ranging from 0% to 50%. From the experiment results, if coconut shells used greater than 12.5% by weight of coarse fraction gives lightweight concrete without much reduction in strength. Use of both Rice husk ash and coconut shell improves test results than concrete with only coconut shell replacement. Its use reduces the environmental burden of decomposition of organic waste and also reduces pollution generated by it. Keywords: Pozzolanic, Rice Husk Ash, Coconut Shell, Partial replacement, Agro-waste.

Investigation of Thermal Conductivity and Sound Absorption Properties of Rice Straw Fiber/Polylactic Acid Biocomposite Material

ABSTRACT In the last decade, there has been an increasing trend in the use of agricultural wastes as reinforcements for high value-added composite materials as an ecological approach. In our previous study, a nonwoven fabric was produced from rice straw fibers. In this study, the previously obtained nonwoven reinforcement material and the polylactic acid (PLA) in granule form are used in the hot press process to produce new single- and double-layered biocomposite materials. The characterization of the obtained composite materials is made using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier-Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) instrumental methods. The thermal conductivity and sound absorption properties of the materials are also investigated. The double-layer composite material has the highest sound absorption coefficient value, which is almost 0.99 while the single-layer material’s is around 0.34. According to the thermal conductivity measurement results, the thermal conductivity of the single-layer composite material is 0.02564 W/m.K and that of the nonwoven material produced with rice straw which is 0.01618 W/m.K. The thermal conductivity of the single-layer composite material is approximately 50% higher than that of the nonwoven material. The single-layer composite material can be preferred in industrial insulation applications since the material with a low thermal conductivity coefficient is the best choice for thermal insulation purposes.

Utilization of agricultural waste biomass and recycling toward circular bioeconomy.

The major global concern on energy is focused on conventional fossil resources. The burning of fossil fuels is an origin of greenhouse gas emissions resulting in the utmost threat to the environment and subsequently which leads to global climate changes. As far as sustainability is concerned, fuels and materials derived from organic or plant wastes overcome this downside establishing the solution to the fossil resource crisis. In this context, exploration of agricultural residue appears to be a suitable alternative of non-renewable resources to support the environmental feasibility and meet the high energy crisis. The use of agricultural waste as a feedstock for the biorefinery approach emerges to be an eco-friendly process for the production of biofuel and value-added chemicals, intensifying energy security. Therefore, a prospective choice of this renewable biomass for the synthesis of green fuel and other green biochemicals comes up with a favorable outcome in terms of cost-effectiveness and sustainability. Exploiting different agricultural biomass and exploring various biomass conversion techniques, biorefinery generates bioenergy in a strategic way which eventually fits in a circular bioeconomy. Sources and production of agricultural waste are critically explained in this paper, which provides a path for further value addition by various technologies. Biorefinery solutions, along with a life cycle assessment of agricultural waste biomass toward a wide array of value-added products aiding the bioeconomy, are summarized in this paper.

Propagation Of Entomopathogenic Bacteria Bacillus Thuringiensis In Various Agricultural Waste and Its Effectivity Against Oryctes Rinoceros (Coleoptera:Scarabaeidae)

Oryctes rhinoceros is an important pest on oil palm plantations, from immature plants to mature plants. Due to the long life cycle of Oryctes, control is not only aimed at the imago but also the larvae. Control using entomopathogenic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis is expected to overcome this problem. The materials used as a medium for propagation are agricultural waste that is easy to obtain, cheap and safe for the environment. The research objective was to study the use of agricultural waste on growth of B. thuringiensis and its effectiveness against Oryctes larvae. The results showed bio-urine media enriched with 5% molasses produced the highest spore density compared to other media. The highest mortality rate of Oryctes larvae was 70% in B. thuringiensis treatment which was produced in bio-urine medium enriched with 5% molasses. Weight of Oryctes larvae reflects number of dead larvae. The more that die, the greater the difference in body weight. B. thuringiensis can be produced in a variety of agricultural waste media and was found to be effective in controlling Oryctes larvae.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF VERMICOMPOST USING AGROWASTES

Agricultural waste disposal is a major problem in agricultural sector. The use of agricultural waste for making compost is a better way for waste management. On this aspect a study was conducted to make use of agricultural waste to a useful product that could be beneficial to agriculture. The experiment on vermicomposting using various agricultural wastes was performed to improve the quality of vermicompost. The effect of various agricultural wastes such as paddy straw T1, banana leaf T2 and banana pseudostem T3 wastes were determined. From the results of the study, it was found that vermicompost productivity was 58±1.3% in T1, 50.5±2.3% in T2 and 46.5±1.8% in T3. The result suggested that T3 (banana pseudostem + 30% cow dung) showed significantly higher NPK content (1.86±0.07, 0.88±0.02 and 1.74±0.02%) and short harvest period when compared to vermicomposting using paddy straw and banana leaf waste. The pH, EC and organic carbon were reduced in all the three (T1, T2 and T3) treatments. Hence from the current study, it was concluded that massive amount of banana pseudostem wasted after harvest can be used to make vermicompost with less effort and low cost with potential application in agriculture and thereby reduce air and land pollution.

Acoustic Characterization and Modeling of Silicone-Bonded Cocoa Crop Waste Using a Model Based on the Gaussian Support Vector Machine

The sustainable management of waste from agricultural crops represents an urgent challenge. One possible solution considers waste as possible secondary raw materials for specific uses. Among these, the use of agricultural waste as a product for the assembly of panels for the sound absorption of living environments represents a particularly suitable solution. In this study, the acoustic properties of the cocoa pod husk were evaluated, using silicone as a binder. Different proportions of materials and thicknesses were evaluated. A Support Vector Machine (SVM)-based model with a Gaussian kernel was then used to predict the acoustic performance of composite materials. The results obtained suggest the adoption of this material for the acoustic correction of living environments and this methodology for the prediction of the acoustic behavior of materials.

POLICY IMPERATIVES FOR MULTIPLYING ENERGY OPTIONS

This is a conceptual discussion on possible challenges and options to prepare for the impending energy crisis. India has to prepare itself for the rising energy requirements and prepare for the future. The paper explores different possibilities and recommends the use of agriculture waste in bio-fuel production.

A review of fresh properties of self-compacting concrete incorporating sugarcane bagasse ash

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a new generation concrete having high deformability in the fresh state and the ability to compact by itself without the use of vibrators, thus reducing time and labor. They are widely used nowadays in zones of congested reinforcements in concrete elements and structures. To achieve the necessary performance targets, SCC requires higher use of viscosity modifying agents and superplasticizers, which increase the cost of production significantly. Thereby, studies are being conducted for incorporating the use of agricultural wastes as partial substitutes for cement in SCC production to bring down the usage of the admixtures, along with lowering the cost. Agricultural wastes, such as sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA), a waste generated from the sugar industry, if used as a partial replacement to cement after suitable processing, improve the fresh properties of SCC. The effect of fresh properties of SCC by the addition of SBA, as investigated by different authors is reviewed in this study. Results of slump flow test, V-funnel test, T500, L-box and J-ring test, obtained from the different papers are compiled and optimum content of SBA that has to be used for the required performance is concluded. Slump flow was observed to decrease with increasing SBA content in SCC, due to higher water absorption of the SBA particles, resulting in a more viscous concrete mix. Similarly, V-funnel time increased due to the increased viscosity. An increase was observed in T500, the time required for the slump flow to reach a diameter of 500 mm, as well. Thus, from analysis of the changes in the fresh properties, this literature review has helped us identify that a replacement of 10–15% cement with sugarcane bagasse ash provides desirable results.

Evaluating the effects of agricultural wastes on concrete and composite mechanical properties: a review

Wastes generation and emission of greenhouse gases are the major concerns of the contemporary world. Concrete’s cements companies in the globe are producing up to 2.8 billion tons of cements annually. This contributed to the emission of anthropogenic substances into the atmosphere which destroys the ozone layers. The incessant disposal of these agricultural wastes has detrimental effect on the environmental and human health. Thus, utilizing these wastes as secondary resources in concrete is a reasonable consideration in sustainable waste management in the circular economy. The use of agricultural wastes in concrete production has been gaining attraction in recent years, however, their effectiveness and performance in concrete need evaluation. This study presents an overview of the effects of some agricultural wastes: Bagasse, Coconut shell, Cotton, Oil palm and Hemp fibers on concrete and composite’s mechanical properties. As reviewed, Sugar-Cane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) and Coconut Shell Ash (CSA) are rich in cementitious (pozzolanic) properties (SiO2, Fe2O3 and Al2O3) for cement production up to 70%. Sugar-cane bagasse and oil palm-fiber ashes improved concrete workability. SCBA and CSA highly increased the concrete compressive strengths. The concrete tensile strengths were increased up to 97% with the inclusion of cotton and bagasse ashes. The SCBA, hemp-fiber and treated oil palm - fiber ash increased the concrete and composite’s flexural strengths up to 11.3%, 26.2% and 50.7% respectively. In conclusion, the output of this review will supply full data of the research gaps yet to cover on the use of agro-wastes in concrete for future investigations

Physical and Mechanical Characteristics of Ash Concrete from Palm Nut Shells: Pouzzolanic Effect

The use of agricultural waste in construction is an advantage favorable to environmental sanitation, the preservation of non-renewable resources but also to the execution of an ecological work. The objective of this work is to study the influence of the addition of palm nut cockles ash as an adjuvant on the physico-mechanical properties of concrete. For this study, ordinary concretes and ash concretes were made and subjected to physical and mechanical characterization tests at different maturation periods. The results of the tests carried out indicate that the presence of ash reduces the workability and porosity of the concrete and then increases the density of the concrete to 6.3%. In addition, we found that incorporating the ash improves the mechanical strength of the concrete compared to the control concrete. Thus, the compressive strength of ash concrete is 32.07 MPa and that of splitting is 2.76 MPa at 28 days, which is satisfactory vis-à-vis the threshold of construction projects for ready concrete for use, which recommends a minimum of 25 MPa (compression) and 2.6 MPa (splitting) at 28 days. This improvement in mechanical performance can be attributed to the pozzolanic effect of the constituents of the ash. Therefore, the ash from palm nut shells can be used to improve the mechanical properties of concrete.

Development and evaluation of a novel agro-based multifunctional oxygenated bio-additive “HFS” as a combustion catalyst for diesel

The current study is the first report on a novel, facile and eco-friendly multifunctional fuel bio-additive technology, which involves the use of agricultural wastes (Cocos nucifera and Areca catechu husks biomass blended with sunflower oil in the ratio 1:20, w/v). This novel fuel additive not only eliminates the need for conditioning period but also imparts no adverse effect on the diesel engine, demonstrating fuel economy of 10.56% and average nozzle fouling of 71% at 0.1 mm lift. Even when used at the lowest dose (HFS/diesel, 1:10, v/v), HFS still controlled the formation of deposits on the injector nozzles of an indirect injection diesel engine and demonstrated fewer harmful emissions in comparison to neat diesel (reductions in CO, HC, NOx and CO2 by 24.63%, 21.23%, 25.45% and 28.36% respectively); and the considerable reduction in CO emissions indicated that the fuel was oxygenated by HFS. Raw fuel economy data analysis for both neat and HFS blended diesel showed that the combined average carbon-based fuel savings was 10.56% higher in the case of HFS blended diesel as compared to the neat one. It was concluded that using HFS as an additive would immediately improve the combustion properties of commercial diesel without compromising on the engine health and contribute towards lessening the carbon footprint in the long run.

Investigation of parameters in restaurant food waste for use as poultry rations

One way to use food industry wastes is to feed the livestock and poultry. Applying appropriate management methods for the optimal use of agricultural waste in the preparation of livestock and poultry feed increases productivity and reduces damage to agricultural and conversion industries and the use of new resources in animal and poultry feed. In this paper, in order to investigate the possibility of recycling food waste as poultry feed, the waste produced in a restaurant has been used. The parameters of fat percentage were measured using Soxhlet extractor, percentage of dry matter using the oven, percentage of protein in it using Kjeldahl method, and also the percentage of calcium and phosphorus with the standard beard. Comparing them with the usual diet used in poultry feed shows that the average values ​​of calcium, protein, and fat content of food waste are 0.14%, 5.65%, 7.34% higher than the average diet of poultry, respectively. Also, the average amount of phosphorus and dry matter of food waste is 0.48% and 60% less than the average diet of poultry, respectively.

ЕКОЛОГО-ЕКОНОМІЧНА ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ВИРОБНИЦТВА БІОГАЗУ З СІЛЬСЬКОГОСПОДАРСЬКИХ ВІДХОДІВ

The article is devoted to the study of the prospects for the production of biogas from agricultural waste. The structure of the final energy consumption of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine during 2017-2020 is analyzed and found that the predominant share of final energy consumption is occupied by oil products, electricity and heat and gas, energy from biofuels and waste has an insignificant share. Ukraine has highly developed agricultural sectors, which annually produce a large amount of waste and are a valuable secondary energy resource. It has been determined that the most efficient non-waste technology in agriculture is the production of biogas from waste. The number of farm animals and the volume of animal waste generation in 2018-2022 were studied. It was also found that the volume of biogas output depends on the type of raw material for production, based on this, the potential for biogas output from the main agricultural waste is characterized. A comparison was made of the dynamics of biogas production development in some EU countries (Germany and Poland) and Ukraine during 2012-2020. Substantiated environmental and economic effect from the introduction of biogas projects in Ukraine, and also noted that in addition to environmental and economic performance, such projects provide a significant social effect. The development of biogas projects to a large extent depends on the volume of investment in renewable energy in general and waste-free technologies in particular. It has been established that Ukraine has worsened its position in the rating of investment attractiveness in renewable energy sources in 2020 precisely because of a significant reduction in the amount of money invested in such projects. The main advantages of using biogas from agricultural waste for energy production in Ukraine in comparison with other renewable energy sources are determined. Biogas production is an attractive alternative in terms of energy production, given the almost inexhaustible raw material resources, the attention of the state is aimed at attracting more and more new opportunities for biogas production. It is concluded that biogas projects have a significant environmental and economic efficiency of implementation in Ukraine through the use of agricultural waste.

Preparation and Characterization of Irradiated Bioplastic from Cassava Peel – A Review

The conventional plastic bears unavoidable responsibility for the massive scale generation of garbage. The bulk of the market is mostly made up of fossil-based plastics and the worldwide environmental pollution generated by them is growing increasingly problematic. Agro-waste product is probably a good way to make bioplastic. In fact, biodegradable plastic is indeed a good alternative to replace the petroleum-based plastics. Besides, making good use of agriculture waste can assist in diminishing waste accumulation. Cassava peel is a type of waste from cultivating activities that has the potential in making bio-based plastics. This research will focus on the preparation and characterization of bioplastic from cassava peel. Several related characterization methods such as XRD, SEM, FTIR, TGA will be discussed. The main purpose of this review is to fabricate and produce bioplastic samples from cassava peel with the addition of different ratios of sorbitol and chitosan.