Spatial Planning Use Research Articles

Impacts of land use/land cover and climate change on landscape sensitivity in Tunca River sub-basin: Use in spatial planning and sectoral decision processes

Managing landscape change is increasingly challenging due to rapid anthropogenic shifts. A delicate balance must be struck between the environment and change to ensure landscapes can withstand these impacts. This study conducted in the Tunca River sub-basin of Edirne province, aims to assess landscape sensitivity by examining the influence of land use/land cover (LULC) and climate change on landscape function processes. For this purpose, a methodology was developed based on ecosystem services to determine landscape sensitivity. The results revealed a LULC transformation that could lead to a 60% reduction in forest areas and a 5% and 20% increase in urban and irrigated agricultural areas, respectively. Water and erosion emerged as the most affected landscape function processes. Future scenarios from 2050 to 2070 indicate noteworthy changes in landscape sensitivity, showing an increase in sensitivity in the upper regions of the basin. The study identified high sensitivity in forested areas, moderate sensitivity in agricultural zones, and low sensitivity in micro-basins near residential areas. Protection and improvement strategies are recommended for areas with high and moderate sensitivity, while use-oriented strategies are suggested for those with low sensitivity. This study also establishes a scientific foundation for guiding the protection and management of ecologically sensitive basin areas, offering insights into the effects of landscape change processes at the micro-basin level in connection with climate change models.

ON THE ISSUE OF FORMING A KNOWLEDGE BASE OF SPATIAL PLANNING IN UKRAINE

The publication attempts to comprehend the issues of theory and the role of scientific knowledge, its use in spatial planning of Ukraine. According to the authors, this is extremely relevant for solving spatial planning problems, which are inherently non-deterministic (with many unknowns), complex and related to forecasting the future of the state and territories, and their solution by means of "common sense" alone may be ineffective, and the developed documents may be harmful to the territories and hinder their development. The importance of improving the methodological culture and formation of the urbanist's systemic thinking (level of thinking and reflection, worldview), his creative potential and the set of professional knowledge, skills and abilities to implement projects and other functions of professional activity is emphasised. 
 New changes and new information reveal a systemic perspective as a synergy of urban activities in designing, justifying decisions and managing the development of territorial systems. The creation of new administrative-territorial structures is a chance for Ukraine, in particular for settlements that are depressed due to lack of resources, and a vision of development prospects. In order to take advantage of new opportunities, an effective spatial development policy (based on knowledge as a scientific basis) should be formed and consistently implemented. 
 Spatial decisions determine the prospects of a territory. However, even with correct forecasts and the choice of a spatial development model, it is not enough to establish certain rules. Сritical and systematic thinking by the authorities, the community and professionals is required both in justifying decisions and implementing them. A prerequisite for effective spatial development of territories should be the priority for municipal and state authorities to make spatial decisions. The nature of the new models of territorial development is that they should be implemented by planning, not by national economic plans. This will ensure the transition to a new post-industrial model of development. The article substantiates certain provisions from the experience of territory planning in Poland, which are important and appropriate to use to substantiate the spatial future of Ukraine.

A review of ES knowledge use in spatial planning

Despite the great progress made in ES (ecosystem service) science, the integration of ES into spatial planning remains below expectations. The science-policy/practice gap in ES application impedes the transformation toward sustainable spatial planning. In this review, we draw on the perspective from the science-policy interface to examine the use of ES knowledge in spatial planning. From the science perspective, we find that the usability of ES science has improved in recent years, although the evidence base used in planning remains incomplete; from the policy perspective, there is a lack of research on the way policymakers demand knowledge and their logic of action. Issues of power and politics are under-explored; given that the ES community advocates knowledge co-production as a significant merit of the ES approach, this is both surprising and worrying because of the multiple risks inherent in participatory processes. ES research should attend to these aspects to realize greater integration and policy effects in spatial planning.

Implementation Model of Regional Spatial Planning Policy in Realizing Sustainable City Development in Banjar City

The main problems in this study are directed at the model of the implementation of the Regional Spatial Planning policy in practice has not run effectively in realizing sustainable urban development in Banjar City. The research method used by researchers is descriptive analysis, while the type of approach used in this study is qualitative. Descriptive analysis method aims to describe complex social reality by applying concepts that have been developed in social science / public administration. Whereas the qualitative approach was chosen with the consideration that this approach is expected to obtain true data and be able to examine research problems in depth so that the expected results can be obtained. The results of the study can be stated that there are factors that lead to the implementation of the Regional Spatial Plan (RTRW) policy in realizing sustainable city development in Banjar City can run effectively, namely Policy standards and objectives, Resources and incentives, The quality of inter-organizational relationship , The characteristics of implementation agencies, the economic, social and political environment and the 'dispositon' or response of the implementers. However, based on the results of the research, these factors have not been entirely effective. The factors that have not been implemented effectively are the Policy standards and objectives and the "dispositon" or response of the implementers. Therefore there are still problems faced with regard to the Regional Spatial Planning (RTRW) policy, so that it has not been able to provide the best way to regulate, make the best use of spatial planning in the region by considering the level of needs, especially the development sector in urban areas. Disamaping also the results of the study suggest that there is a model in implementing the Regional Spatial Plan policy in realizing sustainable city development in Banjar City, namely synthesis / hybrid models by elaborating the interests of the Central Government, Provincial and Community Participation. This means that the RTRW policy both in planning and in its implementation elaborates by involving the Central Government, West Java Province and the participation of the Banjar City community. Although the policy is decentralized, the central and provincial governments still have a stake in controlling and overseeing the policies of the regional layout plan in realizing sustainable urban development in Banjar City.

Using cultural heritage and historical analyses for current and future problems with too much or too little water

The Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands, as part of the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, executes a program on water and heritage. The program aims to provide information that can be of use in spatial planning by civil services. The underlying principle of the program is the premise that archaeologists and other cultural heritage professionals have the knowledge and means to make cross-overs between heritage and climate change and issues related to this, such as flooding and drought. The program consists of numerous projects, such as cultural heritage research as a knowledge base for predicting the location of water related problems in cities and researching the relation between soil, subsoil and water systems and the location and development of cities. This article digs deeper into the concept of using past data for present issues. It provides examples of how archaeological data and historical analysis can be used for current and future water-management problems.

Pengendalian Pemanfaatan Tata Ruang dalam Sistem Zonasi Pembangunan Hotel Melalui Perijinan Kabupaten Badung

The building structure states the existence of a sacred area in each of these hotels and villas. After being investigated and plugged into the direct location, there are indeed, however, the sacred area seems very far from the reach of the community and very close to the swimming pool. Because of a permit that can be violated issuing and grating permits in the construction of hotels and villas in the education area. From this problem, the formulation of the problem that occurs is how effective is the application of sanctions for violators of the use of Spatial Planning in hotel development in the Badung regency? What are the obstacles in implementing spatial zoning through the construction of licensed hotels in the Badung Regency? The type of research used in this research is empirical juridical research, considering that this research uses data or facts that exist in the field and is studied based on laws and regulations related to the issues raised. The results of this study indicate that the responsibility for laying spatial layouts is detrimental to the community in the district where the area is used as a means for education, not a means of tourism and the like.

Does zoning contain built-up land expansion? Causal evidence from Zhangzhou City, China

The increasing impacts of built-up land expansion on sustainable development have heightened the use of spatial planning as a policy tool to contain built-up land expansion. However, causal evidence for the effect of spatial planning on built-up land expansion has largely remained unexplored. In this study, we used a difference-in-difference model with propensity score matching to estimate the average and annual effect of built-up land zoning (subsequently called zoning) on built-up land expansion in Zhangzhou City, China between 2010 and 2020. Results on the average effect show that zoning was effective in containing built-up land expansion. Specifically, zoning prevented 27.02 km2 of built-up land expansion outside the development-permitted zones between 2010 and 2020, which accounts for 32.46% of the observed built-up land expansion outside the development-permitted zones. We found a time-lag effect, with zoning starting to have an effect after 2013. Furthermore, zoning became ineffective in containing built-up land expansion at the end of plan implementation. Based on our findings, we recommend that future evaluations of the effect of spatial planning on land-use change use causal inference and that they explore the influence of time on the effect of plans in greater detail.

Urban expansion into native forests in Patagonia, Argentina: assessing stakeholders’ perceptions regarding spatial planning

Argentina’s Native Forests Protection Act No. 26,331 (NFPA) enforces the use of spatial planning to regulate land use in native forests. However, guidelines regarding the spatial planning of native forests in urban and wildland-urban interface (WUI) areas are lacking. Taking the city of Ushuaia as a case study, we used a mixed-methods approach (online survey, individual interviews, and focus groups) to assess stakeholders’ perceptions regarding native forest land use planning in urban and WUI areas. Results revealed that regulations addressing native forest land use in urban and WUI areas are lacking but considered important. Communication between stakeholders, public participatory processes, and current forest zoning criteria were identified as challenging aspects of native forest policy. Among the strategies to address these challenges, stakeholders emphasized developing: new opportunities for stakeholder communication, mechanisms for community engagement, specific guidelines for native forest land use planning in urban and WUI areas, and dissemination and education.

Autopoietic interaction systems: micro-dynamics of participation and its limits

ABSTRACT This article engages with two published case studies describing participation in planning, a much-discussed aspect of spatial planning. After a brief review of the arguments advanced in the articles, the case studies are reinterpreted using the theory of social autopoiesis as advanced by Niklas Luhmann, in particular, one concept from the theory – interaction systems. The re-analysis yields two results: it illustrates the added contribution that the theory can make to understand public participation in spatial planning, but also highlights particular issues in relation to participatory planning and its use in spatial planning.

КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНО-СТРУКТУРНІ МОДЕЛІ ЕНДОГЕННОГО ПОТЕНЦІАЛУ ОБ’ЄДНАНИХ ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНИХ ГРОМАД ЯК ПЕРЕДУМОВА ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ЇХ КОНКУРЕНТОСПРОМОЖНОСТІ

Охарактеризовано результати децентралізації влади та фінансів, що розпочалася в Україні у 2014 р. Кількісні та якісні показники функціонування об’єднаних територіальних громад (ОТГ) дають можливість провести дослідження, виявити позитивні та негативні аспекти і зробити відповідні висновки. На кінець 2018 р. в Україні створено 865 ОТГ, що охоплює лише 37% загальної території. Згідно з оцінкою фінансової спроможності створених ОТГ, близько 10% громад є неспроможними за показниками рівня дотаційності бюджету, питомої ваги видатків на утримання апарату управління у власних ресурсах, мають низькі власні доходи та капітальні видатки на 1 жителя. Показано актуальність аналізу складових соціально-економічного потенціалу ОТГ, виявлено резерви фінансової стійкості громад, які зможуть забезпечити сталий розвиток населених пунктів у майбутньому.Доведено, що юридичне та географічне перегрупування сіл, селищ і міст у нові ОТГ для забезпечення їх фінансової спроможності не завжди може бути ефективним, оскільки об’єднана громада – це єдиний комплекс природно-ресурсного багатства території, виробничо-господарського та інфраструктурного потенціалів, соціальної інфраструктури і показників якості життя мешканців.Розкрито, що для пошуку способів удосконалення управління громадою доцільно використати метод побудови концептуально-структурних моделей зазначених складових потенціалу ОТГ, які можуть бути сформовані за допомогою належних інвентаризації та оцінки майна і ресурсів, незалежно від їх юридичного статусу, господарського спрямування тощо, з використанням просторового планування та містобудівної документації, фінансово-господарських показників виробничого сектору. Визначено, що формування у такий спосіб програм і прогнозів соціально-економічного розвитку на коротко- і довгостроковий періоди забезпечує об’єктивність показників, реальність подолання фінансових дисбалансів, доцільність векторів розвитку громади, інвестиційні можливості та конкурентоспроможність ОТГ.

Geo-Questionnaire: A Spatially Explicit Method for Eliciting Public Preferences, Behavioural Patterns, and Local Knowledge – An Overview

AbstractGeo-questionnaires have been used in a variety of domains to collect public preferences, behavioural patterns, and spatially-explicit local knowledge, for academic research and environmental and urban planning. This paper provides an overview of the method focusing on the methodical characteristics of geo-questionnaires including software functions, types of collected data, and techniques of data analysis. The paper also discusses broader methodical issues related to the practice of deploying geo-questionnaires such as respondent selection and recruitment, representativeness, and data quality. The discussion of methodical issues is followed by an overview of the recent examples of geo-questionnaire applications in Poland, and the discussion of socio-technical aspects of geo-questionnaire use in spatial planning.

Spatial Planning as a Tool for Sustainable Development. Polish Realities

Sustainable development is currently the basic philosophy of shaping socio-economic development. It seeks to ensure that the improvement of living conditions and development of the economy are reconciled and the proper conditions for the functioning of the natural environment are maintained. The achievement of such objectives requires the use of numerous and varied instruments that include spatial planning whose goals are to protect and harmonize various ways of using geographic spatial resources. The role of spatial planning as an instrument for sustainable development is appreciated in international and Polish theoretical literature. Polish legislation also states, to an increasing extent, that the need for sustainable development should be regarded as the basis of spatial development. However, the reality is that the consecutive Polish spatial planning systems have created mechanisms that have aggravated spatial conflicts, including the excessive and extensive use of space. It has resulted from the privileged position given by consecutive legal solutions to a certain category of space users at the expense of other stakeholders and the natural environment. Therefore, the effective use of spatial planning to ensure sustainable development requires the creation of a new system of planning that balances the interests of various users of space.

Utilising volunteered geographic information to assess resident's flood evacuation shelters. Case study: Jakarta

Research on disaster response frequently uses volunteered geographic information (VGI), due to its capability to provide near real-time information during and after a disaster. It is much less commonly used in spatial planning related to disaster management. However, VGI appears to have considerable potential for use in spatial planning and offers some advantages over traditional methods. For example, VGI can capture residents' preferences in a much faster, more timely, and more comprehensive fashion than is possible with, for example, questionnaires and surveys. This research investigates the usefulness of VGI for planning flood evacuation shelters. Using Jakarta, Indonesia, as a case study, we use VGI to capture the locations of flood evacuation shelters based on residents' preferences during flood periods in 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 and compare these with the locations of official shelters. Floods frequently affect Jakarta and the city administration uses VGI in flood emergency responses. Moreover, Jakarta has been identified as having the largest number of active Twitter users among cities worldwide. Thus, Jakarta is an appropriate place to study the use of VGI for planning evacuation shelters. VGI generated by Twitter users was used to identify the shelter locations preferred by Jakarta residents, and more precisely the flood evacuees. Of 171,046 tweets using keywords relating to flood evacuation, the content of 306 tweets indicated that they had been sent from inside or near evacuation shelters. The spatial pattern showed that those tweets were sent from 215 locations, mostly located near flooded areas. The analysis further showed that 35.6% of these shelter locations preferred by residents intersected with the locations of official evacuation shelters. As a general conclusion, our study demonstrates the advantages of using VGI for spatial planning, which mainly relates to the ease of capturing community preferences over a large area.

Задачи территориального планирования в сфере сохранения историко-культурного наследия

One of the goals of social and economic development of the territory is the preservation of its historical and cultural heritage. At the same time, effective socio-economic development of the settlement, fuller use of its historical and cultural potential requires an integrated approach, taking into account possible development prospects, which is impossible without the use of spatial planning and programming tools. The decision of the tasks of territorial planning at different levels of management is considered in the documents of strategic planning, regional and municipal development programs, resolutions and orders of territorial administrations in the sphere of culture.

SINKRONISASI TATA RUANG WILAYAH KOTA BOGOR DALAM MENDUKUNG PROGRAM PEMBANGUNAN

The RTRW was intended to help The City Government to prepare an urban development guideline that includes the sectoral and spatial aspect. The synchronization between the development program with RTRW was conducted through application of spatial plan in the development program. The purpose of this study were: (1) analysis of the suitability of land use with RTRW; (2) analysis of the suitability of the development program with RTRW; (3) analysis of the spatial planning use in the preparation of the development program and its influencing factors; and (4) strategy formulations to improve the synchronization. The analytical method used in this study were: overlay analysis, descriptive analysis, and A'WOT. The results showed that the suitability of land use in 2013 with the spatial pattern plan is 59.58%, unrealized 36.41%, not suitable 4.01%. Average physical program in accordance with RTRW is 87.68%. 75% of agencies are already using RTRW in the preparation of the development program, while 25% of institutions did not. The prioritized strategy is to implement the regulations on spatial planning and development plan explicitly so that the city government's commitment can be realized.

Onshore wind energy use in spatial planning—a proposal for resolving conflicts with a dynamic safety distance approach

The political agenda on wind power usage intends its further expansion in a large scale. As most energy sources, wind power can have negative impacts on humans and environment; this expansion can be accompanied by land use conflicts with land uses sensitive to disturbance. During operation, disturbances from noise, shadow, or ice throw can occur. Due to the dimensions of modern wind power systems, wind power farming can pose a threat to birds and bats (collision and avoidance) and may also lead to a change of landscape sceneries, which can cause conflicts with residents, nature conservation, or tourism interests. Therefore, the control of wind power expansions by spatial planning plays a key role for the mitigation of negative impacts as well as for its public acceptance. Spatial planning offers instruments to resolve potential conflicts with affected stakeholders. On a regional level, the determination of priority and exclusion areas for the use of wind power based on functional criteria represents the most essential planning measure. For the protection of affected residents and nearby housing areas, safety distance regulations are normally applied. Since most distance regulations are defined as fixed distance values, the question arises: if a static approach sufficiently considers the technical state and the further development of wind power systems with increasing plant heights as well as cumulating effects of large wind farms, i.e. cumulated noise effects that rise with the number of spin wheels. To take these factors better into account, the determination of safety distance could be dynamically bound to power plant height and wind farm size. This article introduces a dynamic approach for dimensioning safety distances, which consists of a formula to calculate distances in relation to the height of the wind power plants and the number of spin wheels. The formula takes shading, noise, and icefall into account. It is relevant for wind farm planning, as it does not only allow for determining distances from sensible land uses to wind power plants, but also allows for assessing variants of wind farms in terms of height and number of the spin wheels in a given area.

Green infrastructure and planning policy: a critical assessment

Advocates of the green infrastructure (GI) concept claim it offers a progressive planning approach that facilitates synergies between economic growth, environmental conservation and social development. Although widely endorsed by both planning practitioners and academics, little academic literature exists critically evaluating what GI entails or the potential implications of its institutionalisation within planning practice. This paper addresses this deficit by critically examining the interpretation and representation of the GI concept in planning policy. The paper first critically analyses international interpretations of GI. Following this, the particular attributes of GI's interpretation in the Republic of Ireland are investigated. The paper demonstrates how the emergence of GI in Ireland relates to broader debates on attempts to reconcile environmental concerns with development aspirations in planning policy. It is deduced that GI may represent an approach to planning policy formulation wherein habitat conservation initiatives are primarily designed and justified relative to the ecosystems services they are seen to provide to society. The paper also cautions against the risks posed by confining GI debates to the deliberations of technical specialist. The paper concludes by identifying some issues that may arise in the implementation of a GI approach and suggests ways to enhance the potential benefit of the concept's use in spatial planning.

Selection and Penalty Strategies for Genetic Algorithms Designed to Solve Spatial Forest Planning Problems

Genetic algorithms (GAs) have demonstrated success in solving spatial forest planning problems. We present an adaptive GA that incorporates population-level statistics to dynamically update penalty functions, a process analogous to strategic oscillation from the tabu search literature. We also explore performance of various selection strategies. The GA identified feasible solutions within 96%, 98%, and 93% of a nonspatial relaxed upper bound calculated for landscapes of 100, 500, and 1000 units, respectively. The problem solved includes forest structure constraints limiting harvest opening sizes and requiring minimally sized patches of mature forest. Results suggest that the dynamic penalty strategy is superior to the more standard static penalty implementation. Results also suggest that tournament selection can be superior to the more standard implementation of proportional selection for smaller problems, but becomes susceptible to premature convergence as problem size increases. It is therefore important to balance selection pressure with appropriate disruption. We conclude that integrating intelligent search strategies into the context of genetic algorithms can yield improvements and should be investigated for future use in spatial planning with ecological goals.

Win-Win-Solutions in Spatial Planning in Germany

Getting to Yes (Fisher, Ury and Patton, 1991). The chances of settling a conflict grow when opponents are dependent on each other, and also, after the quarrel, have the imagination to search for new, perhaps unorthodox, win win solutions (Fisher and Brown, 1996). Would such an approach be helpful in spatial planning as well? Whilst in many political fields, negotiations are an adequate measure to settle conflicts, it is argued that they are of limited use in spatial planning because space is a finite. Therefore, conflicts regarding regional, urban and, especially, landscape planning become easily a public policy problem. On the other hand, it may be possible to neighbour or even pile up spatial functions if intelligently organized. The possibility to change the 'win-lose game' of spatial plan ning into a 'winning game for all' increases where there are regulations to optimize land use and ensure fair balances between the

Indikatoren zur Beurteilung und Steuerung einer nachhaltigen Raumentwicklung in NRW


 
 
 Fleshing out and implementing the sustainable development principle atLand and regional levels (as required under section 1 of the Federal Spatial Planning Act) calls for appropriate instruments to be introduced to provide information and evaluation and thus to map the key aspects of sustainable development and quantify the progress which has been made to date. In this context great importance is attached to indicators. Although indicators have been in use in spatial planning for over 25 years, the development of sustainability indicators is still in its infancy. Numerous projects are currently dedicated to finding comprehensive means of measuring sustainable development. The research project discussed in the present article differs from these projects in its orientation to providing the concrete details of what sustainable spatial development means for regional planning in North Rhine-Westphalia.