Use Of Intraosseous Infusion Research Articles

The Use of Intraosseous Infusion in the Early Resuscitation of Patients With Extremely Severe Burns.

According to research, shock, the most common complication of extremely severe burns, is also the leading cause of mortality among patients with such burns. The case fatality rate reaches 83.45% when the total burn area exceeds 90%. The American Heart Association in 2020 recommended the intraosseous (IO) access after the peripheral access and prior to the central venous access when venous cannulation is either difficult or delayed. The use and experience with intraosseous infusion in extremely severe burns are still limited. We report efficacy and safety results from 19 burn patients treated with IO infusion between June 2020 and December 2022. In these patients, the mean injury time of burns was 1.55 ± 1.10 hours, the mean burn surface area was 86.24% ± 11.33%, the mean catheterization time was 49.68 ± 10.11 seconds, and the mean emergency retention time was 2.75 ± 1.74 hours, the mean actual fluid supplement amount was 5,533.68 ± 3,077.19 mL, the mean hourly urine volume of the patient was 93.31 ± 60.94 mL, the mean emergency detention time was 4.16 ± 2.97 hours, and the mean duration of hospitalization was 34.50 ± 25.38 days. The results demonstrated a clinically meaningful improvement and higher response rate vs peripheral venous cannulation and an acceptable safety profile in those patients.

The history of bone marrow in orthopaedic surgery (part I trauma): trepanning, bone marrow injection in damage control resuscitation, and bone marrow aspiration to heal fractures.

One of the oldest procedures performed by man is trepanning of the bone and yet it was only in the last 40years that bone marrow aspiration has been used to treat nonunion disorders. These advances were possible due to improvements in instruments and in techniques to make holes in the bone, an history that began with skull trephinations around 8000-10,000years ago, and continued with sternum bone marrow injection for trauma resuscitation in the beginning of the twentieth century; this procedure had improved at the beginning of the twenty-first century to allow pelvis bone marrow aspiration for the treatment of nonunion. Trephined skulls from antiquity have been found in many parts of world, showing that trephining was ancient and widespread. Beginning with Neolithic period and the pre-Columbian Andean civilizations, the authors have traced the development of this surgical skill by describing the various surgical tools used to perform holes in the skull. These tools (trephines or trepan) were proposed at the end of the nineteenth century to study the bone marrow. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the sternum became the center of interest for the "in vivo" study of the bone marrow and the fluid injection in the sternum's bone marrow was described for resuscitation from shock during the World War II. With the introduction of plastic catheters and improved cannulation techniques, the need for intraosseous infusion as an alternative route for intravenous access diminished and sometimes abandoned. However, during the mid-1980s, James Orlowski allowed renaissance of the use of intraosseous infusion for paediatric resuscitation. Since then, this technique has become widespread and is now recognized as an alternative to intravenous access in adult emergencies; particularly, the intraosseous access has received class IIA recommendation from the Advanced Trauma Life Support program supported by the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma and bone marrow infusion is now recommended for "Damage Control" resuscitation. Although the pelvis bone contains half of the body's marrow volume, it was only in 1950 that the pelvis was proposed as a source for bone marrow aspiration and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells to improve healing of fractures. It will be many years before doing holes in the bone as orthopaedic trauma procedure will be relegated to the annals of history.

Current use of intraosseous infusion in Danish emergency departments

Results Overall response rate was 95% (n = 19). Of the responding Danish emergency departments 74% (n = 14) have intraosseous devices. Despite this 33% (n = 6) of the departments did not use intraosseous devices at all and in 68% (n = 13) it was used infrequently. In 47% (n = 9) of the departments there had never been any training sessions in the use of intraosseous devices, and 42% (n = 8) did not have standard operating procedures on IOI. The indication for IOI use was often not clearly defined and only 11% (n = 2) consistently used IOI on relevant indication. This was a surprise since 95% (n = 18) of responders were aware that IOI can be used in both paediatric and adult resuscitation.

Current use of intraosseous infusion in Danish emergency departments: a cross-sectional study.

BackgroundIntraosseous infusion (IOI) is recommended when intravenous access cannot be readily established in both pediatric and adult resuscitation. We evaluated the current use of IOI in Danish emergency departments (EDs).MethodsAn online questionnaire was e-mailed to the Heads of Department of the twenty EDs currently established in Denmark. The questionnaire focused on the use of IOI in the EDs and included questions on frequency of use, training, equipment and attitudes towards IOI.ResultsWe received a total of 19 responses (response rate of 95%). Of the responding 19 Danish EDs 74% (n = 14) reported having intraosseous devices available. The median number of IOI procedures performed in these departments over the preceding 12 months was 5.0 (range: 0-45). In 47% (n = 9) of the departments, prior training sessions in the use of intraosseous devices had not been provided, and 42% (n = 8) did not have local guidelines on IOI. The indication for IOI use was often not clearly defined and only 11% (n = 2) consistently used IOI on relevant indication. This is surprising as 95% (n = 18) of responders were aware that IOI can be utilized in both pediatric and adult resuscitation.ConclusionsThe study shows considerable variations in IOI usage in Danish EDs despite the fact that IOI devices were available in the majority of EDs. In addition, in many EDs there were no local guidelines on IOI and no training in the procedure. We recommend more extensive training of medical staff in IOI techniques in Danish EDs.

Intraosseous Infusions: A Review for the Anesthesiologist with a Focus on Pediatric Use

Intraosseous (IO) access is used most frequently for emergency care of critically ill infants and children when IV access cannot be rapidly achieved. Despite its efficacy in such situations, applications outside of the emergency room or resuscitation scenario have been limited. Furthermore, although the technique is emphasized in the teaching of those caring for critically ill infants and children in the emergency room or critical care setting, there is limited emphasis on its potential use in the perioperative setting. When peripheral venous access cannot be achieved in the operating room, alternative means of securing vascular access such as central line placement or surgical cutdown are generally successful; however, these techniques may be time consuming. Anyone providing anesthesia care for infants and children may want to become facile with the use of IO infusions for selected indications. We present the history of IO infusions, review the anatomy of the bone marrow space, discuss the potential role of IO infusions in the perioperative period, and analyze its adverse effect profile.

The use of intraosseous infusions in the operating room

The use of an intraosseous (IO) infusion during the anesthetic care of an 8-month-old, 5.4-kg infant with cyanotic congenital heart disease (CHD) is presented. Previous vascular access had resulted in thrombotic occlusion of the upper and lower venous systems. When intravenous access could not be achieved, an IO needle was placed and IO access was used during the surgical procedure. The role of the IO route in the perioperative period is discussed and its adverse effect profile is reviewed.

Compartment Syndrome Following Intraosseous Infusion

Intraosseous infusion is a valuable technique in the resuscitation of critically ill pediatric patients in whom vascular access has proved otherwise impossible. Although it is well established as a safe and reliable means of emergent access, intraosseous infusion is not without danger, nor complication. One of the rare yet most grave complications of intraosseous access is compartment syndrome. We report a case of compartment syndrome as a result of intraosseous infusion that serves to remind of the potential pitfalls of this technique. An otherwise healthy 6-year-old girl presented to our institution's pediatric intensive care unit following emergent resuscitation for a prolonged cardiac arrest. Approximately 1 hour following an uneventful soccer practice, without any antecedent cardiopulmonary symptoms or complaints, the patient collapsed and was unresponsive, not breathing, and pulseless. In the course of resuscitation, right and left tibial intraosseous lines were started. After 30 minutes of resuscitation, with multiple rounds of lidocaine and epinephrine infused through the intraosseous lines, a sustained perfusing rhythm was established. Acute compartment syndrome was diagnosed, and through anterolateral and posteromedial incisions, all 4 fascial compartments were released. While the condition of the patient's extremity improved, the overall clinical condition of the patient did not. This case highlights the fundamental principles regarding the use of intraosseous infusion and the diagnosis and management of compartment syndrome in critically ill patients.

I NTRAOSSEOUS I NFUSION

Establishing vascular access is vital in the resuscitation of critically-ill children and adults. Intraosseous infusion (IOI) is a viable route for providing vascular access when traditional intravenous methods cannot be accomplished. IOI is relatively easy to perform and is a standard recommended intervention for the resuscitation of both adults and children. The authors review the history, anatomy, technique, and clinical application of IOI. They also highlight the use of IOI in the prehospital setting.

International Trauma Anesthesia and Critical Care Society (ITACCS)

International Trauma Anesthesia and Critical Care Society (ITACCS)

Fat embolism with the use of intraosseous infusion during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

The objective of this prospective study was to assess the incidence and magnitude of fat emboli after cardiopulmonary resuscitation and intraosseous infusions. An animal laboratory at a university center was used to study 33 mixed-breed piglets. The piglets underwent hypoxic cardiac arrest followed by chest compressions and mechanical ventilation for a minimum of 30 minutes. The animals were divided in groups: group 1 (n = 5), which had no intraosseous cannulas, group 2 (n = 6), which had intraosseous cannulas with infusion, groups 3 (n = 6), 4 (n = 6), and 5 (n = 8), which had intraosseous cannulas with infusion of epinephrine, normal saline, and sodium bicarbonate respectively, and group 6 (n = 2), which was a sham group with no intraosseous cannulas and no cardiopulmonary resuscitation. At cessation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, representative lung samples were collected from upper and lower lobes of each lung and observed for fat globules and bone marrow elements. Fat globules were seen in the peribronchial blood vessels and intravascular areas throughout all lung fields of groups 1 through 5. There was no difference in appearance or distribution of fat globules among the 5 treatment groups. Analysis of variance showed no statistical significance (P < 0.05) within or among groups 1 through 5. The use of the intraosseous cannula for infusion of emergency drugs and fluids did not increase the magnitude of fat embolization over cardiopulmonary resuscitation alone in this animal model. The benefits of using this procedure in critically ill children as a means of rapid vascular access for resuscitation is well established. However, the risk of fat embolism in this population needs further study.

Fat Embolism With the Use of Intraosseous Infusion During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

AbstractThe objective of this prospective study was to assess the incidence and magnitude of fat emboli after cardiopulmonary resuscitation and intraosseous infusions. An animal laboratory at a university center was used to study 33 mixed-breed piglets. The piglets underwent hypoxic cardiac arrest followed by chest compressions and mechanical ventilation for a minimum of 30 minutes. The animals were divided in groups: group 1 (n = 5), which had no intraosseous cannulas, group 2 (n = 6), which had intraosseous cannulas with no infusion, groups 3 (n = 6), 4 (n = 6), and 5 (n = 8), which had intraosseous cannulas with infusion of epinephrine, normal saline, and sodium bicarbonate respectively, and group 6 (n = 2), which was a sham group with no intraosseous cannulas and no cardiopulmonary resuscitation. At cessation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, representative lung samples were collected from upper and lower lobes of each lung and observed for fat globules and bone marrow elements. Fat globules were seen in the peribronchial blood vessels and intravascular areas throughout all lung fields of groups 1 through 5. There was no difference in appearance or distribution of fat globules among the 5 treatment groups. Analysis of variance showed no statistical significance (P < 0.05) within or among groups 1 through 5.The use of the intraosseous cannula for infusion of emergency drugs and fluids did not increase the magnitude of fat embolization over cardiopulmonary resuscitation alone in this animal model. The benefits of using this procedure in critically ill children as a means of rapid vascular access for resuscitation is well established. However, the risk of fat embolism in this population needs further study.

Elective use of intra-osseous infusions in paediatrics

Elective use of intra-osseous infusions in paediatrics

Use of intraosseous infusion in the pediatric trauma patient: Guy J, Haley K, Zuspan SJ J Pediatr Surg 28:158–161 Feb 1993

Use of intraosseous infusion in the pediatric trauma patient: Guy J, Haley K, Zuspan SJ J Pediatr Surg 28:158–161 Feb 1993

Use of intraosseous infusion in the pediatric trauma patient

Intraosseous infusions (IO) are frequently used for gaining rapid vascular access in critically ill children. Few studies exist evaluating the efficacy of this procedure in the injured child. The objective of this study was to describe one pediatric institution's experience with the procedure of IO in young trauma victims. This study evaluated indications, insertion sites, complications, infused pharmacological agents, age, injury severity, and outcome. Fifteen patients received IO placement for cardiopulmonary arrest, seven for hypovolemic shock, and five for neurological compromise. Patient ages ranged from 3 months to 10 years (mean, 2.9 years). Twenty-nine IO lines were attempted in the tibia and three in the femur. Four of 32 attempts were unsuccessful. Of 32 attempts at IO placement (5 patients received multiple attempts), 15 were started in the prehospital setting and 17 in the emergency department. Multiple resuscitation medications as well as large colloid, crystalloid, and blood boluses were successfully infused. Seven of the 27 patients survived without observed IO-related complications. This study supports the use of IO infusion by prehospital as well as hospital personnel in the initial resuscitation of critically injured children. IO has a been established as a rapid, safe, and simple method of obtaining short term vascular access in both critically ill and injured children. This route deserves primary consideration as an alternate route for fluid resuscitation in pediatric trauma patients regardless of age. IO should be placed without delay when venous access is not rapidly obtainable.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adoption of intraosseous infusion technique for prehospital pediatric emergency care

A telephone survey was conducted, contacting 51 designated state EMS offices, to determine the extent of use of intraosseous (IO) infusions in prehospital pediatric emergency care nationally and to identify common means of promoting IO adoption, training EMS personnel, and monitoring intraosseous field use. Less than half of the respondents reported actual prehospital use of IO infusions in pediatric patients, and an additional third indicated that they were unaware of any future plans for introducing the technique into EMS practice. This study's documentation of the current limited prehospital use of intraosseous infusions indicates a need for concerted efforts to promote broad adoption and continued evaluation of the IO technique in prehospital pediatric emergency care. Suggestions to enhance adoption include increased utilization of existing successful IO teaching approaches, development of national EMS standards regarding intraosseous infusions, active involvement of EMS regulatory agencies for widespread practice changes, and consistent quality assurance activities.

Intraosseous succinylcholine for orotracheal intubation

Within the past few years, the use of intraosseous infusions has increased as a means of achieving rapid vascular access. Although initially used for fluid administration, the intraosseous administration of several drugs has been shown to be an effective alternative to the intravenous route. We present two cases of the intraosseous administration of succinylcholine (1 mg/kg) for emergency airway management in children. Intraosseous succinylcholine resulted in adequate intubating conditions within 45 seconds.

EVALUATION OF AN INTRAOSSEOUS INFUSION DEVICE FOR THE RESUSCITATION OF HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK

An intraosseous infusion device designed for the prehospital administration of hypertonic saline-dextran solutions was evaluated by resuscitating hemorrhaged conscious sheep. Eight animals underwent 2 hours of hemorrhagic hypotension (50 mm Hg, bled volume = 43 +/- 7 ml/kg). This was followed by the intraosseous infusion of 200 ml (4-5 ml/kg) of 7.5% NaCl-6% dextran 70 into the bone marrow of the sternum. Results were compared to seven control animals (bled volume = 31 +/- 6 ml/kg) resuscitated through a central venous catheter. Despite the small volumes infused, mean arterial blood pressure and cardiac output were rapidly normalized in both groups by 10 minutes post resuscitation (p less than 0.01). Plasma sodium concentration increased an average of 12 mEq/L and plasma volume was rapidly expanded regardless of route. The metabolic acidosis of hemorrhagic shock was rapidly corrected, pulmonary pressures remained normal, and hypoxemia did not occur after intraosseous resuscitation. The device provided safe and rapid vascular access via the sternal bone marrow space. The use of intraosseous infusion of hypertonic saline dextran solutions via the sternal bone marrow may allow prehospital rescuers to consistently incorporate fluid replacement therapy into 'scoop and run' policies by avoiding the time delays associated with failures in IV access.

Prehospital use of intraosseous infusion by paramedics

Vascular access in young children frequently proves difficult in the prehospital setting. To assess the feasibility of training paramedics in the placement of intraosseous (IO) lines as an alternative to intravenous (IV) access, this pilot project studied a training program and treatment protocol for prehospital IO use. Paramedics underwent a training program in IO placement. Patients enrolled were less than five years of age and in cardiac arrest. During a 10-month period, paramedics attempted 12 IO placements, of which 10 (85%) were successful, nine on the first attempt. Although no patients achieved long-term survival, three were initially resuscitated from arrest. Paramedics can be trained in IO placement, and IO infusion can be used in prehospital pediatric care. Training methods, limitations, and implications for future use are discussed.

A comparative study of intraosseous versus peripheral intravenous infusion of diazepam and phenobarbital in dogs

Authors of recent literature have made several references to the use of intraosseous infusion in emergency situations. This method has provided a useful route of medication and fluid administration when peripheral IV access has been unsuccessful. Controlled studies on intraosseous infusion have been limited. To more accurately evaluate the effectiveness of this technique, we administered diazepam to 20 dogs randomly assigned to either peripheral IV (n = 10) or tibial intraosseous (n = 10) groups. Intramedullary placement usually was performed within 15 seconds. Central venous diazepam samples were collected at one-, three-, six-, ten-, and 20-minute intervals. Intraosseous infusion achieved and maintained serum diazepam levels comparable to those achieved by IV administration. This study was repeated with phenobarbital using a different set of 20 dogs with samples collected at one-, three-, six-, and ten-minute intervals. Results were similar in that the levels were comparable regardless of the use of intraosseous or IV administration. Complications using this technique have been few. When peripheral IV access is unobtainable, intraosseous infusion has been shown to be an effective and efficient alternative for administering medications and fluids.

A-4 Use of intraosseous infusions by aeromedical programs

A-4 Use of intraosseous infusions by aeromedical programs