Use Of LPG Research Articles

Analysis of Carbon Monoxide (CO) Quality Due to the Construction of the Miftahun Najah Islamic Boarding School

Air pollution comes from construction activities in the development of educational infrastructure buildings because it has an impact on changes in green open space and an increase in air pollution, especially Carbon Monoxide (CO) emissions in the air. The contribution of increasing CO2 and CO emissions can be sourced from all activities of workers who use energy such as procurement of building materials, use of transportation fuels, electricity use activities, and LPG use activities. Carbon footprint is a measure of the total amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions that come from activities or accumulations from daily activities. This study aims to determine the amount of carbon Monoxide (CO) and CO2 emissions as indicators of air quality at the Miftahun Najah Islamic Boarding School. Measurement of Carbon Monoxide (CO) parameters was carried out for one week with 7 samplings in the morning and samplings in the afternoon in situ. Measurements using the Lutron GCO-2008 CO meter and carbon footprint calculations using the IPCC 2006 method. The measurement results were obtained in the afternoon with a total of 9,926 mg/Nm3 and the lowest in the morning was 1,102 mg/Nm3. Air temperature in the morning to evening ranged from 29oC – 36oC. The results showed that the concentration of Carbon Monoxide in the development of Islamic boarding school buildings was still below the quality standards set according to Government Regulation No. 22 of 2021, namely10,000 μg / Nm3.

Edukasi pemanfaatan teknologi biogas sebagai sumber energi alternatif di Desa Kuala Terusan Kabupaten Pelalawan, Riau

Gas is a state asset that can be traded through state-owned or private companies to consumers. The gas produced will be processed in accordance with the regulations and consumer needs. The processing can be channeled directly to consumers or processed in a way that is more consumptive for the community, such as LPG. The use of LPG is now a necessity by the community for kitchen purposes in general. Gas supply is not necessarily evenly distributed, causing people to innovate to find alternatives by utilizing the natural surroundings. One example of nature that can be used as an alternative is to use biogas. This biogas is a solution for people who have not been reached by LPG or have difficulty getting LPG. So that people can create their own alternative energy as a backup without worrying about running out of LPG.

Studi Perbandingan Bahan Bakar Minyak Dengan Bahan Bakar Gas LPG (Liquified Petroleum Gas) Terhadap Konsumsi Bahan Bakar Sepeda Motor 4 Tak 125 CC

<em>Liquified Petroleum Gas is a gaseous hydrocarbon produced from gas and oil with the main components being propane and butane. The use of LPG gas fuel was chosen because it is able to reduce the amount of fuel consumption by up to 30% more efficient than fuel oil in general. The use of LPG fuel can be optimized by modifying the size of the pilot jet, the size of the main jet and the gas flow valve opening on the regulator. The purpose of this study was to investigate how big the ratio of fuel consumption between LPG fuel and pertalite fuel is. This study used Honda Supra 125 D as a sample. The variables used in this study include: variations in the size of the pilot jet (40, 42, 45), variations in the size of the main jet (72, 98, 120) and the gas flow valve opening on the regulator (10%, 15%, 20%). The results showed that the lowest LPG fuel consumption value was obtained at 156.5 grams per 10 kilometers, while the pertalite fuel consumption value was obtained at 232.9 grams (after converting from liters to grams). The most influential factor is the replacement of the main jet size on the use of LPG fuel.</em>

Delineating energy consumption behaviour: A household-level assessment from India's energy NEXUS strategy

The UN's seventh Sustainable Development Goal aims to ensure everyone affordable and reliable modern energy services by 2030. Despite government efforts, 660 million Indians are still found to be using solid fuels. Exposure to indoor air pollution results in numerous health complications and premature deaths. Against this backdrop, the present study aims to (a) provide an inclusive assessment of cooking energy consumption behaviour and (b) analyse household energy use perception and the scope of LPG as a clean energy source. The study uses 2018 Access to Clean Cooking Energy and Electricity – Survey of States data. It is found that while government schemes are effective in improving penetration, refilling cost of LPG and accessibility remain the principal hurdles. While fear attached with safety issues is found to be a dominant-negative determinants of LPG adoption, better health outcomes and user convenience are found to be major positive determinants associated with LPG use. Free availability, easy accessibility, and other benefits of solid biomass make it even impossible to eliminate fuel-stacking. It is suggested that provision of instant subsidies along with availablity of alternative income-generating opportunitie can reduce the burden of LPG refilling costs on households. Further, making provisions for the users to refill cylinders from the nearest authorised distributors could be a step forward to enhance LPG use. Effort towards promoting energy-efficient alternative technologies (e.g. solar cookers, kettles, etc.) and education, organisation of training programs with the help of local dealers and public institutions, and empowering women can go a long way to boost LPG use.

Briquettes from Pinus spp. Residues: Energy Savings and Emissions Mitigation in the Rural Sector

This study analyzes the household energy needs of the indigenous community of San Francisco Pichátaro, Michoacán, Mexico, and the use of Pinus spp. wood residues for the production of briquettes. The energy and emission performances of wood briquettes were evaluated on the field and in the laboratory. On-field surveys and measurements show that most users combine the use of fuelwood and LPG for cooking and heating water, and 65% of people use fuelwood daily (40% of houses consumed more than 39 kg per week). The use of biomass waste is an energy option in rural communities and contributes to reducing firewood consumption and mitigating GHGs. Briquettes gasification to heat water reduces 74% of GHG emissions, increases the thermal efficiency by 30%, and reduces pollutant emissions of CO, CH4, and PM2.5, NMHC, EC, and OC by 50% to 75% compared to a three-stone fire. The use of briquettes on the Patsari stove showed energy savings of 12% and a 36% reduction in CO2e compared to the “U” type open fire. The briquettes could reduce the fuelwood consumption by 318 t/year. It is possible to produce briquettes at a cost similar to or cheaper than fuelwood and generate a local market (circular economy) with local benefits.

KADAR EMISI GAS BUANG PADA SI ENGINE 4 STROKE-LPG FUEL DENGAN VARIASI BUKAAN KATUP GAS

Abstract The use of LPG fuel in spark ignition engines continues to be developed, including the use of converter kits as a conversion tool from gasoline to LPG. However, the use of converter kits is not optimal because the mixture of air and gas has not been mixed heterogeneously in the combustion chamber. Therefore, it is necessary to redesign the converter kits that speed up the mixing process between air and gas. This study aims to evaluate the use of LPG fuel in spark ignition engines with converter kits on variations in throttle valve openings on exhaust gas emissions and exhaust gas temperatures. The research method used is an experiment with variations in the throttle valve opening on the engine are 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. Data that will be compared on the use of gasoline and LPG fuels include carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and mean gas temperature. The results showed that the use of fuel between gasoline and LPG on exhaust gas emission levels in spark ignition engines with variations in throttle valve openings was able to reduce CO emissions by 92% on average, HC by 72%, and increase the mean average temperature by 17%. This shows that the use of converter kits at each valve opening is able to reduce levels of CO and HC exhaust emissions compared to gasoline. However, it is inversely proportional to the mean gas temperature, at each variation of the gas valve opening there is a significant increase in temperature. This is because the heating value of LPG is greater than that of gasoline.Keywords—Exhaust gas emission, spark ignition engine, throttle valve open

Effect of extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic field on processing and quality of local fresh milk

This research aims to examine the effect of exposure to extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields on the processing and quality of fresh milk. Furthermore, an environmentally friendly technology that does not require LPG gas or fuel was generated for handling and processing fresh milk. This research consisted of two treatments, such as the type of milk and storage time, which included 0, 5, and 19 hours. Each treatment combination was replicated three times, and the parameters observed were pH as well as the number of microbes. The result shows that exposure to ELF of 801 μT waves for 90 minutes affects the type of milk and total microbes. In addition, the pH value decreased with increasing storage time, while the total microbial value increased with increasing storage time. The use of ELF waves extends shelf life and has the potential for environmentally friendly processing of fresh milk without the use of LPG and fuel.

Experimental investigation of the use of LPG in a gasoline vehicle with a fuel stratified injection

Experimental investigation of the use of LPG in a gasoline vehicle with a fuel stratified injection

Designing and Manufacturing of Grain Dryer Machine using Coconut Shell Fuel as an Alternative Heat Energy

Many problems in the process of drying grain with a solar heat source. One of the factors is the erratic weather, where the rainy season comes along with harvest time. To overcome these obstacles, a grain dryer was designed that uses a rotary system that is simpler and more efficient and uses coconut shells as an alternative fuel. This study aims to obtain fast and affordable grain drying results by farmers using a rotary system dryer with coconut shell fuel. The benefit of this research is to provide an alternative solution for the community in dealing with harvesting in the rainy season by reducing land for drying grain. Equipment preparation was carried out in particular by using standard equipment to cut and connect the seat frame including the use of silencers and gasoline-fueled motors as propulsion and other supporting equipment. The components of each unit of grain drying machine are assembled and tested in stages according to procedures and functions. The test results show that the use of coconut shell can reach drying temperatures faster than the use of LPG, coconut shell fuel is better at reducing the moisture content of grain than the use of LPG. Testing of coconut shell fuel is done by drying 30 kg of grain for 20 minutes and 15 minutes. It can be concluded that the use of coconut shell as an alternative fuel can achieve a faster drying temperature than the use of LPG fuel. The use of coconut shell fuel to dry 30 kg of grain and reach a moisture content of up to 12% requires an effective time of 15 minutes.

Investigation study for the effect using LPG on characteristics of gasoline engine

ABSTRACT This paper presents an experimental study of the effectusing LPG instead of gasoline fuel on single-cylinder spark-ignition engine characteristics. The experiments were carried out at different engine loads and variable engine speed of (2400–3600) rpm. Significantreductionin brake specific fuel consumption by (5.42%)when LPG fuel was used as compared to gasoline. The use of LPG leads to a decrease in volumetric efficiency and brake thermal efficiency. The concentration CO and CO2 emissions is decreased by (11.54%, 14.4%) respectively with LPG compared to gasoline, except for the concentration of NOx, which increases by (10.8%) due to higher cylinder pressure and temperature in the case of LPG fuel compared to gasoline. The obtained results are validated with the same case study numerically with the help of simulation software Diesel-rk as well as with the results of other researchers.

Assessment and analysis of potentially explosive areas in distribution stations, generated by alternative fuels such as LPG, CNG and H2

Rising prices and the desire to reduce pollution by replacing traditional fuels (benzine and diesel) in the transport system require solutions to make this sector more economically efficient. The use of LPG, CNG and H2 implies, from the point of view of explosion risks, additional features compared to conventional filling stations to increase safety and environmental protection. Thus, this paper presents the effects caused by each fuel analysed (LPG, CNG and H2), in the worst case, the initiation case. The analysis performed is based on simulation using ANSYS – Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software, and the result is particularly useful for adopting optimal measures to minimise the risk of explosion.

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM MAPPING OF KEROSENE BUSINESSES IN JAYAPURA

The role of BBM is very important in people's lives. Fuel is a basic need for rural and urban communities, both as household needs and as business needs. The existence of kerosene in Jayapura is quite evenly distributed. From the results of survey conducted by the OFFICE OF INDUSTRY, COOPERATIVE TRADE AND SMEs that every year the use of LPG as fuel for cooking is still very low, while the use of kerosene from year to year is widely used by local community, it causes more kerosene bussiness but people have difficulty getting information about the location to get the kerosene, therefore we need a system that can help find the location, namely geographic information system that can provide information about fuel oil base points. This system is in symbols form for making the system using QGIS with the PIECES analysis method, the design using Unified Modeling Language (UML) method and the development method using waterfall method. This research produces a system that can be expected to make it easier for the public to know the distribution of kerosene in Jayapura

Household energy use pattern in rural India: A path towards sustainable development

Inadequate access to a clean and affordable energy source and large-scale use of solid fuels are the primary reasons behind low quality of life in most of the developing countries. Although the SDG7 ensures access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern eneregy around three billion people worldwide use solid fuels for cooking purposes. In India, only 49% population have access to clean fuels. About four million people die prematurely due to illness caused by household air pollution that comes from inefficient cooking practices. Exposure to indoor air pollution increases the risk of childhood pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in adults, and stroke. Given this backdrop, the objectives of the present study are to (i) access and examine the pattern of household energy use and (ii) identify the factors influencing household's cooking energy preferencesin India. The paper has used primary data collected by the Access to Clean Cooking Energy and Electricity- Survey of States (ACCESS) 2014-15. Multinomial logit model (MNL) and descriptive statistics have been used to analyse the data. The result of the current study indicates that households with regular and fixed sources of income, such as salaried jobs, own businesses, etc., are less likely to use solid fuels. Age and education level of household head, decission making (on purchage of durable goods) by female and both (i.e. male-female), households having higher monthly expenditure and a pucca house discourage traditional fuel use. Further, households with irregular sources of income and kaccha houses continue to use solid fuels. Unexpectedly, physical assets act as incentives to use solid fuel . Based on the results, it is evident that government policy like Pradhan Mantri Ujjawala Yojana (PMUY) is necessary but not sufficient. Locational analysis indicates that peopleare more inclined towards traditional fuel usage in areas where forest cover is high. The findings suggest that providing alternative income-generating opportunities, increasing working days under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) scheme and its coverage would be a step forward. Further, the promotion of women education and mass awareness programs can result in better health and environmental outcomes. Moreover, initiative towards merging of fragmented agriculture landholdings and promoting allied activities such as fisheries, poultry farming etc., can play a major role in boosting household income and thereby LPG use.

Estimation of greenhouse gas emission from household activities during the COVID-19 pandemic in Binjai City, North Sumatera

Household activities have the potential to produce greenhouse gas emissions. The government’s policy to work and study from home during the COVID-19 pandemic affects greenhouse gas emissions produced by household activities, starting from energy and waste and liquid waste produced, so it is necessary to carry out an emission inventory. The purpose of this study is to calculate greenhouse gas emissions (CO2 and CH4) from household activities in Binjai City during the COVID-19 pandemic and determine emission reduction scenarios that can be carried out in Binjai City. The calculation method used is based on the 2006 IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel in Climate Change) guidelines. CO2 emissions resulting from the use of LPG are 2025.80 tons CO2e/month, the use of fuel for daily transportation activities is 3484.84 tons CO2e/month, and electricity usage is 14956.66 Ton CO2e/month. CH4 emissions produced from domestic liquid waste are 417.14 tons CO2e/month, and household waste is 27.54 tons CO2e/month. The COVID-19 pandemic increases GHG emissions from household electricity consumption in Binjai City by ± 7% and reduces GHG emissions from fuel consumption by 3.5%.

Investigation of the Effects of Liquid LPG Use in a Gasoline Injection Turbocharged Engine

This study examines the effects of starting a vehicle with a turbo-direct gaso-line injector (T-GDI) engine with liquid LPG on engine torque and exhaust emis-sions (CO, CO2, HC, and O2). Vehicle experiments were conducted on a chassis dynamometer. For this purpose, the vehicle was operated with pure gasoline and liquid LPG at engine speeds of 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, and 4500 rpm, and the change of all values of each fuel is recorded. The results showed an increase in engine’s torque and engine power, along with liquid LPG. Besides, CO, HC, and O2 emissions decreased, while CO2 emissions increased.

Impact of LPG promotion program in Ghana: The role of distance to refill

This study investigates the impact of a clean cooking intervention on primary fuel choice and on households’ willingness to pay for an improved LPG distribution model in Ghana. Using data obtained via a survey of 904 households in two beneficiary districts, we found that the intervention led to higher LPG usage. The program increases the probability of households choosing LPG as a primary cooking fuel by 24% and the rate of use of LPG among households by 33%. Furthermore, an analysis of willingness to pay shows that delivery preference is not statistically different between beneficiary and control groups. The distance to refill the cylinder significantly affects LPG usage and willingness to pay. A policy that brings LPG refill closer to households and reduces the time and money cost of accessing a refill station is key to increasing the adoption of LPG as the primary cooking fuel.

Impact of COVID-19 on household energy use in Ghana

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Different Governments’ response to the COVID-19 pandemic is likely to have varying effects on different sectors of the economy including the energy sector. It is unknown how the pandemic and the different government response and control measures impacted on the clean energy landscape in Ghana. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the COVID 19 pandemic on household access to and sustained use of clean energy for cooking in Ghana and also on the implementation of the government’s Cylinder Recirculation Model (CRM). METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study that employed a mixed-methods approach to data collection. The data collection was conducted in the Kintampo and Obuasi Municipalities of Ghana involving key players in the clean energy sector including households, LPG purveyors, and relevant policymakers and implementers. We adopted the Exploration, Preparation, Implementation and Sustainment (EPIS) implementation framework RESULTS:Although the pandemic did not halt the implementation of the LPG CRM, it stalled the process in some ways. For instance, the building of large-scale bottling plants was stalled due to challenge with finding private capital to fund the project. Demand for LPG initially increased due to panic buying by households in anticipation of a lockdown. Supply did not change drastically because of measures put in place to allow personnel in the energy sector including LPG to continue to work even during the lockdown. Changes in household’s income and expenditure during the pandemic were found to be associated with the choice of current cooking fuels and the use of LPG. CONCLUSIONS:The findings of the study highlight the mitigating factors in the household energy sector during the pandemic, provide lessons that can improve the resilience of the sector to ensure sustained use of clean fuels and inform the implementation of clean energy programs during pandemics. KEYWORDS: COVID 19, household clean energy, Cylinder Recirculation Model, Ghana

KAJIAN JEJAK KARBON (CARBON FOOTPRINT) DI FMIPA UNIVERSITAS NEGERI SEMARANG

Human activities that produce carbon dioxide emissions and are called carbon footprints or carbon footprints have a big role in global warming. As part of its contribution to climate change mitigation efforts and environmental preservation, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science Universitas Negeri Semarang (FMIPA UNNES) has been actively developing conservation policies. The programs developed as an effort to mitigate climate change have been running for a long time. However, so far it is not certain how much CO2 emissions are produced and minimized by FMIPA UNNES. The purpose of this study was to analyze the amount of CO2 emissions produced in the FMIPA environment, to map the carbon footprint (CO2) produced from activities on the Unnes campus, to identify what factors influence CO2 emissions resulting from activities in FMIPA. The research was conducted from May to October 2020. The data obtained were obtained from primary data and secondary data. Primary data were obtained through field surveys, while secondary data were obtained from existing data. The carbon footprint that will be taken is obtained from electronic measurements, waste and transportation. The data instrument was converted into carbon footprint units (grams CO2-ek) using a carbon footprint calculator (Ver 2) developed by IESR. The results showed that the carbon footprint generated from campus activities at FMIPA in 2020 before the Covid-19 pandemic outbreak was 10,670.25 ton CO2-eq / month. This carbon footprint decreased during the pandemic to 4,312.27 ton CO2-eq / month. This total carbon footprint consists of scope one in the form of transportation activities by operational vehicles and use of LPG, scope two of electricity spending activities, scope three in the form of transportation activities by lecturers, staff, and students, use of paper, and waste disposal.

The complexity of barriers to biogas digester dissemination in Indonesia: challenges for agriculture waste management

In the global south, the use of firewood and LPG as dominant energy sources for cooking contributes to socio-ecological issues. Alternatively, biogas is considered a clean energy source generated from organic waste. However, in Indonesia, until 2018, only less than 2% of households utilized biogas for cooking fuel. This research aims to explore the landscape of biogas governance in Indonesia, its fragmentation, and its relation with biodigester dissemination. This study found that there is fragmentation within small-medium scale national biogas programs in Indonesia. Seven national government biogas programs have similar governance arrangements and characteristics; scattered in different departments within the ministry, using the grant approach with two main vendors, often overlapping with local government programs, and not providing proper monitoring and evaluation mechanism, as well as proper training for users. Meanwhile, the biogas program by a non-government organization utilizes a semi-commercial approach; collaborating with multiple stakeholders (governments, local construction partner organizations, cooperatives, and private sectors-companies and banks); and has standardized training and after-sale services. Within those biogas programs, there are multiple barriers along the supply chain process of biodigester dissemination. These barriers relate to the governance aspect of biogas programs. Fragmented governance affected the capability of each program to tackle barriers in biogas digester dissemination. Besides, heavy subsidy on LPG by the government reduced attraction to biogas. This study shows technology adoption barriers beyond the user/individual aspects. It shows interaction among different factors such as policy, the governance of technology transfer, technical production issues, and socio-cultural problems.

Household Energy Utilization Trends in Kenya: Effects of Peri Urbanization

Household energy utilization trends have been argued to be affected by the rate of urbanization. Therefore, due to lack of information there is need to understand the effects of peri urbanization. The main objective of this research was to investigate household energy utilization trends and the effects of peri urbanization on household energy utilization and changing behaviour. The research was carried out in the counties of Bungoma and Uasin-Gishu of Kenya. Random sampling technique was used to select 560 households from a target household of 663,739 and data was collected using a structured questionnaire. The results showed that firewood is still the most common energy resource used for cooking in both rural and peri urban areas as evidenced by responses of 87.5% and 72.4%, respectively. The use of LPG (26 to 42%), charcoal (39.4% to 53.8%) and kerosene (14.3% to 17.3%) for cooking were found to increase as one move from rural to peri-urban and vice versa for agricultural residues (12.3% to 5.3%). Biogas uptake still represents a small fraction (11.4 to 14.6%) of the energy mix at local level. The use of solar for lighting showed reduction as one move from rural to peri urban (44.8% to 39.6%) and vice versa for kerosene (68.4% to 72%) and electricity (55.5% to 58.2%). In conclusion, this study showed that household energy utilization and changing behaviour in Kenya are affected by peri urbanization among others. This study offers understandings in enhancing household energy policy making in Kenya.