Use Of Tu Research Articles

Forms of address and the Portuguese presence in Santos, Brazil

The city of Santos in Brazil is the only area in the state of São Paulo where the form of address tu is found (Modesto 2006). The contact between Brazilians of European descent and Portuguese immigrants, in the beginning of the 20th century, is a possible cause of this phenomenon (Pereira & Frutuoso 2007). The literature on language contact highlights three important social variables which may lead to linguistic change. The first of these variables, as stated by Ravindranath (2015), is related to demography. The city of Santos became home to many Portuguese immigrants back in the first decade of the 20th century. The second variable is space and mobility (Britain 2013). Due to sanitary reforms (Mello 2007), the city of Santos had its urban mobility and spatial arrangement transformed, and this reshaped how the Brazilian and the Portuguese immigrants would move around the city. The last social variable is described by Dodsworth (2017) as the social role of individuals within a community. In Santos, the Portuguese immigrants had important roles in labor unions and helped to organize many of the harbor workers (Maram 1979). These factors converged to create a "solidary" scenario in Santos, which may have favored the use of more solidary forms of address where interlocutors could engage on more equal terms (see Brown & Gilman 1960) such as tu. In order to verify how the forms of address were used by Portuguese immigrants in the state of São Paulo in the beginning of the 20th century, 114 personal letters (Museu de Imigração de São Paulo 2019) were analyzed. Those immigrants who lived by the coast presented a higher use of tu in relationships among peers. In Santos, linguistic and social variables seem to have favored the use of tu and its usage persists today.

Thiourea priming enhances salt tolerance through co-ordinated regulation of microRNAs and hormones in Brassica juncea

Activation of stress tolerance mechanisms demands transcriptional reprogramming. Salt stress, a major threat to plant growth, enhances ROS production and affects transcription through modulation of miRNAs and hormones. The present study delineates salt stress ameliorating action of thiourea (TU, a ROS scavenger) in Brassica juncea and provides mechanistic link between redox, microRNA and hormones. The ameliorative potential of TU towards NaCl stress was related with its ability to decrease ROS accumulation in roots and increase Na+ accumulation in shoots. Small RNA sequencing revealed enrichment of down-regulated miRNAs in NaCl + TU treated roots, indicating transcriptional activation. Ranking analysis identified three key genes including BRX4, CBL10 and PHO1, showing inverse relationship with corresponding miRNA expression, which were responsible for TU mediated stress mitigation. Additionally, ABA level was consistently higher till 24 h in NaCl, while NaCl + TU treated roots showed only transient increase at 4 h suggesting an effective stress management. Jasmonate and auxin levels were also increased, which prioritized defence and facilitated root growth, respectively. Thus, the study highlights redox as one of the “core” components regulating miRNA and hormone levels, and also strengthens the use of TU as a redox priming agent for imparting crop resilience to salt stress.

Tú, Usted y la construcción de la heterosexualidad masculina en hombres jóvenes, de clase trabajadora en Tolima

Este artículo examina la relación entre el uso del pronombre tú entre hombres de la clase trabajadora y la homosexualidad percibida de su uso. En Colombia, el uso de tú y usted entre hombres es una elección lingüística cuidadosamente considerada –es una elección que viene vinculada con la identidad sexual y género–. Mientras sí hay estudios estadísticos acerca de este fenómeno, la investigación anterior no ha examinado el razonamiento que existe tras esta elección de pronombres. En la sociolingüística y sociología moderna, la heterosexualidad no es vista como un aspecto fijo del ser de la persona como una identidad social que se maneja a través del discurso. Embarcando desde la Teoría de Identidad Social, esta investigación usó una serie de 20 extensas encuestas etnográficas en el Tolima, Colombia, para explorar la conexión que hay entre la heterosexualidad y la elección del pronombre. Después de analizar los datos usando el muestreo teórico, este trabajo expone la idea de que no es la homosexualidad sino la heterosexualidad la que es construida por el uso cuidadoso de pronombres y que esta última es una construcción delicada. En este contexto, el artículo concluye que la función sociolingüística de tú y usted constituye señales de contextualización para la distancia social requerida de la identidad heterosexual social de los hombres.

Instructed Concept Appropriation and L2 Pragmatic Development in the Classroom

In this article, we investigate the integration of concept‐based pragmatics instruction, grounded in Vygotskian sociocultural psychology, in an intact second‐semester French class (n = 13) over the course of an academic term. Our focus is on learners’ appropriation of the concepts of self‐presentation, social distance, and power with respect to the French second‐person pronoun system (i.e., tu versus vous) as revealed through language awareness questionnaires, appropriateness judgment tasks, and computer‐mediated strategic interaction scenario performances. Following this three‐tiered approach to analysis, our findings show that learners developed a deeper and more systematic understanding of tu and vous, that they were able to apply the concepts in planning language use, and that their use of tu and vous became more sensitive to maintaining symmetrical social relationships.

El voseo en El Salvador

Este artículo describe y examina el uso del voseo (el empleo del vos en lugar de tú) en El Salvador, con énfasis en el aspecto sociocultural. El uso de los pronombres personales en la segunda persona del singular (vos, tú y usted) genera cierto recelo y confusión en los salvadoreños. Aunque aquí se discuten las funciones semánticas y las teorías del poder (como jerarquía social, no como poder absoluto), está claro que la gente habla sin saber de teorías. El uso de usted impone cierto respeto, distancia, afecto y hasta distinción de clases; mientras que el tú se reserva para espacios de élite o para aquellos que, como Andrés Bello, consideran que el voseo es inadecuado, relegando el vos al vulgo.TEORÍA Y PRAXIS año 10, No.21, Junio-Diciembre de 2012, pp.71-83

Evaluation of the tumor marker Ca27.29 for risk stratification and treatment monitoring in primary breast cancer

11005 Background: Several trials have shown an earlier detection of metast. disease in breast cancer pts by the use of TU- markers. Whether this lead time advantage can be translated into improved outcome is discussed controversially. We prospectively evaluated the role of Ca27.29 in breast cancer pts at primary diagnosis and during adjuvant systemic treatment within the German SUCCESS-Trial (n=3658 pts planned). Methods: The SUCCESS-Trial compares sequential chemotherapy with FEC-Docetaxel(Doc) vs. FEC- DocGemcitabine, followed by zoledronate 2 vs. 5 years in primary high risk N0 and N+ breast cancer pts. Ca27.29 levels were assessed using the specific ST AIA-PACK Ca27.29 reagents directed against MUC-1 for AIA-600II (Tosoh Bioscience, Tessenderlo, Belgium). Cut-off levels for the assay was 24 U/ml. Results: We analyzed 1098 breast cancer pts prospectively before start and after completion of chemotherapy. 21% of pts (n=226; median 17U/ml; range 4–410) had tumor marker elevation = 24 U/ml before and 48% (n=524; median 23U/ml; range 4–198) after completion of chemotherapy. Ca27.29 levels before and after chemo correl. significantly (p<.001). Of those pts who presented with elevated values initially, 14% remained positive, while 84% had normal Ca27.29 after chemo. Those pts with initially negative blood sampling, returned with high Ca27.29 in 38% and normal values in 62% of cases. While Ca27.29 was well balanced between the two treatment arms at primary diagnosis with a rate of 10% with elevated Ca27.29 in each arm, significantly more pts showed high Ca27.29 with FEC-DocGemcitabine compared to FEC-Doc (27% vs. 21%, p<.001). Ca27.29 elevation did not correl. with most conventional prognostic factors such as tumor size (p=.23), histopath. grading (p=.98) or HR-status (p=.46). However, we found a significant correlation of Ca 27.29 with the presence of lymph node metastases (p=.01) and Her2/neu-over-expression of the primary tumor (p=.04). Conclusions: Measurement Ca27.29 in peripheral blood of primary breast cancer is feasible and reproducible. Whether it can be used for risk stratification leading to more tailored treatment approaches and for the monitoring of treatment efficacy in individual pts will show further follow-up of the SUCCESS-Study. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Who’s Afraid of Virginia’s you: a Corpus-based Study of the French Translations of The Waves

The present paper discusses issues related to the translation of the English personal pronoun you in the French translations of Virginia Woolf’s The Waves (1931). There are two published French translations of The Waves. The first one, Les Vagues, was translated by Marguerite Yourcenar and published in 1937. Around fifty years later, another version was published, under the same title but this time translated by Cécile Wajsbrot (1993). The two versions differ significantly when the use of tu and vous is concerned. This paper is concerned specifically with the original’s mind-style (Fowler 1977) in other words, the way the characters’ perceptions and thoughts, as well as their speech, are presented through language and how this is rendered in the translations. The quantitative analysis was realised using corpus-based studies tools which proved to be an asset in helping to identify the novels’ mind-style.

A retrospective on address in Portugal (1982–2002)

This article presents changes (1982–2002) in the way Portuguese speakers have attributed importance to individual address forms and to the factors important in their selection, as well as differences in pragmatic interpretation. While laypersons cite a lack of respect and generalized use of tu, the data (observations, interviews, questionnaires) contradict these statements. Over time, the number of factors cited as “most important” by significant numbers of informants has fallen, with “Respect” being the most important in 2002. In the same period the number of forms informants consider “very important” has increased. Power and Solidarity appear to be more closely tied to a particular type of interaction rather than to a fixed relationship between speakers. Two planes of interaction are presented, one loosely tied to Power, the other to Solidarity, along with a mechanism for demonstrating how one plane can become more salient than the other in communicative events.

Keeping it all in the family

Although the Italian system of address pronouns is relatively complex, scant attention is paid to the issue in L2 manuals designed for English-speaking learners of Italian. After showing that Italian L2 manuals are not necessarily accurate in the limited detail they provide, we examine specifically the frequent claim that so-called informal tu is always used within the family. Results of a large quantitative survey conducted with native speakers of Italian in Italy and Australia show the situation to be much more complicated. Alongside tu, the more formal Lei, and the often ignored Voi, are also used, according to the interlocutor in question. Close genetic relation and proximity of age, operating independently of each other, are clear predictors of reciprocal use of tu. Otherwise, non-reciprocal use of Lei-tu and Voi-tu and even the more formal reciprocal use of Lei are not unknown in a family setting. Observations are made as to how these patterns group, along with a number of other observations about pronoun use. Finally, pedagogical suggestions that might allow English-speaking learners of Italian to understand address pronouns in Italian better and use them more accurately are also provided.

Ciao, professoressa! A Study of Forms of Address in Italian and Its Implications for the Language Classroom

Every language variety conveys information about cultural and social aspects of its speech community. Some varieties structurally encode this information, whereas others m'ay convey it through nonlinguistic means. Italian falls into the former category with respect to forms of address: the speaker is constrained to choose between Lei (formal 'you') and tu (informal 'you') by the structure of the language. Without reference to either formal Lei or informal tu it is difficult, for example, to request attention: Scusi (formal) vs. Scusa (informal). Whenever speakers of Italian wish to address one another, they are immediately confronted with a decision: whether to use formal Lei or informal tu.1 What factors influence the decision to select the appropriate form of address? Pedagogical grammars are notable for their lack of discussion of sociolinguistic features of language use. Children who learn Italian as their first language are not taught explicit rules of usage. The dictionary, I1 Nuovo Zingarelli (1986), defines Lei as appropriate segno di deferenza, cortesia, rispetto, rivolgendosi a persone, sia di sesso maschile, sia femminile, con cui non si & in familiarit, and the use of tu as a sign of familiarit8 e confidenza. A rare example of a native language grammar which does introduce sociolinguistic features of language use is Sabatini (1980) in which he recommends that students listen to the address forms that others use and pay attention to directives from parents and teachers in order to learn correct usage. Native speakers of Italian appear to learn the appropriate use of tu and Lei by using them or by observing their use in various linguistic encounters.

Why Tu, Rather Than Vous, in Chrétien de Troyes'Le Chevalier de la Charrete?

Why Tu, Rather than Vous, in Chrétien de Troyes' Le Chevalier de la Charrete? In general, Chrétien de Troyes avoided mixing tu and singular vous in address to the same individual, used vous in a sustained manner, and had much less recourse to tu than vous. In Le Chevalier de la Charrete {Lancelot), however, tu occurs frequently, which allows one to examine second person pronoun selection in extended passages of direct discourse. Tu is not used to express anger; however, it is used by a prideful speaker to express scorn or contempt for his interlocutor. It is contrasted with vous, and used in complementary fashion with vous in disputes between pairs of fathers and sons as well as knights. The use of tu in the Lancelot — and of vous as a sort of contrastive correlative — is stylistically well suited to a romance which so greatly emphasizes shame and honor.

The use of tu and vous as forms of address in French Canada: A pilot study

Information about the use of tu and vous as forms of address with various other people was collected from a group of 136 adolescent boys in French Canada. Two important instances of nonreciprocal usage—e.g. where grandparents use tu in addressing their grandchildren who use vous in return—were noted: (a) between grandparents and grandchildren, and (b) between parents and children, especially for those from working class backgrounds. These trends are discussed in terms of (a) French Canadian social norms and the demands made on those learning them, and (b) their effects on those learning the language itself.