Use Of Occlusion Research Articles

The Influence of Interval Training Combined with Occlusion and Cooling on Selected Indicators of Blood, Muscle Metabolism and Oxidative Stress.

The study included 30 young, healthy and untrained people. The VASPER (Vascular Performance) training system was used-High-Intensity Interval Training with the simultaneous use of occlusion and local cryotherapy. Blood from the project participants was collected six times (2 weeks before the start of training, on the day of training, after the first training, after the 10th training, after the 20th training and two weeks after the end of training). The subjects were randomly divided into three groups: exercises only (controlled), with occlusion and with occlusion and local cryotherapy. Statistical analysis of changes in the average values of indicators in all study groups showed a significant change increase due to the time of testing IGF-1 (F = 2.37, p = 0.04), XOD (F = 14.26, p = 0.00), D-Dimer (F = 2.90, p = 0.02), and decrease in MDA (F = 7.14, p = 0.00), T-AOC (F = 11.17, p = 0.00), PT Quick (F = 26.37, p = 0.00), INR (F = 8.79, p = 0.00), TT (F = 3.81, p = 0.00). The most pronounced changes were observed in the occlusion and cooling group. Both interval training without and with the modifications used in the study influences coagulation and oxidative stress parameters and, to a small extent, muscle metabolism. It seems reasonable to use occlusion and local cryotherapy in combination with occlusion.

Peculiarities of the application of occlusion in the training of high qualification powerlifters

Among the areas of improving the training system of athletes, the focus on finding new effective tools and methods of training is one of the most popular ways to improve athletic performance. Therefore, substantiation of the peculiarities of the use of occlusion in the training of highly qualified athletes in classical powerlifting is relevant. The aim is to identify the peculiarities of the use of occlusion in the training of highly qualified powerlifters. To solve this goal, we used the following research methods: analogy, analysis, synthesis, abstraction, induction, extrapolation, generalization of practical experience. The study revealed the features of the use of occlusion in the training of athletes in classical powerlifting. It is recommended to use occlusion devices in isolation and to include only one joint in the performance of exercises. Therefore, in the author's program occlusion means are used exclusively in bench press exercises and squats. In the process of building the training of athletes using the means of collusion, the intensity of the load should be 50-60% of the maximum, the number of repetitions should be 8-15 times and should decrease with each approach. The duration of rest between approaches in the training process using the means of occlusion should be 30 seconds. Means of occlusion should be removed only after the last approach in the exercise, and their implementation should be planned at the end of the main part of the training process.

Randomized comparison of proximal and distal radial access for coronary angiography and interventions

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Introduction Vascular access for coronary procedures is of paramount important not only for successful procedure but also to prevent complications. In comparison to femoral access, proximal radial artery (PRA) access at wrist is associated with decreased bleeding complications and mortality. The most important complication of PRA access is radial artery occlusion Use of the proximal radial artery (PRA) approach at wrist has several limitations: the need to supinate the hand, which can exacerbate chronic joint pain, the depth of the radial artery in large arms, which could make arterial puncture challenging even under ultrasound guidance, the risk of sporadic bleeding in the forearm, and the risk of radial artery occlusion. All above limitations can be overcome by distal radial artery (DRA) access in anatomical snuff box. Randomized Studies are lacking for the comparison between DRA and PRA approach in coronary procedures. Aims and objective To compare safety, efficacy and feasibility between PRA and DRA approach in randomized fashion. Material and methods This was single center randomized controlled trial. 320 patients were randomized in PRA and DRA groups. PRA approach was in wrist and DRA approach was in anatomical snuff box. Primary endpoint was cannulation failure (failure to achieve radial access) and transradial failure (failure to complete procedure after successful access). Secondary safety outcome includes major (compartment syndrome, need for vascular surgery, hand dysfunction, nerve palsy ,arteriovenous fistula, hematoma requiring blood transfusion, proximal radial artery occlusion) and minor (radial artery spasm, hematoma not requiring transfusion or causing compartment syndrome, ecchymosis, local edema, paresthesia, pseudoaneurysm) complications; secondary efficacy outcome were puncture attempts, cannulation time, procedure time, radiation dose, hemostasis time and quality of life endpoint was pain score . Results Each group was having 160 patients. In DRA group 73.9 % were CAG and 26.1 % were PCI; in PRA group and 75.7 were CAG and 24.3 were PCI. Cannulation failure was more in DRA group (7.5 % vs 2.5 %, P < 0.001) without difference in transradial failure (n = 3 vs 4, p =0.764). There were no major complications in both groups except PRAO which was significantly less in DRA group (0 % vs 5.2 %, p= 0.007). Puncture attempts, cannulation time, pain score were more in DRA (1.65 vs 1.29, P < 0.001;3.23 vs 2.62 minutes, p < 0.001;25.5 vs 21.6 minutes, p = 0.039 respectively). There was no significant difference for minor complications in both groups. Conclusion DRA approach is as safe and feasible as PRA approach and causes significantly less PRAO. DRA approach may be advocated as default approach where radial access is chosen for coronary procedures. Abstract Figure. primary outcome Abstract Figure. Procedural characteristic

Utilizations and outcomes of intra-arterial balloon occlusion at cesarean hysterectomy for placenta accreta spectrum.

This study examined national-level trends, characteristics, and perioperative outcomes of women who had intra-arterial balloon occlusion at cesarean hysterectomy for placenta accreta spectrum (PAS). This was a population-based retrospective observational study that queried the National Inpatient Sample from October 2015 to December 2018. Study population was women who underwent hysterectomy at cesarean delivery for PAS (n=6440 in 806 centers). Exposure allocation was the use of intra-arterial balloon occlusion. Main outcome measures were (a) characteristics associated with intra-arterial balloon occlusion use, and (b) perioperative outcome including hemorrhage, blood transfusion, coagulopathy, shock, urinary tract injury, intra-arterial balloon occlusion-related complication (arterial injury, arterial thrombosis, and lower extremities ischemia), and death, assessed in multivariable analysis. Intra-arterial balloon occlusion was used in 420 (6.5%) women in 64 (7.9%) centers. Utilization of intra-arterial balloon occlusion during cesarean hysterectomy for placenta accreta decreased significantly over time (from 6.3% to 3.1%, p<0.001), but not in placenta increta (from 12.8% to 9.3%, p=0.204) or placenta percreta (from 21.3% to 17.5%, p=0.344). In a multivariable analysis, patient factors (younger age, earlier year, obesity, diabetes mellitus), pregnancy factors (placenta increta/percreta, previous cesarean delivery, placenta previa, and early gestational age), and facility factors (large bed capacity, urban teaching status, and Northeast/West regions) represented the independent characteristics for using the intra-arterial balloon occlusion (all, p<0.05). In a classification-tree model, the absolute difference in intra-arterial balloon occlusion use among 18 utilization patterns was 48% (range, 0%-48%). In perioperative outcome analysis, women who received intra-arterial balloon occlusion were more likely to have coagulopathy (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.43) and arterial thrombosis (aOR 9.82) in placenta accreta, but less likely to have hemorrhage (aOR 0.25) in placenta increta, and blood transfusion (aOR 0.60) and urinary tract injury (aOR 0.28) in placenta percreta compared with those who did not (all, p<0.05). There is a wide range in the utilization of intra-arterial balloon occlusion at cesarean hysterectomy for PAS based on patient, pregnancy, and facility factors, which implies that there is a lack of universal practice guidelines in this surgical procedure. Whether the use of intra-arterial balloon occlusion in the severe forms of PAS improves surgical outcome merits further investigation.

Submandibular approach for orotracheal intubation in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Traumatology

Introduction: Submandibular tracheal intubation is a technique that can be applied in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Traumatology, as well as other surgical specialties. Its main advantages are helping in the surgical manipulation of the middle facial skeleton and jaw and allowing the intraoperative control of dental occlusion. The technique is an alternative to elective tracheostomy. Objective and case report: The article presents the treatment of an adult patient, with sequelae of multiple fractures in the face due to a car accident, with endotracheal intubation using submandibular approach. Final considerations: In large surgical manipulations of the face, the submandibular approach for tracheal intubation allows a faster, facilitated anatomical access with a lower risk of damage to adjacent structures when compared to other pathways. It also guarantees excellent cervical mobility, the possibility of wide manipulation and the use of occlusion as a guide for surgical intervention.

In vivo estimation of water diffusivity in occluded human skin using terahertz reflection spectroscopy.

Water diffusion and the concentration profile within the skin significantly affect the surrounding chemical absorption and molecular synthesis. Occluding the skin causes water to accumulate in the top layer of the skin (the stratum corneum [SC]) and also affects the water diffusivity. Scar treatments such as silicone gel and silicone sheets make use of occlusion to increase skin hydration. However with existing techniques, it is not possible to quantitatively measure the diffusivity of the water during occlusion: current methods determine water diffusivity by measuring the water evaporated through the skin and thus require the skin to breathe. In this work, we use the high sensitivity of terahertz light to water to study how the water content in the SC changes upon occlusion. From our measurements, we can solve the diffusion equations in the SC to deduce the water concentration profile in occluded skin and subsequently to determine the diffusivity. To our knowledge, this is the first work showing how the diffusivity of human skin can be measured during occlusion and we envisage this paper as being used as a guide for non-invasively determining the diffusivity of occluded human skin in vivo.

Depth Perception and the History of Three-Dimensional Art: Who Produced the First Stereoscopic Images?

The history of the expression of three-dimensional structure in art can be traced from the use of occlusion in Palaeolithic cave paintings, through the use of shadow in classical art, to the development of perspective during the Renaissance. However, the history of the use of stereoscopic techniques is controversial. Although the first undisputed stereoscopic images were presented by Wheatstone in 1838, it has been claimed that two sketches by Jacopo Chimenti da Empoli (c. 1600) can be to be fused to yield an impression of stereoscopic depth, while others suggest that Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa is the world’s first stereogram. Here, we report the first quantitative study of perceived depth in these works, in addition to more recent works by Salvador Dalí. To control for the contribution of monocular depth cues, ratings of the magnitude and coherence of depth were recorded for both stereoscopic and pseudoscopic presentations, with a genuine contribution of stereoscopic cues revealed by a difference between these scores. Although effects were clear for Wheatstone and Dalí’s images, no such effects could be found for works produced earlier. As such, we have no evidence to reject the conventional view that the first producer of stereoscopic imagery was Sir Charles Wheatstone.

Occlusive therapy in atopic dermatitis: Overview

Introduction: Occlusive therapy, including both dry and wet (‘wet-wrap therapy’) offers a treatment option in atopic dermatitis (AD) which may be underutilized in clinical practice due to concerns about burdensome regimens and potential complications. This review examines current evidence for the use of occlusion in AD. Methods: Keyword and title searches in PubMed and EMBASE were used to examine data on the use of occlusive therapy in AD from January 1966 to February 2009. Results: Eighteen studies were found examining the use of occlusive therapy in AD. Of the 14 studies examining wet-wrap therapy, five were randomized controlled trials. All wet-wrap therapy studies demonstrated efficacy in severe or acute, moderate and chronic AD. Of the four studies examining dry occlusive therapy, a single controlled study of dry occlusion does not support a benefit over conventional open therapy. Increased cutaneous bacterial counts or clinical infection were reported in all studies using dry occlusion and in four of 14 studies utilizing wet-wrapping techniques. Conclusions: Available data are encouraging, though limited by the lack of adequate study controls and standardized designs. More controlled trials are indicated.

Occlusive therapy in atopic dermatitis: Overview

Occlusive therapy, including both dry and wet ('wet-wrap therapy') offers a treatment option in atopic dermatitis (AD) which may be underutilized in clinical practice due to concerns about burdensome regimens and potential complications. This review examines current evidence for the use of occlusion in AD. Keyword and title searches in PubMed and EMBASE were used to examine data on the use of occlusive therapy in AD from January 1966 to February 2009. Eighteen studies were found examining the use of occlusive therapy in AD. Of the 14 studies examining wet-wrap therapy, five were randomized controlled trials. All wet-wrap therapy studies demonstrated efficacy in severe or acute, moderate and chronic AD. Of the four studies examining dry occlusive therapy, a single controlled study of dry occlusion does not support a benefit over conventional open therapy. Increased cutaneous bacterial counts or clinical infection were reported in all studies using dry occlusion and in four of 14 studies utilizing wet-wrapping techniques. Available data are encouraging, though limited by the lack of adequate study controls and standardized designs. More controlled trials are indicated.

Evaluation of the New Photosensitizer Stakel (WST-11) for Photodynamic Choroidal Vessel Occlusion in Rabbit and Rat Eyes

To evaluate the photodynamic potential of a new hydrosoluble photosensitizer (WST-11, Stakel; Steba Biotech, Toussus-Le-Noble, France), for use in occlusion of normal choroidal vessels in the rabbit eye and CNV (choroidal neovascularization) in the rat eye. Occlusive and nonocclusive parameters of Stakel and verteporfin photodynamic therapy (PDT) were investigated in pigmented rabbits. Eyes were followed by fluorescein angiography (FA) and histology at various intervals after PDT. When occlusive parameters (fluence of 50 J/cm(2), 5 mg/kg drug dose and DLI [distance to light illumination] of 1 minute) were used, Stakel PDT was efficient immediately after treatment without associated structural damage of the RPE and retina overlying the treated choroid in the rabbit eye. Two days later, total occlusion of the choriocapillaries was seen in 100% of the treated eyes, along with accompanying histologic structural changes in the overlying retina. When the occlusive parameters (fluence, 100 J/cm2; drug dose, 12 mg/m2; and DLI, 5 minutes) of verteporfin PDT were used, occlusion of the choriocapillaries was observed in 89% of the treated eyes. Histology performed immediately after treatment demonstrated structural damage of the overlying retina and RPE layer. Weaker, nonocclusive Stakel PDT parameters (25 J/cm2, 5 mg/kg, and DLI of 10 minutes) did not induce choriocapillary occlusion or retinal lesions on FA or histology. Weaker, nonocclusive verteporfin PDT parameters (10 J/cm2, 0.2 mg/kg, and DLI of 5 minutes) did not induce choriocapillary occlusion. However, histology of these eyes showed the presence of damage in the retinal and choroidal tissues. Moreover, preliminary results indicate that selective CNV occlusion can be achieved with Stakel PDT in the rat eye. Unlike verteporfin PDT, Stakel PDT does not cause direct damage to the RPE cell layer or retina. These observations indicate that Stakel PDT may have a high potential for beneficial therapeutic outcomes in treatment of AMD.

Topical 5% imiquimod treatment for refractory cutaneous warts

Extensive viral warts are a cause of significant morbidity, particularly in individuals unable to mount an adequate Th1 cell mediated immune response to human papillomavirus. Imiquimod belongs to a new class of immune response modifiers which are potent inducers of antiviral cytokine activity, principally interferon alpha. Imiquimod cream has shown significant efficacy compared with placebo in double-blind controlled studies of genital warts, but similar efficacy in cutaneous warts is not yet established. In this study, we assess the response of refractory cutaneous warts to imiquimod cream. Twelve patients with viral warts (palmoplantar warts, n = 10; and/or plane warts, n = 5) persisting for >18 months which had failed to respond to a minimum of >3 months of keratolytics and 4 cycles of cryotherapy were recruited (renal transplant recipients, n = 10; Hodgkins disease, n = 1; T-cell immunodeficiency, n = 1). Imiquimod was applied in a right versus left comparison, initially 3 times a week for 8 weeks, then daily for 8 weeks, then daily with occlusion for 8 weeks, depending on response. Complete clearance occured in one patient and >75% clearance in a second. Although warts persisted in the remaining 10 patients, 4 experienced variable symptomatic improvement. Local skin reactions were infrequent, but transient rises in creatinine were observed in 3 transplant recipients (11.7–29% above baseline) of whom 2 were successfully rechallenged, without further problem. In conclusion, we provide preliminary evidence that topical imiquimod may benefit a subgroup of patients with refractory cutaneous warts. Treatment failures may partly reflect reduced penetration of the drug resulting from greater keratinisation of cutaneous warts, despite use of occlusion; trials of combined treatment with keratolytics and/or cryotherapy are now justified. Finally, until further data is available, we suggest that renal function should be closely monitored in renal transplant recipients receiving topical imiquimod.

EIectrical impedance and transepidermal water loss of healthy human skin under different conditions.

The skin barrier function is a multidimensional quality, which can be defined by a combination of noninvasive measurements, including EIectrical impedance (EI) and transepidermal water loss (TEWL). TEWL and EI were determined on in five different areas of the body in 25 healthy volunteers. The effects of hydration (a 15 min water bath, a 1 h occlusion and application of an oil-in-water emulsion combined with occlusion) were measured on the volar forearm. EI was highest in the axillary region, followed by the cheek, spinal region, presternal area and upper arm. TEWL was highest in the axillary region, followed by the cheek. Lowest levels were detected in the spinal region, the presternal region and the upper arm. The water bath increased EI but not TEWL. After 1 h occlusion TEWL was not increased and EI decreased, which corresponds to stratum corneum hydration. After a single application of an oil-in-water emulsion, we observed a reduction of EI and an increase of TEWL. The simultaneous use of occlusion and application of an emulsion led to the most significant reduction of EI. TEWL was increased during the following 30 min. EI and TEWL show a topological variability. Acute hydration increased EI but occlusion and/or moisturizing decreased EI. Acute hydration and occlusion alone did not significantly affect TEWL, but moisturizing in combination caused a longer lasting TEWL increase. To examine the stratum corneum function, the use of different noninvasive techniques seem to provide more complex information.

Device for occlusion of rectovaginal fistula: clinical trials.

To evaluate a device designed for occlusion of rectovaginal fistula in patients with acquired rectovaginal fistula. The device consisted of a disk portion, an anchoring portion, and a shaft that connected each portion. The device was framed with a nitinol wire. The disk portion was framed in a four-leaf clover configuration, and the anchoring portion had two ellipsoid arms. The disk and anchoring portions were mounted with a nylon patch and coated with silicone. The device was designed for transrectal insertion and was placed in seven women with rectovaginal fistula caused by pelvic irradiation or pelvic surgery. All devices were placed successfully, and all fistulas were completely occluded after placement of the device. No procedural complications were encountered. The follow-up period was 1-26 months. One patient died of distant metastasis 5 months after placement of the device. None of the patients reported leakage from the rectovaginal fistula during the follow-up period. The occlusion device may be promising and beneficial for use in occlusion of rectovaginal fistula that results from pelvic irradiation or pelvic surgery.

Correlation between the drug penetration and the blanching effect of topically applied hydrocortisone creams in human beings

Two topical formulations of 2.5% hydrocortisone were tested to investigate the possible correlation between the blanching response of topically applied hydrocortisone and its release from the formulation after its penetration into the stratum corneum. After application of the cream, the stratum corneum was removed at different intervals and the hydrocortisone content was measured by radioimmunoassay. The blanching responses (expressed as mean score vs time) showed a 1.5-fold difference (significant at p = 0.0026) between the two creams at the maximum effect, which was reached for both creams after 16 hours. The amounts of hydrocortisone present in the stratum corneum after every application period showed a twofold difference (p = 0.0001) between the two creams. However, in contrast to the blanching, these quantities remained constant from 4 to 24 hours. This steady state characteristic may be partially due to the use of occlusion and to the excess formulation remaining at the surface. Although there is no parallelism with time between the results of the two methods, both give clear evidence of a difference in stratum corneum penetration and pharmacologic activity of the two formulations. Drug penetrations and pharmacodynamic activities of the two creams can be correlated with in vitro release characteristics.

The use of occlusion to resolve ambiguity in parallel projections.

Previous research has shown that the three-dimensional structure of an object usually can be perceived when viewing a parallel projection of the object rotating in depth. Accurate judgments of direction of rotation, however, have been found only with polar projections. The present study demonstrated that accurate direction judgments can occur with parallel projections if occlusion is included in the displays. The stimuli were parallel projections of pentagonal texture elements on the surface of a rotating sphere. In one condition, the elements were occluded as they rounded the edge of an opaque sphere. In another condition, elements on the far surface of a transparent sphere were occluded by elements on the near surface. Accuracy of direction judgments was consistently high in the first condition and increased monotonically with element size in the second condition, from chance to over 80% correct. The relationship of these results to the general issue of perceptually combining structure in depth information from one source with relative distance information from another source is discussed.

Parental Assistance in Orientation and Mobility Instruction

Parents of blind children can give important support to the professional orientation and mobility specialist, especially if they familiarize themselves with the various aspects of an orientation and mobility course of instruction. The use of occlusion is especially helpful in giving parents first hand experience with the skills the children will be taught. Suggestions are provided for parental assistance in the areas of basic skills, concept development, motor development, and long cane training.

Practical Orthoptics in the Treatment of Squint. Second Edition.

The first edition of this work, which appeared in 1937, contained 211 pages and 68 illustrations. Although the present edition is over half again as large, there is no evidence of padding. The text has both brevity and lucidity, attributes which occur only too rarely in the same book. Since much of the pioneer work on orthoptic training was done at the Royal Westminster Ophthalmic Hospital, it is appropriate that two members of the staff of this hospital should have produced what is, in my opinion, a desirable addition to ophthalmic literature. After outlining the management of an orthoptic clinic and describing the instruments used (synoptophore, cheiroscope, myoscope, stereoscopes, diploscope and Remy separator), the authors discuss the optical treatment of squint and the use of occlusion. Chapters are devoted to the examination of the patient, the etiology of strabismus, abnormal retinal correspondence, suppression, fusion and stereoscopic vision. The principles of