Use Of Primary Sources Research Articles

“He was poking holes …” A case study on figuring out metadiscursive rules through primary sources

An important aspect of participation in a new academic discourse pertains to the metadiscursive rules which govern that discourse. Researchers have documented the viability of using primary sources in undergraduate mathematics education for scaffolding students’ recognition of those rules. Our research explores the related question of whether the use of primary sources can support students’ learning of metadiscursive rules in a way that goes beyond mere recognition. We present a case study of one student’s “figuring out” of metadiscursive rules in a university Analysis course as a result of her experience with a Primary Source Project, illustrate evidence for three dimensions of “figuring out” (adoption, acceptance, awareness) that emerged from that case study, and discuss the implications of our findings for classroom instruction and future research.

Entrepreneurial Competency and Competitive Advantage of Hotels in Nigeria

This study examined the effect of entrepreneurial competency on competitive advantage of hotels in Nigeria. The population of the study consisted of forty (40) managers of small and medium sized hotels operating in Abuja. This study made used cross sectional survey research design. The study made use of primary source of data through structured questionnaire. Pearson Product Moment Correlation was used to test the study hypotheses, with the help of SPSS 25.0. The study revealed that the entrepreneurial competencies of organizations can result in the competitive advantage of the firm if appropriately harnessed. Organizations that engage in the effective use of entrepreneurial competency have competitive advantage in their given industry. The study concluded that planning/management, mobilizing resources as well as learning through experience enhance competitive advantage of hotels in Nigeria. The study therefore recommended that hotel organizations should invest in training of their employees, as the human resource is an important internal strength of every organization and organizations should involve professionals who have experience in their work areas in order to increase the level of entrepreneurial competencies that lead to competitive advantage of the organization.

Китай в учении Кенэ: трактовки, переводы, культурные аспекты

The paper analyzes the Chinese influences on the doctrine of the French physiocrat François Quesnay from the perspective of the cultural specifics of the perception of economic and political ideas. The approaches of Chinese researchers were impacted by Marxist methodology, sinocentric views and fragmentary use of primary sources. The application of the Marxist concept of socio-economic formations supported the arguments that feudal Confucianism could not influence the views of physiocrats, which reflected the emergence of capitalist relations. In the 18th century opponents of the physiocrats used the comparison of the Tableau Économique with the scheme of the Chinese Book of Changes to disqualify Quesnay’s doctrine. For Chinese researchers this comparison became a confirmation of the value of the Tableau Économique and an incentive to search for the ideas of circular flows and equilibrium in both tables. The study of Despotism in China content confirms its connection with the actual historical China. It is concluded that Chinese scholars seek to interpret the historical precedent of the influence of Confucian thought on Quesnay’s doctrine in the context of plans to increase the global clout of China’s social sciences.

Henry Bradley Plant: Gilded Age Dreams for Florida and a New South by Canter Brown Jr

Reviewed by: Henry Bradley Plant: Gilded Age Dreams for Florida and a New South by Canter Brown Jr James Sanders Day Henry Bradley Plant: Gilded Age Dreams for Florida and a New South. By Canter Brown Jr. (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2019. Pp. xii, 360. Paper, $34.95, ISBN 978-0-8173-5966-9; cloth, $79.95, ISBN 978-0-8173-2037-9.) The first biography of Henry Bradley Plant, penned by his pastor George Hutchinson Smyth and published in 1898, constitutes a laudatory promotion [End Page 737] for the Plant System of railroads and steamship lines. Kelly Reynolds’s Henry Plant: Pioneer Empire Builder (Cocoa, Fla., 2003) marked the first modern biography of Plant. Canter Brown Jr. builds on Reynolds’s research by consulting private papers, government documents, contemporary newspapers, and abundant secondary sources. The use of linked quotations grows tedious at times, while the inclusion of maps, particularly when describing railroad routes and mergers, would have proved helpful. Nevertheless, Brown’s degree of detail and his extensive use of primary sources set this study apart. Undoubtedly, this exhaustive work represents the definitive Plant biography. Historians typically attribute the development of the Florida peninsula to Gilded Age magnates Henry B. Plant and Henry M. Flagler. Perhaps better known, Flagler extended rail lines south along the Atlantic coast from St. Augustine to Miami and ultimately to Key West. In contrast, the Plant System combined railroads and steamships to link Tampa and Florida’s Gulf coast with Havana, Cuba. As the Sunshine State became a winter resort for American elites, both entrepreneurs benefited from the integration of transportation, hospitality, and recreation. Plant hailed from Branford, Connecticut, but he made his fortune in the South. Early on, Plant worked with express companies that used ships, stagecoaches, and railroads to transport mail, cash, and other goods along various routes. Gaining a reputation as a reliable courier and capable administrator, Plant rose through the ranks to become president of the Southern Express Company. The Civil War marked a turning point in his fortune as he negotiated contracts with the Confederate government. Labeled by many northern associates as disloyal and by southern critics as an opportunist, Plant continued operations until 1863 when he departed for a hiatus in Europe. In leadership roles, Plant applied the values of his conservative Presbyterian upbringing, having been introduced at an early age to the antislavery and temperance movements. His paternalistic approach seemed progressive at times as he implemented health care and profit-sharing programs. In the wake of the Panic of 1873, he founded the Expressmen’s Aid Society, keeping employees working while providing death benefits when necessary. Although forward-thinking in race relations, Plant drew criticism for his use of convict labor and his anti-union stance. Nevertheless, he built an empire on par with other captains of industry. Plant first noted Florida’s potential for development in 1853, but opportunities for investment did not emerge until after Reconstruction. In 1881, a robust tourist season combined with changes in national and state leadership to foster statewide enthusiasm for land sales and railroad construction. While Flagler focused on his Ponce de Leon Hotel in St. Augustine, Plant concentrated on building a rail network that connected Tampa with Charleston and Savannah. With eyes fixed on Havana as the key destination, Plant also invested in steamships to link Tampa with the Cuban capital. However, two critical events altered his vision. A fire in Key West in 1886 forced tobacco makers to relocate to Tampa, and the city became a national port of entry the following year. As a result, Plant redirected his focus to the hospitality industry, beginning construction of the luxurious Tampa Bay Hotel in 1888. Plant died unexpectedly in 1899, a few months before his eightieth birthday. One newspaper editor commented that Plant “converted his ‘half’ [of Florida] [End Page 738] from a howling wilderness... into... one of the most important commercial sections in the United States” (p. 250). Although his empire dissolved within three years of his death, Henry Bradley Plant left an indelible mark on Tampa and West Florida. James Sanders Day University of Montevallo Copyright © 2021 The Southern Historical Association

The Master

The Master Kathryn Weld (bio) Gurdjieff Reconsidered: The Life, The Teachings, The Legacy Roger Lipsey Shambhala Publications www.shambhala.com/gurdjieff-reconsidered.html 284 Pages; Print, $24.95 Roger Lipsey, insightful biographer of figures such as the metaphysician and historian of Indian art, Ananda K. Coomaraswamy; economist and diplomat Dag Hammarskjöld; and Cistercian monk and author Thomas Merton, invites us to reconsider the life and legacy of Greek-Armenian George Ivanovitch Gurdjieff. For many, the title may surprise. Reconsider? Who now has considered Gurdjieff, even once? Now referred to as "the Work," the way of Gurdjieff, based on inner study rather than on faith, has fallen out of the public eye. Born (circa 1870) in Armenia, the young Gurdjieff spent some twenty years traveling—from Greece to Egypt, to the Caucasus and Tibet—with a small band of companions in search of esoteric knowledge. Much of what we know about these years derives from Gurdjieff's semi-fictional autobiography, Meetings with Remarkable Men (1963), on which Peter Brook based his eponymous film (1979). By 1912, Gurdjieff was teaching in Moscow and St Petersburg. In 1917, forced to flee the revolution, he made his way with followers to Essentuki, Georgia. In 1919, he and his pupils fled again, across the Caucasus and eventually to France, where Gurdjieff resided, first at the Prieuré at Fontainebleau, and later in a small apartment in Paris, until his death in 1949. Gurdjieff's pupils found, in the master's work and in his presence, personal hope and meaning despite brutal conditions—revolution, depression, holocaust, and world war. At the same time, as shared by Gurdjieff with his French pupils during the war, Gurdjieff's great aim is ultimately a work for one's neighbor: "I swear to myself that this will never be for my personal profit, but to help others. I wish to be, to help others. This is to be understood as a vow." In her forward, Cynthia Bourgeault writes, For those unfamiliar with this teaching, I might describe it as an early run-up on what we would now call "mindfulness training," combined with an even more intricate metaphysics. … But the Work also has extraordinary heart, carried largely in the aforementioned sacred [End Page 21] dances (or "Movements," as they are more widely known), which provide not only a powerful integrative counterbalance to the intellectual content but also a de facto liturgical expression of searing emotional intensity. As Lipsey points out, the word "reconsidered," "promises either the refinement of an existing reputation or a radical break from received opinion." With the same friendly, almost intimate tone he used so successfully in his work on Hammarskjöld and Merton, Lipsey is a helpful guide with a sensitive touch. A senior member of the Gurdjieff Foundation of New York, he is very able to provide insight. His extensive use of primary sources, both published accounts and unpublished manuscripts held in public libraries and private archives, vividly evokes both the man and his community of pupils. Lipsey avoids expounding the teaching, trusting that as a lived practice, the teaching will appear in each reported exchange. There are a few exceptions—for example, an extensive discussion of the key concept "being." To those impatient with the extensive terminology introduced by Gurdjieff in his early teaching period in Russia, the "theory" decade, Lipsey offers this comparison: For the anonymous fourteenth century author of The Cloud of Unknowing, a perfectly stunning guide to progressive exploration of the inner life, the diligent and fortunate seeker comes upon zones of experience that can only be described metaphorically. Slowly, a portrait emerges that is deeply nuanced and humane. In the chapter on the Prieuré, an abundance of vignettes about the life of the community places the teaching in context. It is a rich tapestry, with colorful personae: Katherine Mansfield, A. R. Orage, T. Tchekhovitch, the De Salzmann's, and all the children who lived at the châteaux, to name only a few, and Gurdjieff himself, frequently playing the role of provocateur. Lipsey finds kinship with Pythagoras and imagines Gurdjieff as spiritual heir of Diogenes the Cynic. Here is Katherine Mansfield, from...

Information literacy instruction in early childhood education: the school museum

AbstractInstruction with primary sources promotes learner engagement and behavioural objectives. The school museum is a suitable resource for information literacy instruction in early childhood education. In this paper, we question conventional information literacy instruction. Drawing on a review of the scientific literature on information literacy and a review of educational policies, we argue that instructional innovation is needed in reading instruction in early childhood education. Based on the use of primary sources, we propose the interdisciplinary approach of the school museum as an alternative to the school library. This inquiry has implications for teacher effectiveness, student centred learning, reading motivation, and the school‐community relationship. Finally, we give some recommendations concerning school museum implementation and further research on the topic of school museums.

María Cuyás Ponsá : maestra, profesora de escuela normal, directora de residencia universitaria e inspectora de educación

The research refers to Maria Cuyàs Ponsa (Barcelona, 1899-1992), teacher at Institución Libre de Enseñanza schools, at the Normal of Lleida, Inspector in Barcelona and Huelva. She translated a Robert Dottrens’s book and published few articles in education magazines. She suffered internal and external exile: sanctioned by Franco’s regime and exiled in Cuba. Until now no approach to Maria Cuyàs has been made and, therefore, this is the first article about her, different types of primary sources (libraries, archives, internet...) and documents (unpublished texts, photographs, legislation...) have been used which, fortunately, are preserved at Instituto de Estudios Albacetenses. This article refers to the research we are carrying out on Maria Cuyàs Ponsa (Barcelona, 1899- 1992), a teacher at the Institución Libre de Enseñanza schools, a professor at the Escuela Normal in Lleida and Inspector in Barcelona and Huelva. She was the translator of a book by the Swiss pedagogue Robert Dottrens and published several articles in education magazines. She suffered internal and external exile: sanctioned by the Franco’s regime and exiled in Cuba. Since nothing has been published about her so far, the use of primary sources extracted directly from specialized archives has been essential, as well as personal documents, most of which are deposited in the Instituto de Estudios Albacetenses.

Edificación del antiguo Correo y Telégrafo de Lima. Historia de un patrimonio edificado

El Correo Central de Lima, o antiguamente llamado Correo y Telégrafo de Lima, es un patrimonio poco conocido, en parte porque hoy en día se le da una variedad de usos, sumado a que las últimas generaciones de la población no han llegado a emplear este servicio. Esto último a causa directa del avance de la tecnología y la era digital. Por esos motivos indicados, el objetivo de este trabajo es revalorar su importancia histórica y el diseño arquitectónico que ostentó originalmente, el cual con el tiempo se ha ido modificando, sin que ello signifique la pérdida de su valor. Para ello, se recurrió al empleo de fuente primaria, tanto en imágenes como en información, que es la base de este estudio.
 La conservación del patrimonio es una obligación social, desde el campo de la historia se puede contribuir a esa noble gesta. Un monumento como éste, que ha superado los vaivenes del tiempo, no solo debe ser valorado per se, su complejidad puede aportar a seguir conociendo el devenir de la antigua Ciudad de los Reyes.

Migration trauma and psychiatry in the early twentieth century

ABSTRACT The article analyses, through the use of primary sources, the relationship between emigration and madness during the Italian transatlantic migration at the beginning of the twentieth century. During that years, mental illness started to spread among returning emigrants, while the countries of destination showed their disfavour towards new emigration, especially the one coming from the South of Italy. At that time, most of the Italian psychiatric community was influenced by the positivist and Lombrosian approach which considered mental alienation as an organic disease widespread among southern populations. The southern emigrant has been transformed into a person subjected to madness and the act of emigrating has been conceived as a symptom instead of a necessity. Lastly, the research focuses on ‘abandonment issues’ suffered by emigrants’ wives. These psychic pathologies, neglected by the psychiatry at that time, would have represented an opportunity for a better understanding of the migration trauma.

Establishment of public and administration education in Ukraine (the 90’s of the 20th century)

The aim of the article was defined as the process of implementation of public and administration education in Ukraine after state independence gaining. Methods.The research was carried out on the basis of application of interdisciplinary approach with the use of historical-genetic, problematic-chronological, comparative, systemic- functional methods and periodization method. Main results of the research enable to reconstruct the events of the early nineties of the twentieth century in the field of training of personnel for public administration sector. The article makes the case that the process of establishment of public and administration education started in the beginning of the year 1992 and provided the training of the first professionals in 1993. The application of the institutional approach became the special aspect of the activity of the government authorities in the specified sector. This approach was implemented by the means of establishment of higher educational institution for professional training of public servants and local self-government officials without preliminary definition of the specialty “Public administration” in the list of specialties approved by the government. Establishment of public and administration education was carried out due to activity of the Institute of Public Administration and Self-Government under the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine which existed in the 1992–1995. As a result, the national model of training of professionals for public sector was created with the use of the best experience of European democracies (in particular, France) and certain approaches of Soviet era (inclusion of institution for training of the officials into the chain of higher education institutions). The original training programs were created at the Institute of Public Administration and Self-Government under the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine in consultation with national and foreign professionals. Moreover, the innovation network of training unit was developed; the practical training of students in Ukraine and abroad was implemented. The main results lie in the fact that the process of implementation of public and administration education was duly prepared; it took into account the available possibilities; it occurred under the influence of international experience. The publication has the original nature; it was prepared on the basis of wide use of primary sources. The scientific novelty consists in address to poorly explored issue and application of author’s interpretation of the available historical facts. Practical meaning is determined by the possibility of reference to the detailed analysis of the roots of system of training and additional training of the public sector personnel by the professionals in the field of public and administration education. Type of the article. The article has the review nature; it covers the conceptual approaches and practical experience of public authorities of Ukraine.

La enseñanza de la Revolución mexicana a partir del uso de fuentes primarias: estrategias y contribuciones

En este artículo se expone el proceso de intervención educativa en la enseñanza de la Revolución mexicana a partir del uso de fuentes primarias en nivel bachillerato. Después de aplicar y evaluar las distintas estrategias didácticas, se analiza de qué manera el uso de fuentes primarias en el proceso de enseñanza motiva el desarrollo del pensamiento histórico, el cual implica habilidades como la interpretación del pasado a partir de prácticas propias de la disciplina histórica.

Osmanlı Dönemi ve Modern Yunan Tarihyazımında Algılanması

To study the reception of the Ottoman past, we should first begin by periodizing it. For the Greeks, the Ottoman period comprises several sub-periods whose characteristics depend on the mode, the method and the time of conquest, resulting in a multitude of trends in Greek historiography. The reception and interpretation of the Ottoman past in Greece, was affected by the trends of European historiography on the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century, which evolved according to the notions comprising the “East” and “West” dipole. In 20th century, up to roughly 1974, the study and interpretation of the Ottoman past in Greek historiography relied on the use of Greek and Western sources, and in some cases in translated Balkan and Ottoman archival material drawn from the international bibliography. Economic history, influenced by the Annales School, opened up new perspectives for approaching and interpreting history. These developments in the reception and interpretation of history influence the historiographical approach of the Ottoman past. By the late 20th century, new approaches and a pluralism in the interpretation of the Ottoman period in the Greek historiography appeared. Today, studies of and research into the Ottoman period rely mainly on Ottoman and Turkish sources, and this has promoted a deeper understanding of the structures and institutions of the Ottoman and the modern Turkish state. Under these novel approaches, a much more multi-layered interpretation of the Ottoman period emerges. The pursuits of contemporary social history, the use of primary sources and original archival material, and the different methodological approaches have brought researchers closer to the Ottoman reality.

Evaluating Scientific Writing Skill in DNP Program Students.

Scientific writing skill development interventions in nursing are widely represented in the literature, but the specific skills required are poorly defined and measured. This study used a cross-sectional, descriptive design to compare scientific writing skill assessment of doctor of nursing practice students' final project reports using 2 rubrics. Of 13 skills, the strongest were: adherence to a standard structure, paraphrasing, and grammar, punctuation, and style. The weakest were: use of primary sources, concise, nonredundant presentation, and critical appraisal. Overall interrater agreement for the general essay writing rubric was 69.6%, and that for the scientific writing rubric was 82.3%. Compared to the essay rubric, the scientific writing rubric was more useful for identifying skill strengths and weaknesses and improved interrater consistency.

Primary Sources in the College Classroom: The Beck Archives at the University of Denver Libraries

The University of Denver’s Libraries’ Special Collections, which include the Beck Archives of Rocky Mountain Jewish History, have made a concerted effort to encourage faculty to incorporate the use of primary sources into their undergraduate curricula. Teaching teams, consisting of special collections curators, reference and instruction librarians, and faculty members, used both digital and physical primary resources to engage students. These efforts led to the DU project’s being named the recipient of the 2018 Primary Source Award for Teaching from the Center of Research Libraries. This article details the project and highlights the Beck Archives items, which were especially effective as teaching materials.

Rationality of using phosphorus primary and secondary sources in circular economy: Game-theory-based analysis

European Union (EU) faces serious disturbances in the supply of phosphorus. To tackle this problem, the Member States have started practicing the principles of circular economy in the management of phosphorus supply chain. A decision to select either primary or secondary sources of phosphorus is one of the major dilemmas in the application of these principles. In this paper, the Bayesian and Nash Equilibrium games are used to analyze the selection of primary or secondary sources of phosphorus in Europe (EU-27), under the condition of supply deficit. The objective of this analysis is to determine the conditions for the use of primary or secondary source. We examined situations of the so called low or high deficit. According to the principles of circular economy, the use of secondary sources is always preferred, and everyday practice shows that it is also rational, under conditions of low deficit. The rationality is justified by the sufficient time an enterprise has got to react. However, in the situation of high deficit, the lack of time makes the use of primary sources a rational decision. In short, rational decision means to opt for using secondary sources when deficit is low and primary sources when the deficit is high. The analysis of phosphorus supply over 15 years, 2002–2017, shows that only the Netherlands made a rational decision with the probability higher than 0.8. The analysis indicates that even if in the next 12 years recycling increases to 50 % of phosphorus supply, it will not improve the rationality of decisions on the use of secondary sources of phosphorus in Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Poland, Romania, Greece, Malta, and Cyprus. The main finding of this paper is the conclusion that the improvement of recycling technology will not improve the rationality of decisions on the use of secondary sources of phosphorus in several countries. It means that the problem is not the recycling technology itself but the policy pursued vis-à-vis using the primary or secondary sources.

Entangled: A History of American Methodism, Politics, and Sexuality

As The United Methodist Church teeters on the brink of schism, Ashley Boggan Dreff's book Entangled: A History of American Methodism, Politics, and Sexuality offers new insights into the conflicts over human sexuality that have brought the denomination to the breaking point. Director of women and gender studies at High Point University, Dreff draws on her PhD research at Drew University, tracing two strains within American Methodism and how both responded to changing sexual practices since the First World War. By exploring politics in Methodism and in United States society, she demonstrates how the Church both influences and is influenced by cultural change.These two competing ideologies have deep Methodist roots, one growing from the Church's legacy of social reform and the other from its focus on evangelism. Dreff explores how sexuality became the site of contest between these branches in their differing responses to birth control, sex education, abortion, divorce, and homosexuality. Reformers articulated a new sexual ethic based on love and personal agency, as birth control allowed for non-procreative sex within and outside of marriage. Resisting cultural influences on the Church, conservatives emphasized a traditional rules-based morality that defined heterosexual marriage as the only appropriate setting for sexual expression, alienating those who did not fit that norm. By the time the Church addressed homosexuality, the conservative caucus Good News was positioned to challenge the denomination's more liberal approach, paralleling the New Christian Right's ascension in US political life.The strength of Dreff's book lies in her meticulous use of primary sources, which include articles, pamphlets, study materials, and other publications from The United Methodist Church and its predecessor denominations, including the Evangelical United Brethren. She also uses publications and websites of caucus groups that have formed in recent years to explore their role in the Church's fracture. Analysis and quotations from these sources gives clear voice to the divergent perspectives around changing sexual norms.Primary sources also root these perspectives in their own context, preventing us from reading current assumptions into them. The new sexual morality that many associate with the 1960s actually began in the 1940s with wider access to birth control and a more scientific ethic that eclipsed religious authority. The white, heterosexual, middle-class family that conservatives portray as a traditional social structure under threat dates only to the 1950s and a unique confluence of economic, social, and political factors. Dreff demonstrates how The Methodist Church helped to enshrine that ideal through Together magazine's annual ‘family of the year’.Published by New Room Books, an imprint of The United Methodist General Board of Higher Education and Ministry, Entangled is clearly for a Methodist audience, as it assumes an understanding of Methodist process and structure. This social history, read through the lens of queer theory, is accessible to scholars and non-academics, as it is written in a lucid style with thorough introductions and summaries for each chapter and the book itself, although lay readers could have benefited from more explanation of the finer points of Methodist polity.Dreff centres her book on Americans who are classified as white, acknowledging the challenge of doing justice to the distinctive history of African Americans and the wide diversity of cultural understandings of sexuality within the international denomination. She brings in race at points, specifically in discussing the elevation of the white middle-class family and the denunciation of groups that do not fit the norm. Further research might contrast more fully the associations of whiteness with sexual purity and the portrayal of African Americans as hyper-sexual.Entangled is a welcome contribution to the ongoing conversation about American Methodism and sexuality, and the use of primary sources offers a deep dive into the evolution of competing moralities and the political forces aligned with each. Scholars have long acknowledged the divergent strains within Methodism, and other books have analysed the Church's division over homosexuality—see Dawne Moon, God, Sex, and Politics: Homosexuality and Everyday Theologies (2004); Amanda Udis-Kessler, Queer Inclusion in The United Methodist Church (2012); and Jane Ellen Nickell, We Shall Not Be Moved: Methodists Debate Race, Gender, and Homosexuality (2014). Dreff brings these ideas into conversation with scholarship on changing sexual morals in the United States, making her work a distinctive look at the impact of larger political movements on one denomination. While she offers no solution to the current impasse, her insights help explain how the Church got to this point and how it may find its way through.

The Road Not Taken: A Documented Biography of Randall Thompson by Carl B. Schmidt and Elizabeth K. Schmidt

Reviewed by: The Road Not Taken: A Documented Biography of Randall Thompson by Carl B. Schmidt and Elizabeth K. Schmidt Brian Cockburn The Road Not Taken: A Documented Biography of Randall Thompson. By Carl B. Schmidt and Elizabeth K. Schmidt. (American Music and Musicians Series, no. 6.) Hillsdale, NY: Pendragon Press, 2018. [xli, 1057 p. ISBN 9781576473085 (hardcover), $92.] Bibliographical references, illustrations, tables, index. [End Page 585] Randall Thompson's influence on American music is unquestioned yet rarely acknowledged. Like many musicians, he lived a multifaceted professional life—as researcher, administrator, teacher, conductor, and accompanist, as well as composer. Thompson taught at Wellesley College, the University of California at Berkeley, the University of Virginia, Princeton University, and Harvard University; his students included such eventual luminaries as Leonard Bernstein, Samuel Adler, and Leo Kraft. Beginning 1 August 1932, he was employed to direct a study examining the state of college music education. Though the subsequent report was instrumental in reshaping these music programs across the United States, modern educators underestimate his influence. His compositions span most genres, and he was recognized as a particularly important composer of choral music, as his informal title "dean of American choral composers" attests (back cover). Still, even seasoned choral conductors can rarely name more than a handful of his works. The published writings on Thompson are far from satisfactory. The small group of theses and dissertations focus primarily on his choral compositions, and the surprisingly meager number of journal articles concentrate mostly on his choral output. Prior to the work at hand, Randall Thompson: A Bio-Bibliography by Caroline Cepin Benser and David Francis Urrows (New York: Greenwood Press, 1991) was arguably the best monographic biographical treatment of Thompson. Other notable publications include "The Choral Music of Randall Thompson," a special issue of American Choral Review (vol. 16, no. 4 [1974]: 1–62), with contributions by Elliot Forbes, James Haar, Alfred Mann, and Thompson himself, and Randall Thompson: A Choral Legacy (Boston: E. C. Schirmer, 1983), a set of essays by Thompson and others edited by Mann. Yet, for most, Thompson's life is only vaguely known. Fortunately, Carl B. Schmidt, who like Thompson is himself a performer, conductor, teacher, researcher, and administrator, has undertaken what he describes as his "Randall Thompson Project" (p. xxxvi). His past work resulted in a number of significant monographs, including catalogs that established the numbering systems for each composer's works: The Music of Georges Auric: A Documented Catalogue in Four Volumes (Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellon, 2013) and The Music of Francis Poulenc (1899–1963): A Catalogue (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995). Schmidt's first Thompson book, The Story of Randall Thompson's Alleluia Revisited: A Facsimile Edition with Commentary (Boston: ECS, 2010), chronicles the creation of one of the world's most beloved sacred American choral works. With his wife, Elizabeth K. Schmidt, he published a catalog of Thompson's music (The Music of Randall Thompson [1899–1984]: A Documented Catalogue [Fenton, MO: E. C. Schirmer, 2014]). The work under review, the authors' most recent book, is surprisingly the first full-length biography of Thompson. For the two authors, these three volumes on Thompson and his work appear to be as much a product of devotion as a remarkable scholarly achievement. The present work is an imposing monograph of almost 1,100 pages divided into eighteen chapters. The most expensive book to date in Pendragon Press's American Music and Musicians Series, it has breadth and depth equal to any. Important to note because of its size: this volume has a solid yet flexible binding that has held up well to significant abuse. One can open the volume [End Page 586] to any page and expect it to stay open and lie flat. The Schmidts begin their preface with a quote from Thompson: "I'm glad I've done more than compose. The other jobs make composing more interesting" (p. xxxi, quoting from Mary Channing Stokes, "Profile: Randall Thompson," Harvard Crimson, 5 June 1950). The authors' organization, liberal use of primary sources, and sensitive prose serve to illustrate Thompson's statement. Each chapter covers a short segment of time in Thompson's life. Most chapters cover two to four...

What the Eyes Don’t See: A Story of Crisis, Resistance, and Hope in an American City by Mona Hanna-Attisha

Book Reviews 195 In its totality, Faust’s work is an excellently written history of a Michigan Civil War regiment. The author’s use of primary sources, in addition to the scattered photographs of the soldiers themselves, helps to humanize the men who fought with the Sixth. Within Faust’s work, an interested reader will not find glorified tales of combat, but a history of military life during desperate times. Readers and scholars who are interested in the Civil War or the history of Michigan and its people will appreciate Faust’s clear and unbiased narrative while following the Sixth Michigan through its various trials and tribulations. Travis Faustin Central Michigan University Mona Hanna-Attisha. What the Eyes Don’t See: A Story of Crisis, Resistance, and Hope in an American City. New York, NY: One World, 2019. Pp. 384. Notes. Index. Paper: $18.00. Dr. Mona Hanna-Attisha sets out in What the Eyes Don’t See to tell her experiences with the Flint water crisis and role as one of the key figures in making it public and forcing action. The book’s title is a reference to a D.H. Lawrence quote distilled down to “how can your eyes see something that your mind doesn’t know.” (23) Hanna-Attisha’s writing style is both seductive and lucid, drawing the reader in with a few personal anecdotes before getting to the author’s point in each of the book’s twenty-eight sections. The book is both captivating and extremely informative, especially for those Michiganders—or indeed, anyone else—who may have been misled by borderline-corrupt testing and results from governmental agencies. While garnering praise from such publications as the New York Times and Chicago Tribune, the praise that speaks most highly to the book’s importance and the veracity is from none other than Erin Brockovich. While not having an argument per se, the author has three main themes that take its place. First, she emphasizes that the government is supposed to protect its citizens and that the government—specifically the State of Michigan, the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, and the Emergency Managers appointed by Governor Rick Snyder— failed intentionally and purposefully in this role. (13, 28) Interestingly, the author does not blame former Governor Snyder and instead claims, “in the end, I felt the governor cared—and was truly sorry.” (309) Second, while the water crisis was itself devastating, it also uncovered the myriad 196 The Michigan Historical Review other problems plaguing Flint and its residents—particularly Black citizens—among which were systematic racism and the lack of nutritionally rich diets for the poor. (13, 18) Indeed, this last aspect further compounded the treatment of affected people as the magnitude of lead poisoning experienced was directly affected by the lack of access to quality food. Interestingly, Hanna-Attisha extends these observations not to just Flint, but throughout the rest of the United States and calls for action to fix the problem. Third, above all, Hanna-Attisha emphasizes that there is hope. (14, 25) This emphasis, given the bleakness of the topic, is surprising yet convincing. Indeed, the author, with her medical experience and authority, asserts in the closing that “the most important medication that I can prescribe is hope.” (325) This reviewer only has one minor critique. What the Eyes Don’t See is not a historical monograph. There is no methodology, no situation of its place in the literature, and most strikingly, written from a first-person point of view. This is not to say that the work does not have merit. Indeed, the monograph has great merit but in perhaps, a less traditional historical setting. Hanna-Attisha’s book should be used as a primary source for future scholars looking to write a more analytical history of Flint and the Flint water crisis. The insights and personal anecdotes that Hanna-Attisha shares as witness to the crisis, instead of as a writer/scholar of the crisis, will be incredibly valuable to future studies of Flint. Thus, What the Eyes Don’t See, while very much not history—but then again, that is not the book’s goal—should be of interest...

Georgien zwischen Eigenstaatlichkeit und russischer Okkupation: Die Wurzeln des Konflikts vom 18. Jh. bis 1924 by Philipp Ammon

Reviewed by: Georgien zwischen Eigenstaatlichkeit und russischer Okkupation: Die Wurzeln des Konflikts vom 18. Jh. bis 1924 by Philipp Ammon Jonas Löffler (bio) Philipp Ammon, Georgien zwischen Eigenstaatlichkeit und russischer Okkupation: Die Wurzeln des Konflikts vom 18. Jh. bis 1924 (Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann, 2020). 238 pp., ill. Bibliography. ISBN: 978-3-465-04407-9. This is a reprint of the book originally published in 2015, now supplemented with a brief afterword by the German Caucasus expert Uwe Halbach. The author, historian and literary scholar Philipp Ammon, wants to "uncover the roots of the Russian-Georgian conflict" (P. 9) by exploring different historical layers of imperial politics and the changing geopolitical interests in the South Caucasus. Ammon's endeavor seems timely and interesting for historians and social scientists occupied with the Southern Caucasian region, especially given that the year 2019 saw another rise in tensions between the two countries. After a Russian deputy sat in the chair of the Georgian parliament's president in June, the ensuing protests led to Russia's halt of air traffic between the two countries and an official warning for Russian citizens traveling to Georgia. The ambitious historical time frame of Ammon's study spans from the first (indirect) contacts between the Georgian kingdoms and the Kievan Rus' in the ninth century to the Soviet invasion of the independent Democratic Republic of Georgia in 1921. Ammon's emphasis, however, lies in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries – largely the time period during which Georgia was part of the Russian Empire. For the most part, Ammon does not make use of primary sources, relying instead on the well-known studies by W. E. D. Allen, David Marshall Lang, Ronald Grigor Suny, and Oliver Reisner along with Alexander Mikaberidze's Historical Dictionary of Georgia.1 Historians familiar with Georgia and the South Caucasus will therefore not find many new aspects of Georgia-Russia relations in Ammon's book. The book is still worth consideration given the relative dearth of German-language textbooks dealing with Caucasian history. This probably explains the attention it has received since it [End Page 267] was first published in 2015, including a number of German-language reviews in academic journals and newspapers.2 These generally positive reviews have overlooked some questionable aspects of Ammon's book brought up toward the end of this review. In the introduction to his book, Ammon underlines its relevance by referring to recent events such as the five-day Russo-Georgian War in August 2008 and the question of Georgia's NATO integration, by problematizing the persisting veneration of Stalin in Georgia and the deep mutual literary entanglements between Georgia and Russia. In the section "Methodological Considerations," Ammon fundamentally criticizes constructivist theories of the nation, arguing that such theories, having become "a 'normative' tendency within contemporary historiography," negate "the concept of the nation as a historical subject claiming political legitimacy" (P. 17). With regard to Georgia, he claims that Benedict Anderson's concept of the "imagined community" is not applicable to "the old European and Asian historical landscapes" (P. 18), including the Caucasus. According to Ammon, it was the Georgian Orthodox liturgy that functioned throughout history and different political entities as a tie between the Georgian people. It is precisely this emphasis on the centrality of Georgian Orthodox faith that informs Ammon's historical narrative, particularly when it comes to historical turning points. Chapter 1 presents a "prehistory" of Georgia-Russia relations, speculating on the origins of the Georgian people and reproducing the thoroughly discredited theory of a relationship between the Georgian and Basque people. It discusses the Christianization of Georgia and possible early cultural transfers from Georgian Orthodoxy to the nascent Christianity of the Kievan Rus'. Chapter 2 covers the establishment of political relations between the Georgian kingdoms and the Russian Empire that eventually led to the 1783 Treaty of Georgievsk and the annexation of Georgia in 1801. Once again, Ammon accentuates the role of the Georgians' Orthodox faith in their rapprochement with their northern neighbor. He argues, for example, that the Kakhetian king while being "surrounded by Muslim powers had turned a blind eye to the secularization of the Rus'" (P. 48), a fact...

Le Maghreb Dans La Guerre, 1939–1945 par Chantal Metzger

The Maghreb Review, Vol. 45, 2, 2020 © The Maghreb Review 2020 This publication is printed on FSC Mix paper from responsible sources BOOK REVIEWS / COMPTES RENDUS Books reviewed in The Maghreb Review can be ordered from The Maghreb Bookshop. Our catalogue is also available on our website: www.maghrebbookshop.com CHANTAL METZGER, LE MAGHREB DANS LA GUERRE, 1939-1945, PARIS, ARMAND COLIN, 2018. 311 PAGES. Chantal Metzger, emerita professor of history at the Université de Lorraine (Nancy), is the authority on the Third Reich’s policy toward France's colonial empire.1 The present publication is an outgrowth of her investigations and a close-up on a key region of France’s overseas possessions during the Second World War. Given the breadth of the title and the reputation of Armand Colin as a publisher of university-level textbooks, the reader could have expected a straightforward exposé of the topic, based on the latest research. It is that undoubtedly, but there is much more. The author makes abundant use of primary sources, especially German archives where her expertise is manifest. Inquiries about France’s dependencies overseas rarely, if ever, refer to German documents. In and of itself, the source material gives this book a novel touch. Relevant French archives are also put to fruitful use. The outcome is a publication that combines the pedagogical qualities of a textbook and the features of an original piece of research normally found in a monograph. No particular thread is pursued and no overarching thesis is argued therein. The reader is provided with an informative and reliable panorama of the complex and quickly evolving situation of North Africa during the war. While the military dimension is present, the scope is wider, encompassing the political context, international relations and the living conditions of the population. The structure is classic. Part I provides a portrait of the Maghreb on the eve of the war. The Tunisian and Moroccan protectorates are presented from different perspectives, such as governance, composition of the population, socioeconomic conditions and rise of nationalism. Algeria is a settler colony divided in three départements and considered an “integral part of France”. Structural inequality between European colons and Algerians breeds blatant injustices, giving rise to deep polarization and setting the stage for a fight to the finish between colonialism and nationalism from 1954 to 1962. Turning to German and Italian designs on North Africa before 1939, the book attests to their reality 1 L’Empire colonial français dans la stratégie du Troisième Reich (1936-1945). 2 vol. Brussels, PIE Peter Lang, 2002. 496 BOOK REVIEWS / COMPTES RENDUS but points to their different nature. Mussolini’s ambitions were territorial, focusing on Tunisia. Italy nursed a grievance against French presence in the beylicate since the 1880’s. Germany's aims were economic, to wit mineral resources and raw materials. Both Rome and Berlin conducted intensive radio propaganda to convince Arab opinion of their benevolent intentions toward Arab national aspirations. Part II covers the three years from the declaration of war in 1939 to the Anglo-American landing in 1942. North Africa was mobilized and remained by and large loyal to France, despite dissatisfaction with its rule and discontent about socio-economic conditions. Quiescence may also be explained by the fact that nationalist leaders were placed under arrest at the start of the war. France’s defeat was unexpected in North Africa but it did not diminish local support, partly because the prospect of Italian tutelage was loathed and France appeared to be the lesser evil. Following the armistice, North Africa remained under the authority, albeit limited, of Vichy. Armistice Commissions were soon on the spot to pump out the economic resources the Axis Powers requisitioned. Shortages of basic necessities became the order of the day for the population. In the meantime, the French administration set about applying Vichy's National Revolution to the Maghreb. The Anglo-American landing on 8 November 1942 opened a new phase. Part III shows how meticulously it was prepared by disinformation directed at the German military and by prior contacts with French officials and dissidents in the targeted territories. The object was to avoid having to fight the sizable...