Use Of Underground Space Research Articles

Mechanical performance and environmental potential of concrete with engineering sediment waste for sustainable built environment

The extensive use of underground space has led to an increasing amount of engineering sediment waste, which occupies about 60% of construction waste in China. At present, most of the engineering sediment waste is randomly dumped, occupying a lot of land resources and hindering sustainability of built environment. To solve these problems, this work proposes the recycling of engineering sediment waste via calcination and subsequent use as a cement substitute in concrete for construction. The optimal calcination condition is evaluated through strength activity index method. The mechanical properties, environmental and economic benefit of the concrete prepared with various substitution rates of calcined engineering sediment waste are determined using mechanical tests and the life cycle assessment. A multi-criteria analysis method is employed to comprehensively estimate the performance of concrete in terms of compressive and flexural strengths, global warming potential, energy consumption, and economic cost. The effect of calcined engineering sediment on the pozzolanic activity, cement hydration, CH content and microstructure of concrete has been quantitatively evaluated to reveal the mechanism behind the variation of mechanical properties. The concrete with 50% substitution of calcined engineering sediment showed superior environmental performance and economic benefit than those of reference concrete. This work contributes to an effective method for converting sediment waste into valuable resources to prepare concrete with low environmental impact and good mechanical performance, thereby promoting resource conservation and contributing to sustainability of built environment.

Suppression of arsenic leaching from excavated soil and the contribution of soluble and insoluble components in steel slag on arsenic immobilization.

A huge amount of soil is excavated by tunnel and road construction projects in urban, coastal, and mountainous regions. These projects enable the effective use of underground spaces, and generally, the excavated soil is expected to be reused after treatment, which is required due to the potential release of geogenic arsenic from the soil. The present study investigated the level of water-soluble arsenic and arsenic phases in excavated soil in order to identify how arsenic is immobilized by soluble calcium and insoluble components in steel slag. The soluble calcium was found to suppress the level of water-soluble arsenic as well as arsenic in fraction 1 (nonspecifically bound) identified by sequential extraction from the soil but increased the level of fraction 2: specifically bound arsenic. The insoluble component did not suppress the level of water-soluble arsenic, but decreased and increased the arsenic levels in fractions 2 and 3 (amorphous iron/aluminum oxide bound), respectively. A column percolation test demonstrated that the arsenic that was inhibited from leaching by the addition of steel slag was the fractions 1 and 2 arsenic. The amounts of arsenic released in the serial batch leaching test were comparable with levels leached regardless of the addition of steel slag. These results indicate that both soluble calcium and insoluble components of steel slag have different roles in suppressing arsenic leaching from excavated soil. Based on these results, it is suggested that steel slag could be utilized to suppress arsenic release, thus enabling the reuse of excavated soil.

Community Underground Space Governance Based on IAD Framework: A Case Study of X Community in Nanjing

Illegal use of underground space in the community is quite common in large and medium-sized cities, which easily leads to community security problems and conflicts, and is a thorny problem in community governance. Starting from the identification of the attributes of underground space resources, this paper explores the data from interviews, explores the governance dilemma of underground space in X community in Nanjing, and deeply analyzes the interaction process and behavior strategies of each subject in the context of underground space governance based on the IAD analysis framework. This study found that the underground space of community has some open and closed characteristics of Common-pool Resources(CPR), and has the possible conditions for residents to act together; fuzzy property rights, low rent, community attributes and other factors together form the dilemma of underground space governance; the key to the effective governance of this problem lies in perfecting the multi-level and multi-subject governance structure, and strengthening the autonomous action ability and sustainability of grass-roots organizations.

Evaluation of water resources carrying capacity in ecologically fragile mining areas under the influence of underground reservoirs in coal mines

The coal mine underground reservoir (CMUR) technology effectively solves the problem of “rich coal, poor water and weak ecology” in the mining areas of northwest China. This technology not only makes full use of underground space formed by coal mining, but also protects regional water resources. Water resources carrying capacity (WRCC) is an important indicator for characterizing the sustainable development of regional water resources and ecosystem. With the concept and technical core of " conductivity, storage and use" of CMUR as the entry point, this paper defines the concept of WRCC in the mining area. Based on the fuzzy comprehensive discrimination method, Focusing on stability and sustainability of the ecosystem in the mining area and fully considering geological factors, mining factors, water resource factors, this study constructs an evaluation system for the WRCC of the mining area under the influence of the coal mine underground reservoir based on fuzzy comprehensive discriminant method. Moreover, the evaluation criteria are formulated, and the membership functions and weights of 16 impact factors are derived. The transformation characteristics of WRCC with and without underground reservoir in Shendong mining area from 2009 to 2021 are evaluated CMUR, and the results show that CMUR improves the WRCC of the mining area, and supports the benign development of the regional ecosystem. The results of this study are of reference value and academic significance for the evaluation of WRCC in mining areas and the protection of water resources in ecologically fragile mining areas.

Geosystem services in urban planning

The paper considers the emerging concept of geosystem services (GS), highlights its importance for sustainable urbanization, and the use of urban underground space specifically. A theoretical framework to enable the incorporation of GS into urban planning has been suggested. GS complement ecosystem services (ES) by focusing on abiotic components and services of the environment. Clearly, sustainable urban development is one of the major challenges facing humanity today. In this study we explore how the concept of GS can help address the challenge of a sustainable urbanization via planning instruments. The paper reviews classifications of GS, planning approaches towards urban underground space, and experiences in inclusion of GS and ES in urban planning. Next, the paper elaborates a theoretical framework for the incorporation of GS in urban planning. The framework integrates knowledge on GS, man-made subsurface infrastructure, cultural assets, and traditional planning issues like land use, social and economic considerations. The paper further discusses various particularities, which urban planners may come across considering GS: (1) planning scales, (2) planning time frame, (3) GS inventory, (4) supply and demand for GS, (5) risks, vulnerabilities and disservices, (6) interplay between geosystem and infrastructure services, (7) planning documentation, (8) visualization and planning tools. Our research shows that the concept of GS has not yet been fully integrated into planning processes, despite the increasing need for its inclusion under the emerging development agenda of geothermal energy, hydrological and hydrogeological cycles management, and the rational use of urban underground space. The inclusion of GS into urban planning would constitute an important step forward to sustainable urbanization.

Digital Twin for Underground Stations : Improving Decision Making for Construction Lifecycle

Challenges in the extraction and use of earth resources and spaces are encountered given a growing worldwide population, rising infrastructures development, and widespread climate change. In Australia, mining and construction are two major bases for economic growth while both being traditional hazardous and heavy industries. A nation-wide infrastructure upgrade featuring large-scale underground development is underway, the geological uncertainties and localisation difficulties of already laid infrastructure are associated with challenges not seen in building construction. A safer and competent subterranean transport solution is yet proposed in the context of sustainable developments. In light of this, geotechnical analysis as a fundamental subject for developing and maintaining safe and sustainable use of underground space has huge potential to be undertaken more intuitively considering the advancements in information management and visualisation. The PhD work examines the state-of-the-art applications, limitations and future opportunities of Building Information Modelling (BIM) and other computational techniques in the digitisation of tunnelling and underground construction. The visualisation and interoperability facilitated by data-driven processes are especially important to underground construction that engages interdisciplinary and multi-environment interaction.

Investigation of design of independent metro station entrances in China

In recent years, China has extensively made use of underground space, and with the rapid development of metros, more than 40 cities have opened rail transit. However, a problem has also emerged in the form and function of entrances to metro stations. Unlike countries of the West, Chinese design has developed under the historical background of rapid social and economic development and transformation. The design of entrances to metro stations mostly stays at the level of satisfying functions; many spaces adopt similar designs, lack innovative ideas and fail to spread urban culture and improve city visibility. Therefore, this study aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis and research on entrances to Chinese metro stations and proposes design concepts suitable for China's national conditions to stand out as examples for many metro stations that will be built in future. This paper investigates and analyses the entrances of independent metro stations in China, explores the problems in independent metro stations and proposes the corresponding solutions. Finally, the design concept of entrances to metro stations is discussed in terms of exterior and interior spaces.

Stability of steel pile walls and tunnels excavated by shield machines in the urban areas: A case study

Placement of infrastructure and other facilities underground brings superior opportunities for long-term improvements in terms of the environmental impact of urban areas and more efficient use of underground space. However, underground construction in urban areas is a high-risk activity and has been considered a challenging problem for geotechnical and structural designers. Therefore, the evaluation of the stability of underground structures plays a vital role in structural and construction design. This paper presents a case study on analyzing the stability of steel piles walls and tunnels excavated by shield machines in the urban area in Vietnam in terms of the change in internal forces in the structures. The research results show that the excavated stages of the basement influence on the values of internal force in the tunnel lining. In the case of study using composite lining in the tunnel, the thickness of lining concrete 35 cm, steel frame type I-W1000×883 are applied for tunnel excavated before construction of nearby basement, and 30 cm and W1000×350 steel ribs for the opposite side. This research could be applied to evaluate the effects of tunnel excavation near the existing structures in urban such as in the geological conditions in the Ha Noi and Ho Chi Minh City in the near future. However, this analysis also has the disadvantage that it does not consider the construction time as well as the construction sequence of the works during tunnel excavation. The shapes of the tunnel only are circular tunnels and the only type of steel piles in this research. Further study, total evaluation for other types of tunnels and walls of basements should be considered.

Design of Underground Space Intelligent Disaster Prevention System Based on Multisource Data Deep Learning

With the rapid development of national economy, the population to big cities gathered themselves together, and especially the first-line cities, lead to city continuously extend outward, city scale is more and more big, the surface space is completely unable to meet the needs of urban development and transportation, the demand such as life, development, and use of underground space has become the important way of solving the urban development diameter. With the vigorous development of underground space, many disaster problems, such as fire and flood, have also appeared in many places, which have brought huge human and financial losses to the society. In order to solve the problem of disaster in underground space, this paper summarizes the main disasters, and urban underground space analysis of the different degrees of the risk of disasters; the emergency toughness of disaster prevention concept, combined with intelligent technology application in urban underground space disaster warning and decision-making, according to the requirement of the underground space of disaster prevention wisdom, put forward to underground space disaster, disaster prevention expert database, such as multisource data fusion. Deep learning is used to realize the linkage of disaster rescue and recovery, and an intelligent disaster prevention system based on deep learning of multisource data is established. The results show that the urban underground space disasters mainly include fire, explosion, earthquake, flood, toxic, and combustible gas. Combining with the overlapping characteristics of different disasters and the inability to define the boundaries, the theory of emergency resilience disaster prevention provides effective suggestions and measures for the decision-making and treatment of underground space fires. The intelligent comprehensive disaster prevention system of urban underground space is established from the three aspects of predisaster prevention, rescue in disaster, and reconstruction after disaster, so as to realize the full coverage of intelligent disaster prevention in the whole life cycle of underground space and provide data support for integrated decision-making of disaster prevention and reduction. The research results have important guiding significance for digitization, informationization, and intelligent construction of sudden disaster decision-making in underground space.

Rethinking underground land value and pricing: A sustainability perspective

Urban underground space (UUS) use is indispensable to urbanization, thereby deserving a delicate disposal as a critical component of urban land administration. Considered an important instrument for modern land administration, however, the existing underground land value appraisal and land pricing approaches lack deliberations in the external socio-environmental effects of underground land development, thus are likely to fail to guarantee urban sustainability. With the objective of addressing such deficiencies, this paper expands the understanding of underground space into the scope of resource assets, presents some deeper reflections on underground land value and land pricing from the urban sustainability perspective, and ultimately sets up a sustainability oriented underground land pricing mechanism that incorporates external benefits, external costs and business revenues. Based on the authors’ previous works on the visualization and spatial analysis of socio-environmental externalities of UUS uses, a GIS aided case study is employed to illustrate the applicability of the proposed underground land pricing mechanism. It is hoped that the findings of this study will assist underground land administration in improving the stakeholders’ perceptions toward the value of underground land and in facilitating more reasonable underground land governing policies and pricing instruments in favor of urban sustainability.

A multi-category intelligent method for the evaluation of visual comfort in underground space

With the increasing use of underground spaces for various functions, improving the comfort levels in such spaces has become imperative. Although this aspect has been largely addressed from a physical standpoint, psychological problems associated with underground spaces still remain a matter of concern. Different with the questionnaire survey-based method, a multi-category measurable method has been proposed herein for evaluating overall visual comfort in underground spaces, by combing the probability statistics methods and deep learning methods, the overall comfort perception related to the color, brightness, scale, spatial form can be finely classified and quantitatively evaluated. Firstly, a multi-category labeling (MCL) method probability based on statistics method is developed, the image comfort level can be more accurate labelled by repeatedly pairwise comparison and probability distribution update, and a dataset is also established for visual comfort labeling and intelligent evaluation. Then, the Swin Transformer is selected as the visual comfort evaluation algorithm, which serves for searching the common vision comfort features of the picture shooting at areas with different functions, and makes the model with more versatility and accuracy. Finally, the Wujiaochang underground space in Shanghai, China, is undertaken as a case study. The results prove that the proposed method can effectively improve the quantification and refinement of human perception and evaluation of comfort in underground spaces. This can eventually lead to the development of more comfortable underground spaces and avoid the psychological problems associated with such spaces.

Underground space use of urban built-up areas in the central city of Nanjing: Insight based on a dynamic population distribution

With the expansion of cities and the emergence of various urban problems, urban underground space has been developed as a solution. In China’s urban transition context, there is a need for the development of underground space in urban built-up areas. In this case-study of the central city of Nanjing, we used spatial analysis and statistical methods to characterize the underground space use of urban built-up areas from a dynamic spatiotemporal perspective. We first analyzed the relationship between the population distribution and the underground space use of the central city of Nanjing based on a Baidu heat map, which can reflect the real-time population distribution, and then, we explored the spatiotemporal characteristics and spatial structure of the underground space use in urban built-up areas. The analysis results provide a reference for planning to improve and optimize the layout of underground space in the central city of Nanjing and, more generally, for the stock-type planning of underground space in urban built-up areas.

Obstacle identification for the development of pumped hydro storage using abandoned mines: A novel multi-stage analysis framework

To achieve the ambitious goals of "emission peak" and "carbon neutrality", China has developed a large number of wind and solar power plants. Access to a high percentage of renewable energy brings great challenges to the stability and flexibility of the power system. Pumped hydro energy storage (PHES) is a proven and economical technology to regulate the peak load and frequency. The development of pumped storage power plants using abandoned mines not only facilitates the effective use of underground space, ecological restoration and local resettlement of workers, but also promotes the large-scale use of renewable energy sources such as wind and light energy. However, in China, this technology is still at the conceptual stage, with few actual cases. Relevant studies have not comprehensively analyzed the obstacle factors faced by PHES and the relationship between them. Based on this, the paper sorts out the relevant obstacle factors from five aspects (economy, technology, construction, geography, and society), combines and improves the Decision-making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) and Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM) methods, constructs an obstacle analysis framework, and explores the influence relationships among obstacle factors. Six key obstacle factors are obtained in this study: uncertain initial capital cost (E1), poor tightness and stability of surrounding rock (T3), construction difficulties (C2), water source problem (G1), insufficient policy drivers (S1), and the lake of demonstration projects (S2). The time-series analysis shows that the effects of E1 and S1 will diminish after 10 years. From the topological hierarchy diagram, it can be found that the impact of transportation problem (C1) will be weakened, and the impact of C2 and S2 on S1 will no longer be obvious with the gradual improvement of the policies. The sensitivity analysis shows that the model constructed in this study is robust and less influenced by the expert knowledge background. In the future, the government should promote the construction of underground PHES by encouraging enterprises’ capital investment, promoting key technology research, establishing information sharing database, and setting up demonstration projects. This study enriches the theory of PHES development in abandoned mines and provides guidance and theoretical basis for future engineering practice.

Эффективность использования подземного пространства в суровых климатических условиях

The object of the study is rock masses with underground structures located in regions with a harsh climate. The subject of the study is the temperature in the rock mass in natural conditions and in the area where the structure is located, as well as the parameters of the energy efficiency of the underground facility. The purpose of the study is to determine the effect of thermal insulation and deepening of a structure from the surface on achieving the energy efficiency of underground facilities in regions with harsh climatic conditions. The tasks are to determine the temperature fields in the rocks of the northern regions and the rock temperature in the massif adjacent to the structure, to determine the loss of thermal energy with various technical characteristics of the underground structure. The method for determining the temperature fields in the rock massif and the loss of thermal energy by the structure is based on solving the non-stationary problem of heat transfer. The temperature fields are determined using the LIRA software package. The nature of temperature fluctuations of the rock layers closest to the surface in the conditions of the northern regions is considered. Temperature fluctuations on the contour of an underground structure are investigated. An assessment of the loss of thermal energy by an underground structure is being carried out. The influence of thermal insulation and deepening of the structure on its energy efficiency is determined. The field of application of the results of the study is related to the assessment of the energy loss of such underground structures as tunnels, refrigerators, parking lots, warehouses and other facilities. As a result of the research, it has been found that the rational use of underground space to the greatest extent depends on the quality of the thermal insulation of the object. A significant reduction in the loss of thermal energy by an underground structure is achieved with the simultaneous implementation of such measures as the use of thermal insulation and deepening of the object

Analyze the deformation mechanism of foundation pit engineering and its influence on adjacent piers

With the development of china's aboveground engineering, large cities have long been lined with high-rise buildings, and the utilization rate of above-ground space in large cities has reached a very high level, and research has gradually turned to underground foundation pit engineering to make full use of underground space. Safety issues in the project are particularly important, and whether the progress of the foundation pit project will have a greater impact on the existing building, that is, it is necessary to fully understand the foundation pit project in order to better develop the foundation pit project. In this paper, the deformation mechanism of foundation pit engineering, the adverse effects of excavation of foundation pits on adjacent buildings, the innovation of foundation pit support technology, and the prospect of foundation pit engineering technology are briefly discussed.

Visualization and spatial analysis of socio-environmental externalities of urban underground space use: Part 2 negative externalities

This paper presents the second part of the two-piece work for the visualization and spatial analysis of socio-environmental externalities of UUS uses. Since the positive socio-environmental externalities of urban underground space (UUS) use have been articulated in Part 1, this Part 2 paper will be devoted to evaluate the negative aspects of UUS development, i.e., the potential threats posed by UUS use to urban sustainability, which requires methodologically distinctive datasets and analyzing approaches compared with Part 1. Findings from this paper will enable a thorough picture of UUS’s role in urban development, both quantitatively and geographically. Consistent with Part 1, Part 2 presented in this paper also builds on the service replacement cost method (SRCM) framework, under which the compromised services of underground assets, namely geothermal energy, groundwater, geomaterials, historical heritage, space continuum and underground organisms, are identified as the monetarized negative externalities derived from UUS uses. The visualization process requires multi-sourced spatial data such as UUS planning data, construction approach data and geological data. Valuation results of the case study showed that the annual average of the aggregated socio-environmental costs of planned UUS uses amounted to approximately 3.2% of the external benefits. Among the calculated items, geothermal energy losses were proved to be the major source of negative socio-environmental externalities in terms of both quantity and spatial distribution. This study facilitates a holistic cost benefit analysis that incorporates socio-environmental benefits, socio-environmental costs and construction costs. Results of the case study proved that most of the planned UUS uses could yield positive net benefits, hence contributing to urban sustainability.

Visualization and spatial analysis of socio-environmental externalities of urban underground space use: Part 1 positive externalities

Socio-environmental externality is one of the distinctive identities of urban underground space (UUS) use and a decisive factor in the decision-making process of UUS planning projects. A growing number of attempts have been made to address the quantification challenge in monetary terms, but failed to articulate the spatial impacts of UUS uses, i.e., the distributional and quantitative extent to which UUS use will facilitate urban sustainability of a specific location, thus incapable of adequately promoting and legitimating UUS planning agendas. The gap can be filled by the geographically referenced visualization and spatial analysis, which require different datasets and approaches for positive and negative externalities of UUS uses. Accordingly, this study will be presented in two parts: Part 1 focuses on how UUS use benefits urban development; Part 2 pays particular attention to the potential threats posed by UUS use to urban sustainability. This part 1 paper builds on the service replacement cost method (SRCM) framework, under which the visualization process of positive socio-environmental externalities requires multi-sourced spatial data such as land use data, UUS planning data, population data, comprehensive transportation data and socio-economic data. Valuation results of the case study showed that the aggregated value of the socio-environmental benefits amounted to approximately 3.7% of the local GDP in 2018, with the most prominent contributions sourced from underground rail transit infrastructures and followed by the UUS uses beneath alienated land parcels. The spatial analysis rationalized the UUS planning of the case study area by demonstrating that the distribution of positive socio-environmental externalities derived from UUS uses was consistent with the planning visions of boosting and revitalizing local development, while most planned UUS projects yielded much greater external benefits than estimated construction costs.

Virtual Light Environment of Underground Spaces: An Alternative to Interaction

The goal of this article is to determine various approaches to forming of virtual luminous environment using latest international technologies and resources. Special attention is paid to the systematic approach to research of the ways of adaptation in architecture including elements of contemporary digital technologies and achievements in the field of virtual luminous environment arrangement. Conditions, theoretical basis and tools of virtual luminous environment forming in an enclosed underground space are reviewed. Virtual techniques of luminous environment modification are identified based on analysis of cases of their application. It is noted that different techniques of virtual luminous environment application as an integral component of an underground space use numerous ways to converse and control electrical lighting. The article may be useful both for theory and practice of virtual luminous environment forming in underground spaces providing brand new capabilities to architecture.

Legal Aspect of Use of Underground Space for Public Transportation (Legal Study of Jakarta Mass Rapid Transit Project)

The development activities are things that every country to realize the fulfillment of the needs and welfare of the community. Limited land area is still one of the big problems in carrying out development. The land area that does not increase, followed by the need for land that continues to increase is the cause. The type of research used is the method normative and empirical juridical research which was finally analyzed using qualitative analysis methods. Regulation of the Governor of DKI Jakarta No. 167 of 2012 about underground space and the Regulation of the Minister of Public Works No. 02/PRT/M/2014 on Guidelines for Use of Space Inside the Earth, that exists today is sufficient and accommodate the implementation of the use of space underground for the construction of the Jakarta Mass Rapid Transit (MRT). However, as a step in the future use of underground space, required regulations on the use of space underground in the form of legislation that accommodates all the needs that have not been included in the current rules. Keywords: Underground Space Utilization, MRT Jakarta, Legal Certainty.

Management Rights in Underground Post Application of Law Number 11 of 2020 Concerning Copyright and Implementation Regulations

This thesis is entitled Rights in Underground Spaces After the Enactment of Law Number 11 the Year 2020 concerning Job Creation and Implementing Regulations with 2 (two) main problems, namely, (1) How is the Legal Certainty regarding the Granting of Permits and Limitations on the Use of Utilization? Basement? What is the legal status of basements after the enactment of Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation and its Implementing Regulations? This research is a type of legal research with normative research methods. Besides, this research uses a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The results of this thesis research indicate that the legal certainty of granting permits in terms of the use of underground spaces is based on Law no. 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation, Article 146 Land or space formed in the upper and/or underground space and used for certain activities may be granted building use rights, use rights or management rights, in this case granting rights to the utilization of the underground space. based on the Basic Agrarian Law. Restrictions on the use of the authority of those who use it are limited by the existence of procedures that must be met in terms of the use of basements and the depth limit stipulated in the Implementing Regulation of the Employment Creation Act, Article 74, namely with a height limit according to the basic coefficient of the building and the floor of the building as well as a depth limit of 30. meters from the surface of the land that can be reached by the process of registering rights through the granting of rights that take into account/consider the holders of land rights under and/or above it. The arrangement for the acquisition of the right to use the basement is regulated in Government Regulation Number 18 of 2021 concerning Management Rights, Land Rights, Flat Units, and Land Registration Article 77, namely, Upper Land or Ground Spaces may be granted Management Rights, Building Use Rights, or Right of Use after the Upper Ground or Underground Space is utilized. The granting of rights is granted by a decision on granting rights by the Minister. The regulation regarding land rights is guided by the Basic Agrarian Law.