Use Of Social Media Platforms Research Articles

Social Media Use and E-Professionalism among Libyan Dental Students at the University of Benghazi

Aim: This study aimed to assess dental students' social media (SM) usage and their perceptions of and attitudes towards e-professionalism. Materials and methods: This study used a paper-based questionnaire administered to undergraduate dental students (4th year and interns) at the University of Benghazi, Libya, in 2022. The questionnaire included closed-ended questions to recognize dental students' use of social media platforms, their privacy settings and their perceptions and attitudes towards e-professionalism. The responses were compared according to the study year and whether the participants received professionalism-related training. The chi-square test was used for all comparisons, with the significance level set at p˂0.05. Results: A total of 364 students were included in the analysis (response rate: 73.5%). Almost all participants used multiple SM platforms. However, the most frequently used platforms were Facebook (84.3%) and Telegram (76.9%). More than half of the respondents (57.5%) considered their online behaviour to be a personal activity that would not affect their job opportunities in the future (71.1%). On the other hand, a considerable proportion of the respondents described posting information about dental patients as unprofessional (70.9%). Overall, a small proportion of participants (6.4%) considered communication with patients on SM unprofessional. Interns, however, were more likely to report this as unprofessional (P = 0.026). Conclusion: The current study demonstrated the widespread popularity of SM platforms, notably Facebook and Telegram, among dental students at the University of Benghazi. The study also highlights concerns about students’ perceptions of what constitutes unprofessional behaviours when using SM platforms with blurred personal-professional boundaries. The study's findings underscore the necessity of creating guidelines for social media use among Libyan dental students and incorporating e-professionalism into the dental curriculum.

Hierarchical graph-based integration network for propaganda detection in textual news articles on social media

During the Covid-19 pandemic, the widespread use of social media platforms has facilitated the dissemination of information, fake news, and propaganda, serving as a vital source of self-reported symptoms related to Covid-19. Existing graph-based models, such as Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), have achieved notable success in Natural Language Processing (NLP). However, utilizing GNN-based models for propaganda detection remains challenging because of the challenges related to mining distinct word interactions and storing nonconsecutive and broad contextual data. In this study, we propose a Hierarchical Graph-based Integration Network (H-GIN) designed for detecting propaganda in text within a defined domain using multilabel classification. H-GIN is extracted to build a bi-layer graph inter-intra-channel, such as Residual-driven Enhancement and Processing (RDEP) and Attention-driven Multichannel feature Fusing (ADMF) with suitable labels at two distinct classification levels. First, RDEP procedures facilitate information interactions between distant nodes. Second, by employing these guidelines, ADMF standardizes the Tri-Channels 3-S (sequence, semantic, and syntactic) layer, enabling effective propaganda detection through related and unrelated information propagation of news representations into a classifier from the existing ProText, Qprop, and PTC datasets, thereby ensuring its availability to the public. The H-GIN model demonstrated exceptional performance, achieving an impressive 82% accuracy and surpassing current leading models. Notably, the model’s capacity to identify previously unseen examples across diverse openness scenarios at 82% accuracy using the ProText dataset was particularly significant.

The Impact of Use Social Media in Communication Flow from State House to Traditional Media in Tanzania

The media has historically obtained and disseminated government information to the public through newspapers, radio, and television. Before the advent of social media, Journalists obtained information from the State House through telegraph, telephone, fax, and in-person encounters between the President's communication officers and journalists. Over twenty years, the State House Communications Department has enhanced its communication methods and effectively utilized social media platforms to engage with journalists and the public. However, little focus on scientific research has been done to assess the impact of social media on communication flow from Tanzania’s state house to traditional media. Therefore, the study evaluated the application of new media in the Presidential Communication Directorate in disseminating news to the mainstream media. The study used a descriptive design and mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative methodologies. The qualitative delved into individual viewpoints on news collection using new media, while the quantitative evaluated respondents' perspectives. The State House Communication Unit has shifted its use of social media platforms enhancing networking among journalists, providing quick information access, and being cost-effective. However, the shift has led to decreased personal communication, a decline in exclusive news, an increase in false information propagation, and the emergence of citizen journalism. Journalists should improve their social media skills to maintain high-quality media reporting. The Statehouse should enhance its 24/7 media unit operations. The study highlighted the challenges and significance of using social media for news dissemination and gathering. The study involved media professional practitioner’s and President's communication officers who identified significance and challenges and suggested how to improve media production and contents.

STRATEGI EFEKTIF DALAM MENINGKATKAN PENJUALAN MELALUI SOSIAL MEDIA DI ERA DIGITAL

This study examines effective strategies in increasing sales through social media in the digital era. With the increasing use of social media platforms, businesses need to adopt innovative approaches to reach a wider audience. This study uses qualitative methods to explore various social marketing techniques that can increase sales engagement and conversion. The results show that building credibility, quality content, active interaction, and collaboration with influencers are key factors in achieving sales goals. The development of digital technology has changed the way companies market their products and services. Social media has become an important platform in reaching consumers more closely, and has the potential to increase sales significantly. This article discusses effective social media marketing strategies in increasing sales such as developing interesting content, utilizing influencers, using paid advertising and fast customer interaction and service that are often encountered in social media marketing strategies and how to utilize data analytics to support marketing decisions.

Exploring social media strategies use during the presidential campaign of the 2023 general elections in Nigeria

Social networking during Nigeria's presidential campaign 2023 represented a significant era of heightened political engagement as social media became a crucial tool. This study critically evaluates the effectiveness and shortcomings of the social media strategies adopted by candidates, highlighting issues such as misinformation, cyberbullying, and the polarisation of the electorate. The research was grounded in conspiracy theory, employing quantitative and qualitative methods. A cluster sampling technique was employed to ensure a representative sample, dividing the population into six distinct clusters based on the six Area Councils of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria. The Cochran formula was used to calculate a sample size of 385 respondents for the quantitative component of the study, and 18 participants were selected through purposeful and snowball sampling techniques. The study was directed by research questions that aligned with its objectives. Data collection was conducted using interview guides and questionnaires. The results were presented in tables, charts, and narrative formats. The findings reveal that social media hurt Nigeria's 2023 presidential election campaign. Studies reveal several challenges, including unreliable internet services, poor power supply, polarisation, and spreading false information. The study recommends the ethical use of social media platforms by candidates, their supporters, and all stakeholders to foster ethical practices and curb the dissemination of false and misleading information.

The Influence of Social Networking Sites on the Well-Being of Young Adults in the Sultanate of Oman

The rapid increase in the use of social networking sites is expected to significantly impact the social system of Oman, particularly among its youth. This study aims to evaluate how social media affects the well-being of young adults in the Sultanate of Oman. Utilizing a survey research design, a structured questionnaire was developed, focusing on factors such as usage habits, engagement, enjoyment, as well as the positive, negative, and behavioural impacts associated with social networking sites as independent variables, and the overall influence of these platforms as the dependent variable. The study included 138 young adults aged 18 to 25 who identified themselves as social media users. Results demonstrated that all six independent variables contributed statistically significantly to the prediction of the dependent variable, with p < .05, indicating that the overall regression model is a good fit for the data. The findings underscore the need to promote the effective use of social media platforms. The study emphasizes the importance of community stakeholders providing moral support to educate young adults about the potential long-term negative impacts of social media usage. Additionally, young individuals are encouraged to perform self-assessments of their usage habits to identify early signs of technology addiction. As outlined in Oman Vision 2040, raising community awareness regarding health issues is crucial. The study specifically advocates for a greater understanding of the physical and mental health challenges that may result from excessive social media use and strongly recommends that young Omanis practice responsible use of social networking sites.

A Hybrid Deep Learning Approach for Multi-Class Cyberbullying Classification Using Multi-Modal Social Media Data

Cyberbullying involves the use of social media platforms to harm or humiliate people online. Victims may resort to self-harm due to the abuse they experience on these platforms, where users can remain anonymous and spread malicious content. This highlights an urgent need for efficient systems to identify and classify cyberbullying. Many researchers have approached this problem using various methods such as binary and multi-class classification, focusing on text, image, or multi-modal data. While deep learning has advanced cyberbullying detection and classification, the multi-class classification of cyberbullying using multi-modal data, such as memes, remains underexplored. This paper addresses this gap by proposing several multi-modal hybrid deep learning models, such as LSTM+ResNet, LSTM+CNN, LSTM+ViT, GRU+ResNet, GRU+CNN, GRU+ViT, BERT+ResNet, BERT+CNN, BERT+ViT, DistilBERT+ResNet, DistilBERT+CNN, DistilBERT+ViT, RoBERTa+ResNet, RoBERTa+CNN, and RoBERTa+ViT, for classifying multi-classes of cyberbullying. The proposed model incorporates a late fusion process, combining the LSTM, GRU, BERT, DistilBERT, and RoBERTa models for text extraction and the ResNet, CNN, and ViT models for image extraction. These models are trained on two datasets: a private dataset, collected from various social media platforms, and a public dataset, obtained from previously published research. Our experimental results demonstrate that the RoBERTa+ViT model achieves an accuracy of 99.20% and an F1-score of 0.992 on the public dataset, and an accuracy of 96.10% and an F1-score of 0.959 on the private dataset when compared with other hybrid models.

From Saudi to Social Media: Arabization of Islam Via Salafi Instagram Accounts in Indonesia

This paper argues that Salafists, through the use of social media platforms like Instagram, are not only disseminating their interpretation of Islamic teachings but also serving as representatives of the Arabization of Islam in Indonesia. In support of this argument, this research involved an ethnographic data search by randomly sampling Instagram accounts that spread Salafism and are linked with the Arabization of Islam. The focus was specifically on the @dakwah_tauhid and @mahasiswa salaf Instagram accounts. It is argued that social media, particularly Instagram, serves as a modern platform for Salafists to propagate Islamic teachings based on the Qur’an and Sunnah. Through consistent content creation, they have garnered hundreds of thousands to a million followers, indicating their value in the Muslim community in Indonesia. Coupled with using social media like Instagram to preach ‘pure’ Islam, these accounts also function as influencers that contribute to the Arabization of Islam in Indonesia. This is evident in several aspects of their content, which emphasizes the Saudi interpretation of Islam. This includes referencing religious rulings (fatwas) issued by Saudi ulama, showcasing lectures by scholars who graduated from Saudi institutions, and promoting educational institutions in Indonesia that are managed by Saudi-trained graduates.

Knowledge Acquisition and Audience Retention in Stroke Education: Results From a Global Study by the World Stroke Organization.

The World Stroke Academy (WSA), the educational platform of the WSO, provides high-quality stroke education to health care professionals worldwide. Understanding the learning needs and preferences of WSA members is crucial for effective knowledge translation. This study aims to (1) assess demographics and professional backgrounds of WSA members, (2) identify preferences in knowledge acquisition, and (3) evaluate audience retention during WSA webinars. A survey was developed using Qualtrics and distributed via email to all WSA members from May 8 to May 23, 2023. The survey included multiple-choice, rating scale, and ranking questions. Audience retention data were obtained from the latest 6 WSA webinars (May 2023-December 2023). Descriptive variables were reported, and χ2 analysis and multinomial regression models were used. A random sample of 1065 WSO members received the survey; 327 initiated it (participation rate, 30.7%), and 236 completed it (completion rate, 72.2%). The mean age (SD) of participants was 46.7 (±11.6) years; 57.2% identified as male. Most respondents were stroke specialist physicians (65.3%) and were based in Europe (35.2%). Online journal articles represented 41.6% of the total time allocated for stroke education, with 17% allocated to webinars. Social media usage patterns showed X (formerly Twitter) as the top choice (34.7%). Age, profession, and location significantly influenced social media platform use. Audience retention was at 50% at the 57-minute mark and 44.3% at the end of webinars. Tailoring WSA webinar content to meet health care professionals' needs and enhancing interactive components can improve audience retention. These insights will guide the future development of the WSA portfolio.

دور الاتصال في إدارة الأزمات في شركة أرامكو السعودية

This study addresses the role of communication in crisis management in the field of public relations at Saudi Aramco, highlighting the importance of effective communication as a strategic tool in enhancing the ability of institutions to deal with crises. It aims to understand how communication affects institutional performance, especially in light of the difficult circumstances that institutions may face during crises. The study used a descriptive methodology to collect data, focusing on how to use different means of communication, including social media platforms, to enhance internal and external communication. The role of public relations in building trust with the public was also reviewed, which contributes to improving the institution's reputation during crises. The results show that good planning for communication means is an essential element in crisis management, as it requires clearly defining responsibilities for each individual in the team, and providing the necessary information to all concerned parties. In addition, the study concluded that continuous training for the crisis management team is necessary to develop their skills in dealing with crises effectively. The study recommended the need to enhance the use of social media platforms as a tool for immediate communication with the public, which helps in enhancing and developing mechanisms for direct communication with the public in all its spectrums and the optimal continuation of improvement and development processes for the operations and services provided by the company, which contributes to maintaining the positive and distinctive mental image enjoyed by the company. In conclusion, the study emphasizes that effective communication is a vital element in crisis management, and institutions must invest in developing integrated communication strategies to ensure their rapid and effective response to challenges.

REGULATING THE FAKE NEWS ON SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS: Analyzing The Impact of Indian Legal System And Legal System Of Other Countries

Nowadays, there has been an increased use of social media platforms globally. Social media networks have become integral to modern communication, offering platforms where users can connect, share information, and engage with diverse content. Social media platforms have a greater reach, and a variety of people are utilizing these platforms. While social media has revolutionized information sharing and community building, it also presents challenges, particularly the spread of fake news. The spread of fake news through social media networks involves the rapid and wide dissemination of false and misleading information. This raises the question of how to detect fake news and whether it should be curbed. If fake news is not curbed, what will be the impact? If it is curbed, how does this action contradict fundamental rights? Social media networks act as intermediary platforms that host user-generated content. These intermediaries play a major role in sharing information, including fake news, on their platforms. However, the increasing impact of fake news has intensified scrutiny over whether these platforms should be more accountable and liable for the content they facilitate. This scrutiny ultimately raises the issue of intermediary liability for the spread of fake news through their platforms. The obligation of intermediaries in managing and curbing misinformation involves several critical responsibilities. This paper evaluates the technical aspects of these applications, obligations, fixation of liability, regulations, and implementation challenges, and provides a comparative analysis of intermediary liability under the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules 2021 and legal system of other countries.

Peran Media Sosial X Dalam Perkembangan Komunikasi Di Era Digital

Among social media users x is one of the popular platforms. The x application plays a significant role in dissemination and development that not only becomes a medium for spreading news but also becomes an ecosystem that supports evolution and adaptation. Through interaction and creativity contribute to dynamics, making application one of the major factors in development in the digital age. In this article, the writer reviewed social media users x. this study aims to identify the types of times in which they often use and to understand their context. Through qualitative approaches data is collected from the posts of social media users x and analyzed using the method of analyse analysis. Results. Research shows that social media USES a lot of information about other news items. Much about applications x:slang, viral news, online loan services (pinjol), and so forth, takes serious action from governments, communities, and parents to address this problem. Social media plays a very important role in the digital age, referring to the use of social media platforms to interact and communicate with others. There are positive effects on social media x (facilitating interaction and expanding association, there are many viral things), but it can also have a negative effect like spreading false information.

Impact of emotional contagion on waste separation intention in social media settings—Evidence based on machine learning and text analysis

Emotional contagion refers to the emotional experience caused by, and matched with, others' emotions, and is a process of emotional transmission. The emergence of social media has reshaped emotional contagion and the ways in which information is disseminated. Clarifying the emotional contagion mechanism associated with waste separation discussions on social networks and its dynamic effects on residents' intentions to separate waste is important in guiding residents toward waste separation. This study used data mining technology to crawl through 906,680 texts from social media. Machine learning models were used to identify emotions, and topic variables were extracted from text data to explore the effects of emotional contagion on residents’ intentions to separate waste. The empirical analysis indicated that the information disseminators’ emotions positively affected the information receivers’ emotions, thus indicating that an emotional contagion phenomenon exists in the social network and positively promotes residents' intentions to support waste separation, but also has negative effects on residents' intentions to implement waste separation. These findings imply inconsistencies in residents' attitudes and behaviors toward waste separation. Topic popularity buffered the effect of emotional contagion: excessive publicity did not result in better publicity effects. In addition, the regional economic development level weakened the influence of emotions on residents' intentions to separate waste. This study explored the mechanisms of emotional contagion and intention transmission pertaining to environmental protection topics, and offers important insights into the government's use of social media platforms to promote waste separation behavior among the public.

Social Media Use and Fear of Missing out: An Exploratory Cross-Sectional Study in Junior High Students from Western Mexico.

The increased use of social media in Mexico has given rise to the "fear of missing out" (FoMO) phenomenon, especially among adolescents. This study aimed to measure the extent of FoMO among junior high school students in the metropolitan area of Guadalajara, Mexico, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, this study explored the association between FoMO levels and demographic characteristics, as well as the type and frequency of social media use. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from November 2021 to January 2022 in four junior high schools. A total of 1264 students (656 females and 608 males) aged 11-16 years completed the Fear of Missing Out Scale, adapted to the Mexican context. Data on demographics, social media usage, and school shifts were collected. Statistical analyses were performed using t-tests, ANOVA, and correlation coefficients. The mean FoMO score was 1.79 ± 0.64, with higher scores observed in females (p < 0.001) and students attending morning shifts (p = 0.001). Significant associations were found between higher FoMO scores and the use of social media platforms like Instagram, TikTok, and Pinterest (p < 0.001 for each). The most frequently used social media platforms were WhatsApp (1093), TikTok (828), and Instagram (583). Participants who used social media all week exhibited significantly higher FoMO scores than those who used it only on weekends (p < 0.001). FoMO is a significant phenomenon among junior high school students in Guadalajara, Mexico, particularly among females and those who use multiple social media platforms. The findings suggest a need for interventions to manage social media use and mitigate FoMO-related negative health outcomes in this population.

Digital Political Communication in Emerging Democracy: A Comparative Study of Indonesia, India, and Brazil

The victory of right-wing political parties in democratic countries worldwide has garnered significant attention and presented unique challenges. The structured and widespread use of social media platforms is alleged to play a crucial role, enabling these parties to actively shape influence, attract voter sympathy, and mobilize support on a broad scale. Using the evidence from the presidential and parliamentary elections in Indonesia, India, and Brazil, this research examines how the populist candidates in these major democracies effectively utilized appealing patterns and styles of political communication on the social media. Through a comparative analysis of the 33 articles published in the International journals between 2019 and 2023, the findings have revealed some similarities in the digital political communication patterns and styles among the victorious populist figures. This study specifically highlights the facts that these figures employ digital communication strategies centered on two key aspects, namely: (1) promoting populist narratives through the social media and (2) crafting personalized self-images. These strategies are shown to be instrumental in securing election wins for the populist leaders concerned.

Exploring and comparing teachers' X/Twitter use in three countries: Purposes, benefits, challenges and changes

AbstractIn recent years, social media platforms have become key elements in many teachers' professional lives. In particular, teacher professional activities on X (formerly Twitter) have received attention from scholars. However, research has rarely explored X/Twitter use with attention to the diverse national contexts in which teachers work. To address this literature gap, this qualitative study collected data via individual and focus group interviews with teachers (N = 29) in three countries: England, Norway and the United States of America. Inductive analysis yielded findings related to purposes for, changes in and benefits and challenges of K‐12 teachers' X/Twitter use. Participants from all three contexts described professional learning activities that included sharing and/or acquiring knowledge and resources, and building professional networks and/or communities via X/Twitter. Multiple participants across contexts also referred to similar challenges such as avoiding negativity from other users. However, differences in X/Twitter use were also noted across teachers from the three national settings, such as only Norwegian participants speaking about using X/Twitter to find collaboration partners for teaching and learning projects. We discuss our findings in relation to literature, theory and practice around teacher professional learning in an era of widespread social media. Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topic Many K‐12 teachers use X/Twitter and other social media platforms for professional learning purposes. Teachers can use X/Twitter for various purposes and in multiple ways. Contextual factors influence teachers' use of X/Twitter. Social media platform use varies to some extent across cultures and nations. What this paper adds Identification of similarities and differences in X/Twitter use among teachers. International comparative analysis based on individual and focus group interviews of participants from England, Norway and the United States of America. Evidence related to the evolving and dynamic nature of teachers' use of X/Twitter. Implications for practice and/or policy Teachers who use social media may benefit from understanding diverse potential uses of platforms. Policies and guidance regarding K‐12 teacher social media use should accommodate various contextual factors, including national context. Diversity and changes in teacher professional social media use warrant more international comparative research in relation to wider policy contexts in education.

Digital Marketing: Implementation in Marketing MSME Crush Chips Products in Palembang

The purpose of the study is to investigate the difficulties and digital marketing tactics employed by UMKM Crush Chips in Palembang. The research object is Crush Chips, a MSMEs that makes chips in Palembang, and the research method is qualitative descriptive with purposive sample approaches. The information was gathered by watching and interviewing the proprietors of Crush Chips businesses. According to research, Crush Chips' marketing efforts make use of social media platforms including Facebook, Instagram, Whatsapp, and TikTok, in addition to alliances with online retailers like Shopee Foods, Grab-Food, and Go-Food. By using innovative and engaging content, they were able to increase sales and customer contact. Still, Crush Chips has to deal with a number of issues, including inadequate capital, a shortage of SDMs who meet the requirements, and inadequate internet and infrastructure connectivity. Their capacity to create more potent digital marketing tactics is hampered by these difficulties. Therefore, it can be said that while MSMEs Crush Chips has shown tenacity and inventiveness in utilizing digital marketing tactics, there are still issues that need to be resolved, such as a shortage of financing and the constraints of SDM and infrastructure. In order for Crush Chips to maintain sustainable growth and competitiveness in the digital market, efforts must be made to overcome these obstacles.

The Role of Media Diplomacy in Shaping the State’s International Image

The article attempts to determine the role of media diplomacy in shaping the state's image in the international arena. Media diplomacy under the conditions of globalization transformed geopolitical relations and changed the hierarchical system of foreign policy decision-making, highlighting the competition among states for the opportunity to influence public opinion. The information policy of the state involves not only the dissemination of positive information about it in the international information space, but also the integration of politicians, state government structures, non-state actors, famous personalities, and opinion leaders into the brand management system of the state's national policy. At the same time, the use of social media platforms in the implementation of diplomatic activities has led to the fact that any user of a social network today is not only a consumer of information, but also a direct supplier and distributor of it, meaning they have the opportunity to influence the adoption of certain decisions at the state level and shape in this way the image of the state. The article analyzes the use of media diplomacy mechanisms in the formation of Ukraine's image, identifies positive and negative aspects, and discusses prospects for its development.

Social Media and Cyber-Crime Among Abraka Residents, Delta State, Nigeria

Social media platforms have become a routine for many people. The number of active social media users have more than doubled within a couple of years resulting in current record of over one billion. The lack of control of social media have created room for vices, such as fraud, falsehood, sedition, blackmail, pornography, invasion of privacy, and other unacceptable practices. One of the greatest problems affecting social media is that it promotes superficial connection that can end up causing long term emotional and psychological problems. This study was undertaken to determine social media and cyber-crime among Abraka residents. A sample of three hundred (300) respondents were drawn from seven (7) different locations and zones in Abraka, using the simple random sampling technique. The descriptive survey research design was adopted and data was collected from the three hundred (300) questionnaires administered and in-depth interview conducted. Data from questionnaires were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 in order to test the extent to which social media users are aware of the use of social media platforms in the perpetuation of cyber-crime. The results revealed that social media platforms such as Whatsapp, Facebook, Twitter, Youtube, Badoo, Instagram, BBM, etc have been used to perpetuate cyber-crime. On the basis of these findings, the study concluded that social media-aided cyber-crimes have significant effect on its users and that social media, with its positive impact, have brought serious threats to the society. Based on the findings, the study recommends the use of password codes among social media users in order to restrict leakage of vital/relevant information on the internet from social media users to fraudsters.

Perspectives of general dental practitioners on restoring endodontically treated molars: a UK-based vignette study.

Aims To assess and compare how UK general dental practitioners (GDPs) restore endodontically treated molars and what tooth-related factors they consider relevant to their management.Method An online cross-sectional vignette survey was sent out to UK dentists via email and the use of social media platforms. Three clinical cases were designed.Results In total, 394 participants completed the survey. GDPs showed a preference towards restoring the endodontically treated molars with indirect restorations, such as crowns and onlays. Material selection varied, with a notable inclination towards gold and lithium disilicate. This was influenced by factors such as the number of remaining tooth walls, thickness of walls and the presence of parafunction.Conclusion Clinicians generally agreed on whether to place a direct or indirect restoration but there was greater disagreement when deciding on the type of restoration and material. Further evidence and education are required to help UK dentists decide more objectively whether to place an onlay or a crown, what material to select and what prognostic factors are most pertinent to the case.