Use Of MAS Research Articles

Growth and yield of direct seeded rice as influenced by irrigation levels and varieties

The combined influence of agronomic, environmental and genetic variables results in better crop yield. Among these components, an appropriate irrigation system and varietal choice are crucial. With this background, a field experiment with a split-plot layout was planned during the summer period of 2020 at the Agriculture and Horticultural Research Station, Bhavikere, Karnataka, India, to examine the effects of four different irrigation levels (0.75, 1.00, 1.25 and 1.50 IW/CPE ratio) in the main plot and four different varieties (Local variety, Jyothi, MAS 946-1 and MAS-26) in the subplots on growth and yield performance under direct seeded rice condition. Results of the experiment revealed that among four different levels of irrigation, scheduling irrigation at 1.50 IW/CPE ratio recorded higher growth and yield parameters at harvest viz., plant height (82.76 cm), number of tillers per plant (13.29), leaf area index (2.66), total dry matter accumulation (73.36 g/plant), number of panicle per plant (10.35), panicle length (21.59 cm), number of filled grains per panicle (90.4), grain yield (5569 kg/ha) and straw yield (7514 kg/ha). While, among the varieties used for the study, MAS 946-1 recorded the higher growth and yield parameters at harvest (64.19 cm, 13.96, 2.45, 73.34 g/plant, 10.96, 21.25 cm, 84.3, 5743 kg/ha and 7288 kg/ha, respectively). Hence, scheduling irrigation at 1.50 IW/CPE ratio and use of MAS 946-1 variety demonstrated superior performance, making it most appropriate for maximising higher production under direct seeded rice condition. Bangladesh J. Bot. 53(3): 527-533, 2024 (September)

Shape, firmness and fruit quality QTLs shared in two non-related strawberry populations

The cultivated strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) is an octoploid species (2n = 8x = 56), appreciated widely for its fruit. There have been very few studies on fruit quality traits, which are known to be mostly polygenic and environmentally dependent. To identify higher genetic variability, two non-related populations were genotyped: an F1 population cross between ‘FC50’ and ‘FD54’ and an F2 population cross between ‘Camarosa’ and ‘Dover’, hybridizing both with IStraw35k and IStraw90k SNP arrays, respectively. The F1 genetic map was constructed with 14595 SNPs and the F2 map with 7977 SNPs. High collinearity was observed when comparing one genetic map with the other and on comparing both with the octoploid genome. To assess fruit variability, both populations were phenotyped for shape, firmness, taste and other fruit traits over the 2016−2019 period. With QTL analyses, 33 stable QTLs were mapped in the ‘FC50xFD54’ population, and three hotspot regions were found for shape traits in LG3A, LG4D and LG6D. In the ‘21AF’ population, only eight stable QTLs were detected. Despite that, two major and stable QTLs were mapped in the same interval of confidence for both populations. A shared fruit shape ratio QTL which explained around 25 % of trait variance was mapped in LG3A, and a shared firmness QTL explaining 26.9 % of trait variance in LG7C. For the first time, two QTLs were discovered in LG3A and LG4A for a phenotype neck without achenes. When analysing two different mapping populations, in addition to finding specific QTL regions for the studied traits, a narrowing down of the interval of confidence for the shared QTLs is achieved. As a result of this study, a new set of SNPs for fruit firmness and shape is now available for use in MAS in strawberry breeding programs.

Introgression of a drought insensitive grain yield QTL for improvement of four Indian bread wheat cultivars using marker assisted breeding without background selection

In wheat, a major yield QTL (Qyld.csdh.7AL) contributing ~ 20% to the variation for grain yield under drought was introgressed into each of the four Indian wheat cultivars (HUW234, HUW468, K307 and DBW17) with an objective to develop high yielding drought tolerant genotypes. The marker Xwmc273.3 linked to the yield QTL was used for marker assisted foreground selection, which was followed by phenotypic selection leading to the development of 55 advanced lines. These lines were evaluated during the crop seasons 2015–2016 and 2016–2017 under irrigated and rainfed conditions at two locations (Meerut and Niphad), which differed for agro-climatic conditions. Under irrigated condition at Niphad, three lines gave 14.9–25.7% higher yield relative to the corresponding genotypes HUW234 and DWB17 that were used for introgression. Similarly, under rainfed condition at Meerut, one line gave 25.5% higher yield relative to the corresponding genotype HUW234. The high yield in the selected lines was attributed to number of grains per ear, grain weight, tiller number, biomass and lower canopy temperature. The line giving higher yield under rainfed condition also had low stress sensitivity index suggesting its ability to tolerate water-stress. The high yielding lines may be used for testing in a variety development programme. The study is yet another example of the successful use of MAS in combination with phenotypic selection for development of high yielding wheat genotypes for rainfed and irrigated conditions.

Approach to design of distributed multi-agent system for processing sound information of the environment

The processes of measurement, recording and analysis of different sound levels are considered. The amplitude and effect of sound waves vary considerably in continuous space-time measurements. Modeling different types of sounds and their spatiotemporal effects becomes important for assessing the sound situation both in working spaces and in recreation areas. Developing a model that reflects the characteristics of sounds, their sources, and the rules that govern their distribution in different environments would help track sound variations and predict their future changes for spatiotemporal states. Similar works abroad are given, but they are of a private nature. There are many features that you can use to describe audio signals. We consider a wide range of objects to evaluate the effect of each object and select the appropriate set of objects to distinguish between classes. Two estimations of a sound situation are given: on the basis of short-term energy and average speed of change. Three different classification methods are investigated: KNearest neighbors, Gaussian mixture model and Support vector machine.Multi-agent system (M)AS characteristics are given, the classification, trends in the use of multi-agent intelligent technologies for information processing are presented. Authors propose the use of MAS for sound information (MASSI) monitoring. MFSSI structure includes many agents of sound transformation, analysis of information received from them and decision-making. MASSI can handle noise levels in the urban space and to help in the study of noise pollution in many areas.

The application of gene marker-assisted selection and proteomics for the best meat quality criteria and body measurements in Qinchuan cattle breed.

In the past few decades, enhancement of animal productivity has been gaining increasing attention among decisions-makers, politicians, mangers, and breeders, because of the increasing of world population and shortage of natural resources. The selection of high productivity animals is the main goal, through the application of genetic improvement programs. The use of molecular genetics has conferred significant breeding advantages over conventional breeding techniques. In this regard, many economic characteristics are controlled by a small number of multiple gene loci, each of which is responsible for trait diversity and hence they are referred to as quantitative trait loci (QTL). Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which have recently been discovered through DNA sequencing, are considered one of the most useful types of genetic marker. SNPs are found where different nucleotides occur at the same position in the DNA sequence. They are found in both coding and noncoding regions of the genome and are present at one SNP in every 1000 b. Strategies for the identification and application of markers are based on reference to examples of loci that can control various traits. Furthermore, markers for growth, body measurements, and meat quality traits are preferred, because they can be used to predict the performance of animals, via blood samples, in the first few days of animal life. Marker-assisted selection using SNPs, such asSIRT1, SIRT2, LPL, CRTC2, SIX4, UCPs, and ZBTB38as selection criteria of body measurements and meat traits in beef cattle, will be beneficial in selection and breeding programs. The proteomic is a novel marker and a new approache of biotechnology which increases the understanding of the biological processes, besides being a remarkable biomarker that interrelated to growth and meat quality traits. Proteomics is a vigorous tool as usage for deduces molecular processes between quality traits and muscle proteins, which are helpful in analyzing the mechanisms of biochemistry that influence quality. So they could be potential biomarker for some meat quality traits. Among them, Actin, Myosin, Heat shock proteins are used a novel approaches in the field of biotechnology to understand the proteomics changes. This review article highlights the novel findings on the potential use of MAS and proteomics as biomarker for the selection for meat quality and carcass traits in Qinchuan cattle breed.

Solvent–Solid Interface of Acid Catalysts Studied by High Resolution MAS NMR

High-resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) NMR spectroscopy was used to study the effect of mixed solvent systems on the acidity at the solid–liquid interface of solid acid catalysts. A method was developed that can exploit benefits of both solution and solid-state NMR (SSNMR) by wetting porous solids with small volumes of liquids (<2 μL/mg) to create an interfacial liquid that exhibits unique motional dynamics intermediate to an isotropic liquid and a rigid solid. Results from these experiments provide information about the influence of the solvent mixtures on the acidic properties at a solid–liquid interface. Importantly, use of MAS led to spectra with full resolution between water in an acidic environment and that of bulk water. Using mixed solvent systems, the chemical shift of water was used to compare the relative acidity as a function of the hydration level of the DMSO-d6 solvent. Nonlinear increasing acidity was observed as the DMSO-d6 became more anhydrous. 1H HR-MAS NMR experiments on a varie...

A high-density linkage map with 2560 markers and its application for the localization of the male-sterile genes ms3 and ms4 in Cryptomeria japonica D. Don

Cryptomeria japonica pollinosis is one of the most serious allergic diseases in Japan; this is a social problem because C. japonica is the most important Japanese forestry species. In order to reduce the amount of pollen dispersed, breeding programs using trees with male-sterile genes have been implemented. High-density linkage maps with stable ordering of markers facilitate the localization of male-sterile genes and the construction of partial linkage maps around them in order to develop markers for use in marker-assisted selection. In this study, a high-density linkage map for C. japonica with 2560 markers was constructed. The observed map length was 1266.2 cM and the mean distance between adjacent markers was 0.49 cM. Using information from this high-density map, we newly located two male-sterile genes (ms3 and ms4) on the first and fourth linkage groups, respectively, and constructed partial linkage maps around these loci. We also constructed new partial linkage maps around the ms1 and ms2 loci using additional SNP markers. The closest markers to the ms1, ms2, ms3, and ms4 male-sterile loci were estSNP04188 (1.8 cM), estSNP00695 (7.0 cM), gSNP05415 (3.1 cM), and estSNP01408 (7.0 cM) respectively. These results allowed us to develop SNP markers tightly linked to the male sterile genes for use in MAS; this will accelerate the future isolation of these genes by map-based cloning approaches.

Detection of lethal SNP (A781G) in growth hormone (GH) gene of Indian sheep

The polymorphism of A781G locus of the growth hormone (GH) gene was analyzed in 112 Vembur sheep. HaeIII – RFLP of the GH gene (422bp) revealed the existence of two genotypes viz., AA (366 and 56bp) and AB (422, 366 and 56bp), and two alleles viz., A and B. Genotypic frequencies for AA and AB were 0.43 and 0.57, and allelic frequencies were 0.71 and 0.29 for A and B respectively. BB genotype was absent. Highly significant Chi-square value (P<0.001) showed that the population is not under Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium at the A781G locus. This indicates that molecular markers associated with embryonic survival are to be explored for their use in MAS in Vembur population.

Association analysis for grain quality traits in rice

Association analysis was conducted on a panel of accession of indigenous rice using SSR markers for nine traits related to grain and cooking quality parameters of rice. The value of PIC ranged from 0.316 (RM21945) to 0.738 (RM252) with an average of 0.505 for all the genotypes under study. A previously identified marker linked to amylose content, RM 190 on chromosome 6, showed a strong association for amylose content in this class of rice. Another marker on chromosome 7, RM11, also showed an association with amylose content. Two markers (RM169 and RM21945 with two alleles) showed associations with gel consistency. Four significant associations for gelatinization temperature were detected by four markers (RM11, RM12, RM21 and RM169). A total of six associations were detected for grain length, by five markers. For decorticated grain length 12 number of association was detected by seven markers. For grain length after cooking 11 associations were detected by six markers. Two associations were detected for grain width. Four associations were detected for decorticated grain width by three markers. Two associations were detected for grain width after cooking on chromosomes 4 and 5. The present study also validated the two linked markers, RM21936 for grain length and RMw513 for grain length after cooking, for use in MAS. The study indicates the presence of novel QTLs for a few traits under consideration. The study reveals the feasibility of undertaking association analysis in conjunction with germplasm characterization.

Validation of rapid DNA extraction protocol and their effectiveness in marker assisted selection in crop plants

In the present study, a simple and ultra quick protocol for extraction of genomic DNA was successfully validated in four different crops namely rice, wheat, lentil and Indian mustard. The method is simple and involves only two steps, it does not involve use of liquid nitrogen and other expensive and toxic reagents, and is highly suited for analyzing large number of samples within a short span of time. This makes it very attractive for use in MAS even in smaller labs where no sophisticated facilities are available.

English

Angular Leaf Spot (ALS) caused by the fungus&nbsp;Pseudocercospora griseola&nbsp;and Bean common mosaic and necrosis virus (BCMV/BCMNV) are important diseases of common bean in Tanzania that can cause severe yield reduction when uncontrolled. This study was conducted to incorporate resistant genes for ALS and BCMV/BCMNV diseases into adapted, market class and farmers and consumers preferred bean genotype using Marker assisted selection. The parents Mexico 54 and UBR(25)95 donor of&nbsp;Phg-2&nbsp;and&nbsp;I/bc-3&nbsp;genes for ALS and BCMV/BCMNV, respectively were used the recipient being Kablanketi. In selection, SCAR markers SNO2, ROC11 and SW13 linked to&nbsp;Phg-2,&nbsp;bc-3&nbsp;and&nbsp;I gene, respectively were used. A parallel backcrossing (modified double cross) procedure was used. The F1, F2&nbsp;and backcrosses from single crosses were characterized. The Chi square values for ALS were 0.081 (P&lt;0.776) and 0.017 (P&lt;0.896) and for BCMNV were 1.609 (P&lt;0.205) and 1.2 (P&lt;0.273) for molecular and phenotypic screening, respectively. The resistance to ALS and BCMNV was found to be monogenic and the genes involved are dominant and recessive, respectively. The heritability of ALS was found to be high (0.772) implying that selection for ALS can be done early in segregating populations. High correlation values, r = 0.741 and 0.624 for ALS and BCMNV, were obtained between phenotypic and molecular data, indicating high reliability for markers. In selection, it was possible to select lines with multiple disease resistances. This work signified the use of MAS for multiple gene screening. Key words:&nbsp;Common bean,&nbsp;Pseudocercospora griseola, marker assisted selection, genotype, inheritance.

Retraction Note to: A reexamination of molecular markers for use in marker-assisted breeding in tomato

Molecular markers have been used for identification and mapping of genes and QTLs for numerous agriculturally important traits in tomato, including resistance/tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses and fruit- and flower-related characteristics. However, the extent to which markers have been utilized in tomato breeding programs has not been clearly determined. A review of the literature indicated that the utility of most markers for use in tomato breeding programs have not been verified. Many markers are not validated across tomato genotypes or are not polymorphic within tomato breeding populations. In this study, we examined the utility of available markers for several major disease resistance traits in tomato by testing them in a number of breeding lines and commercial cultivars with known resistance/susceptibility responses. While several markers were validated, others needed PCR optimization for successful amplifications or were not informative in the genotypes used. Specifically, of the 37 markers examined 19 (~51%) were informative, including markers for resistance to Fusarium wilt, late blight, bacterial wilt, tomato mosaic virus, tomato spotted wilt virus, and root knot nematodes. It appears that many of the available markers may need to be further refined or examined for trait association and presence of polymorphism in breeding lines and populations. However, with recent advances in tomato sequencing, it is becoming increasingly possible to develop more informative markers to accelerate the use of MAS in tomato breeding.

Image analysis for QTL mapping of flower colour and leaf characteristics in pot azalea (Rhododendron simsii hybrids)

In azalea breeding, flower colour is the most essential selection criterion, but leaf morphology also influences attractiveness of the plant. Despite extensive study of the inheritance of flower colour, no explanation has yet been found for the pink phenotype. We have used image analysis to quantify flower colour and leaf morphology. Flower colour was quantified in a whole population. Pink flower colour has been confirmed to be the result of a gene-dosage effect; two major QTLs were found for flower colour as well as some minor QTLs that seem to be related to pink coloration. Leaf morphology (colour and shape) was scored in four unrelated populations by means of image analysis. The image analysis generated continuous, highly informative data for QTL mapping. Both classical parameters and symmetrical elliptic Fourier descriptors successfully described leaf morphology. Image analysis resulted in large data sets that had to be combined in principal components. Only a limited number of QTLs were found for leaf colour, but we could discern some major QTLs for leaf shape and size that were consistent over the different mapping populations. These QTLs are the most interesting candidates for future analysis of the selected traits. The multi-population approach certainly proved to be valuable for QTL mapping of complex traits. For leaf morphology, however, more research is needed to identify the most valuable QTLs for future use in MAS.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: A reexamination of molecular markers for use in marker-assisted breeding in tomato

Molecular markers have been used for identification and mapping of genes and QTLs for numerous agriculturally important traits in tomato, including resistance/tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses and fruit- and flower-related characteristics. However, the extent to which markers have been utilized in tomato breeding programs has not been clearly determined. A review of the literature indicated that the utility of most markers for use in tomato breeding programs have not been verified. Many markers are not validated across tomato genotypes or are not polymorphic within tomato breeding populations. In this study, we examined the utility of available markers for several major disease resistance traits in tomato by testing them in a number of breeding lines and commercial cultivars with known resistance/susceptibility responses. While several markers were validated, others needed PCR optimization for successful amplifications or were not informative in the genotypes used. Specifically, of the 37 markers examined 19 (~51%) were informative, including markers for resistance to Fusarium wilt, late blight, bacterial wilt, tomato mosaic virus, tomato spotted wilt virus, and root knot nematodes. It appears that many of the available markers may need to be further refined or examined for trait association and presence of polymorphism in breeding lines and populations. However, with recent advances in tomato sequencing, it is becoming increasingly possible to develop more informative markers to accelerate the use of MAS in tomato breeding.

Effect of a major QTL affecting IPN resistance on production traits in Atlantic salmon

This study investigated the effect of a major QTL for resistance to IPN in salmon on performance and production traits. The traits studied were related to growth, fillet and gutted yields, and fat content. Two different analyses were performed: (1) regression of the phenotypic data of the production traits on the predicted number of resistant IPN-QTL alleles in individuals and (2) a variance component analysis using the (co)variance matrix calculated at the putative location of the QTL. No significant effect of the QTL was detected on any of the traits investigated by either method. The result has important practical implications in that it encourages the use of MAS to reduce the risks and impact of IPN mortality.

Robustness in adaptative Holonic Multiagent Systems : the Open-Control concept

Abstract MAS are particularly pertinent to deal with distributed and dynamic environment. The management of business workflow, of flexible manufacturing systems are typically some examples of problems where the use of MAS is a actual benefit. Indeed, this kind of application requires a robust and flexible control of data to face with changes on the network. In the context of FMS, where products and resources entities can be seen as active, this paper presents the open-control concept and gives an example of its instantiation with holonic scheme. The open-control concept proposed in this paper exhibits the classic explicit control, as well as an innovative type of control called implicit control that allows system entities of being influenced autonomously via an Optimization Mechanism (OM). We illustrate our proposition by an implementation on a flexible assembly cell in our university.

Breeding to reduce susceptibility to Escherichia coli in layers

Colibacillosis is a bacterial disease of great concern in the layer industry causing substantial animal and economic losses worldwide. Breeding for resistance to colibacillosis is an important control strategy that would complement traditional management strategies such as vaccinations and therapeutic treatments. Because antibiotic use in animal production is expected to substantially decrease in the future to meet not only consumer demands but also regulations, it is expected that bacterial diseases such as colibacillosis will become even more important. A challenge test was carried out on 353 pedigreed White Leghorn female chickens of 1 pure line. The birds were inoculated with Escherichia coli at an age of 93 to 95 wk (3 hatches) and symptoms of disease and mortality were constantly monitored for up to 6 d after inoculation. The cumulative mortality was 64%, the majority of which took place in the first 2 d. In the present study, genetic parameters of resistance to colibacillosis were estimated to judge the value of genetic selection. The heritability for survival rate was 0.17 ± 0.07. Both for quantitative as well as for qualitative traits of economic interest, there was no remarkable difference between survivors and hens that died. Data showed that it is in principle possible to breed for colibacillosis resistance without penalizing the improvement in other key traits. The B21 marker for MHC in this study was associated with a lower colibacillosis susceptibility. In this study, it was demonstrated that it is possible to breed for Escherichia coli resistance. However, due to the inconveniences of a challenge test, it would be very interesting to make use of MAS.

Design and evaluation of the use of MAS with selective breeding of abalone

Design and evaluation of the use of MAS with selective breeding of abalone

Estimation of Genetic Parameters for Quantitative Trait Loci for Dairy Traits in the French Holstein Population

A marker-assisted selection program (MAS) has been implemented in dairy cattle in France. The efficiency of such a selection program depends on the use of correct genetic parameters for the marked quantitative trait loci (QTL). Therefore, the objective of this study was to estimate the proportion of genetic variance explained by 4 QTL described in previous studies (these QTL are segregating on chromosomes 6, 14, 20, and 26). Genotypes for 11 markers were available for 3,974 bulls grouped within 54 sire families of the French Holstein population undergoing MAS. The parameters were estimated for 4 QTL and 5 dairy traits: milk, fat and protein yields, and fat and protein percentages. The proportion of genetic variance explained by the QTL ranged from as low as 0.03 to 0.36%. Both lack of marker informativity and poor monitoring of QTL transmission might limit the accuracy of estimation. The QTL explained a larger proportion of genetic variance for milk composition traits. The QTL on chromosome 14 and chromosomes 6 and 20 have their largest influence on fat and protein percentages, respectively. The overall proportions of genetic variance explained by the QTL were 27.0, 30.7, 24.1, 48.2, and 33.6% for milk, fat and protein yields, and fat and protein percentages, respectively. These results clearly indicated that a large part of the genetic variance is explained by a small number of QTL and that their use in MAS might be beneficial for dairy cattle breeding programs.

How the Diagnostic and Interactive use of MAS Determine the Relationship between Task Uncertainty and Organizational Performance

This study investigated the interaction effect of task uncertainty, diagnostic use of MAS, and interactive use of MAS on organizational performance. Survey results obtained from 211 managers showed a three-way interaction model. The results indicate that the relationship between performance and task uncertainty was dependent on the level of the diagnostic and interactive use of MAS. More specifically, the results indicated that performance was positive under high levels of task uncertainty when managers employ low and high interactive use of MAS. The managerial implications of these findings are discussed.