Use Of High Strength Steels Research Articles

Effect of strain hardening on the rotation capacity of welded I-section high-strength steel beams

ABSTRACT High-strength steel beams are known to have less plastic rotation capacity than beams with lower yield strengths. This has been related to the decreased strain-hardening ability of high-strength steels, and various rules and standards for steel structures stipulate maximum limits on the allowable yield-to-tensile strength ratio (), which indirectly acts as a measure of strain hardening. While the literature suggests that there is an interdependence between strain hardening ability, yield strength, cross-sectional slenderness and rotation capacity, the presently prescribed limits on (e.g. 0.91, 0.94, 0.95) are typically constant for a given material regardless of the other parameters mentioned. This computational study hence investigates how the rotation capacity is simultaneously dependent on yield strength, strain hardening ability and cross-sectional slenderness, and how each parameter affects the relationship between the others. The results show that, with the geometrical aspect kept constant through the use of normalised slenderness parameters, a higher yield strength leads to higher rotation capacity for a given , while the well-known decrease of rotation capacity with higher is confirmed. This suggests the possibility of more efficient use of high-strength steels with high when the interdependence of all the variables are accounted for. The results also suggest the importance of accounting for the relative slendernesses of the web and the flange and whether the buckling behaviour is web- or flange-dominated, since a switch between a web- and flange- dominated buckling response could lead to a reverse in the trend between the rotation capacity and the overall cross-sectional slenderness.

Moment redistribution capacity of continuous RC beams with High-Strength steel reinforcement

Moment redistribution (MR), a nonlinear behavior occurring in continuous reinforced concrete (RC) beams, is related to the redistributed section's ductility and the stiffness distribution along the whole beam. The use of high-strength steel (HSS) reinforcement could affect the redistributed section’s ductility and can delay or even prevent the formation of plastic hinge after another. The lack of research regarding the influence of those phenomena on MR is one of the reasons that hinder design engineers from using HSS. This paper conducts a broad-range parametric study through finite element (FE) method to check if the design provisions on MR are still applicable to beams with HSS reinforcement of yield strength of more than 600 MPa. The critical sections' yield state (whether the plastic hinge is formed) at the ultimate limit state (ULS) and its influences on MR are investigated. The study demonstrations that the MR capacity decreases with the increase in yield strength of reinforcement, especially when the midspan section cannot yield at ULS due to the use of HSS reinforcement. Besides, the yield state is influenced by the coupling effect of multi-parameters and significantly affects the influence degree of each parameter on MR. A new method considering the yield state is proposed to estimate the MR capacity of the continuous beams. This method's reasonable accuracy is proved. It is recommended to reduce the specified MR by about 6% for every 100 MPa increase in yield strength of reinforcement.

Mechanical performance of hybrid high-strength steel composite cellular beam under low cyclic loading

This study aimed to compensate for the impairments in structural load-carrying capacity and stiffness caused by conventional reduced web section beams, and to meet the strength design requirements for engineering. A new hybrid high-strength steel composite cellular beam (HHS-CCB) using high-strength steel in the beam flange and ordinary steel in the web was proposed. A composite cellular beam between the rigid joint and inflection point in the frame structure was selected as the research object, and low cyclic loading tests were conducted on one homogeneous ordinary steel composite cellular beam (HOS-CCB) and four HHS-CCB specimens. The effects of the hybrid use of high-strength steel and ordinary steel on the failure modes, load-carrying capacities, strength and stiffness degradation, ductility, and energy-dissipation capacities of the composite cellular beams were investigated. The test results show that with reasonable values for the diameter of the web opening and for the distance from the first opening at the beam end to the column surface (abbreviated as the hole edge distance), the HHS-CCB specimens exhibit local plastic damage at the first opening at the end of the beam but maintain a good ductility, stiffness degradation, strength degradation, and energy dissipation capacity, while significantly improving the structural load-carrying capacity loss owing to the web opening. Compared with HHS-CCB specimens using HHS in both the upper and lower flanges, the HHS-CCB specimens using HHS only in the lower flange show superior mechanical properties. Considering the poor plastic deformation capacity of HSS, the steel plate strength of the flange should not be much higher than that of the web to ensure the full development of plasticity in the cross-section, and Q460 steel or Q550 steel is generally recommended. A nonlinear finite element (FE) model was developed using ABAQUS software to predict the hysteresis behavior of specimens. Numerical simulation shows that the simplified FE model can be used to simulate the hysteresis performance of HOS-CCB and HHS-CCB.

Electric urban light vehicles structural integrity and occupant protection validation through experimental crash tests

Multi-Moby project, funded under H2020 n° 101006953, aims at developing technology for safe, efficient and affordable urban electric vehicles. The objective of the paper is to show the results achieved in relation to structural integrity and occupant protection in the first year of the project. In a first stage simulation tools have been used to optimise the vehicle structure crashworthiness at different crash configuration based on smart use of High Strength Steels focused to simplified and affordable manufacturing processes. Once the structural behaviour met requirements and expectations, the restraint system has been developed. After design optimisation, three vehicles have been prototyped to perform three crash tests, two of them frontal, corresponding to Regulation 137 and Regulation 94, and one lateral, corresponding to Regulation 95.

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS ON THE NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR OF THE RC SHEAR WALL WITH REGULAR OPENINGS INFLUENCED BY HIGH-STRENGTH STEEL

This paper presented a nonlinear finite element analysis of lateral loading RC shear walls with regular openings using the 3D-NLFEA program. The RC shear walls model was generated from the available test results in the literature. To model the concrete under a complex stress state, a multi-surface plasticity model which combines compression failure surface with tension cut-off failure surface was used. The model was intended to look at the load-displacement relationship and the crack pattern between the model and the numerical model. In addition to the numerical model verification, parametric studies were carried out to investigate the use of high-strength steel (HSS) of the two different grades (grades 100 and 120) to replace all the normal-strength steel (NSS) or only some of it. The parametric studies found that the shear wall with the NSS bar demonstrated higher stiffness and achieved higher lateral load with the lowest extent of damage (compared to the RC shear wall with the HSS bar). On the other hand, using the HSS bar resulted in lower stiffness, lower lateral load, and higher damage region, which was expected as more strain is required to yield the HSS bar.

Effect of welding processes on the fatigue behaviour of ultra-high strength steel butt-welded joints

In the last decades, advances in steel manufacturing made possible the use of high-strength steel (HSS) and ultra-high strength steel (UHSS) for several applications, such as bridges, cranes, offshore structures, oil pipelines and automotive parts. Capacity of withstanding loads with reduced cross-section and minimum weight could be efficiently increased. Since most structures need to be joined, welding procedures are a major issue in mechanical design of HSS elements. Particularly in construction codes and design documents, it is normally assumed that fatigue resistance of as-welded joints is independent of strength level. Nevertheless, fatigue loaded as-welded components with high quality welds or post-weld treated joints could experience benefits from the use of HSS as the base material (BM).The purpose of the present work is to analyse fatigue behaviour of ultra-high strength steel butt-welded joints, by means of experimental testing and a fracture mechanics approach. Sheets of steel S960MC and S960QL were joined with different welding techniques: Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW), Laser Hybrid Welding (LHW) and Electron Beam Welding (EBW). Fatigue tests were performed with stress ratio R=0.1, under four points bending loading.All specimens exhibited fatigue crack initiation and subsequent propagation from the weld toe area, near the heat affected zone (HAZ). Different SN curves were obtained for the different welding processes. The Resistance Curve methodology was employed to assess the effect of microstructure, defect size, hardness, and joint geometry resulting from each technique. This fracture mechanics approach allowed to estimate the relative influence of the different geometrical and mechanical parameters of the weld and showed that joint geometry could not explain by itself the differences in fatigue strength. It was observed that microstructure and the size of defects played an important role in early crack growth, and they can reduce the benign effect of a high-strength base material.

Numerical Study on the Buckling Resistance of High Strength Steel Columns and Beam‐columns

AbstractThe rising interest in the use of high strength steel (HSS) materials is justified by several advantages that they provide. In the field of construction, their benefits range from streamlined and elegant structures to lower CO2 emissions and energy consumption. High‐rise buildings and large span bridges can be designed with smaller foundations and less structural weight, since the application of HSS makes the design with slender steel sections possible. However, special attention should be given to the stability of the compressive members since the buckling resistance generally governs their design. The existing codes to evaluate the capacity of HSS columns and beam‐columns are based on rules from experimental tests related to normal strength steel (NSS) materials, which is responsible for inconsistencies. Therefore, this current work aims to present a numerical model created and validated to evaluate the major‐ and minor‐axis flexural buckling of HSS welded I‐section columns and the combined flexural and lateral‐torsional buckling of HSS welded I‐section beam‐columns. In the following, a parametric study is also conducted, in which different cross‐sections, normalized slenderness, steel grades (from S460 up), bending moment distributions and application of restraints are considered. Finally, a comparison between the European design rules and the resistances from the Finite Element model is led, evidencing the underrating expressed by the code with a level of safety even higher when superior steel grades are evaluated.

A Comparison Study of Fatigue Behavior of S355J2+N, S690QL and X37CrMoV5-1 Steel

Steel of the mild-strength S355J2+N steel grade is the most often used steel for manufacturing carrying sections of constructions exposed to fatigue loads. The use of high-strength steels, such as S690QL, allows for the creation of structures that are light and simple to construct. However, increasing the yield strength of high-strength steels does not result in a corresponding increase in fatigue resistance. As a result, using high-strength steels for constructions subjected to fatigue loading can be a major design concern, raising the question of whether high-strength steels should be used at all. Most of the experimental investigations regarding the hot work tool steel X37CrMoV5-1 found in the literature are focused on its machining and wear resistance, with insufficient attention paid to the cyclic loads. This article evaluates the fatigue properties of mild-strength S355J2+N, high-strength S690QL, and X37CrMoV5-1 steel grades. A SHIMADZU servo-hydraulic testing machine is used to perform uniaxial tensile tests under uniaxial fatigue stress-controlled, fully reversed conditions (tensile–compression testing with R = −1 stress ratio) in accordance with EN ISO and ASTM standards. The aim of this paper is to highlight the fatigue characteristics of these three steels that are among the most used in their respective groups. Steel S355J2+N belongs to the group of hot-rolled normalized steels, S690QL belongs to the group of improved (quenched + tempered) steels with increased strength, and X37CrMoV5-1 belongs to the group of high-alloyed tool steels for hot work. This choice was made as the tested steels can be considered typical representatives of their groups. Based on the test results of these three steels, which are organized in S–N curves, the fatigue behavior of the entire mentioned groups of steels can be foreseen.

Deformation and strain limits for IPB-loaded high strength steel CHS joints

In this study, existing deformation limits are first re-examined to investigate if they can be rationally extended to high strength steel circular hollow section (CHS) joints that are subjected to in-plane bending (IPB) moment. It is pointed out that existing deformation limits, which have been developed and validated primarily for mild steel joints, need to be modified when high strength steels are involved. By noting that the ductility of IPB-loaded joints can be significantly reduced with the use of high strength steel, a new deformation limit is proposed which allows less deformation to less ductile high strength steel joints. The deformation limit, proposed in terms of joint rotation angle, is validated both numerically and experimentally. In addition, a recently proposed strain limit criterion is also discussed. To provide a guide for obtaining converged strain from finite element (FE) analysis, mesh sensitivity study is comprehensively conducted. It is shown that the element size required for the convergence of strain is substantially smaller than that required for obtaining satisfactory global response such as joint load-deformation relationship. By applying a systematic FE modeling strategy, numerical investigation is made to check the feasibility of the 5% strain limit criterion which has recently been advocated by the revised draft of ISO 14346. While the limiting principal strain of 5% is shown to be reasonable for CHS-to-CHS joints loaded by IPB, for longitudinal branch plate-to-CHS joints, a lower limiting strain appears more appropriate.

Experimental and numerical flexural buckling resistance of high strength steel columns and beam-columns

The use of high strength steel (HSS) has been consolidated around the world because of its numerous advantages mostly for high-rise buildings and large span bridges. As it provides the possibility of a design with slender sections, substantial reduction in the structure weight is expected, but special attention should be given to the stability of the HSS compression members. However, the existing design codes for HSS columns are limited and based on experimental data related to normal strength steel (NSS) materials, which is responsible for an inaccurate resistance prediction. In this sense, the present paper aimed to investigate the buckling behavior of S690 HSS welded I-section columns failing by flexural buckling around the both principal axes and beam-columns failing by lateral torsional buckling. The experimental campaign contemplated 4 pin-ended columns, in which 2 were tested about their major-axis and the other 2 about the minor-axis, and also 2 beam-columns, including supplementary experimental to measure the geometric imperfections, residual stresses and material properties of the S690 welded I-section columns and beam-columns. In the following, a numerical model was built and validated against the experimental results and afterwards employed to perform a sensitivity study considering different membrane residual stress patterns. Finally, the European [1,2], American [3], and Australian [4] codes were assessed by comparing the design resistances with the results from the experimental tests and the collected test data of relevant studies, showing in general a considerable level of conservatism.

Restoration of ductility in hydrogen embrittled dual-phase (DP 780) steel by the electric pulse treatment

High-strength steel components operating in a hydrogen environment are more susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement. De-hydrogenation of these components could prolong their service life, encouraging the industrial use of high-strength steel. In this study, hydrogen (H)-induced damage recovery and restoration of ductility are realized in dual-phase (DP 780) steel by the electric pulse treatment (EPT). The experimental results indicate that a complete restoration of ductility and H-induced damage recovery could be achieved with suitable electro-pulsing parameters in DP 780 steel. A centerline crack is observed in the fractographic examination of each hydrogenated specimen after the uniaxial tensile test. After EPT, post-necking ductility improves, and the centerline crack disappears from the fractured surface. The in-situ digital image correlation (DIC) technique is utilized during the uniaxial tensile test to measure the local strain evolution. Both uniaxial tensile necking and fracture strains are restored after EPT of hydrogenated specimens.

Numerical modelling of Direct Hot Tube Rotary Draw Bending of 22MnB5 High Strength Steel

The use of High Strength Steel (HSS) tubular components in structural frames allows a drastic increase of the stiffness-to-weight ratio and, therefore, may open new possibilities to the design lightweight components for the transport industrial sector. However, the diffusion of these elements is still limited by the lack of manufacturing technologies capable of efficiently forming and bending HSS hollow profiles. To overcome the limits of traditional room temperature processes, an innovative rotary draw bending process carried out at high temperature is proposed, in which the profile cross section is quickly heated to the target temperature and, then, bent and selectively cooled to induce controlled microstructure changes. The paper presents a fully coupled thermo-mechanical-metallurgical numerical model to support the process design, which was applied to 22MnB5 tubes. The model was used to identify the optimal thermal and mechanical parameters to increase the material formability and to obtain the target microstructure in the final part. All the process steps, namely heating, handling, forming, and cooling, were modelled, and the results were experimentally validated by industrial trials carried out on a bending pilot plant. The results prove the possibility of an accurate prediction of both the final shape and the distribution of the microstructural and mechanical properties along the bend.

Long-term factors and trends of the Ukrainian steel industry development

The paper deals with the study of long-term factors and trends of the Ukrainian steel industry development in the context of the influence of global industry trends. Its relevance is explained by the importance of the industry in the global and Ukrainian economy and the need to take into account modern economic, technological, social and climate challenges and opportunities for its future development. It was defined that leading factors of the world steel industry development in the long run are the demand for steel products, the implementation of latest technologies and the strengthening of a state industrial policy. Their influence will manifest in the increase of steel products consumption due to population growth, the priority implementation of smart technologies to improve the efficiency of steel manufacturing and strengthening of a state support for the industry, in particular – through protectionist measures. The main long-term trends of steel industry development on a global scale, due to the action of these factors, are the change in the geographical and product structure of the world steel market towards the leadership of the Asian region and the use of high-strength steels; increasing the environmental friendliness of the industry in order to achieve climate neutrality as a result of the implementation of breakthrough technologies; an increase of GDP steel intensity due to rise of steel production, which demonstrates a rather strong position of the steel industry in the economy. The study showed a slight decrease in the role of such traditional factors of the steel industry development as prices for steel products, investments and raw materials due to the increasing importance of means and directions for using resources instead of their ordinary availability. It was established that the main factors of the Ukrainian steel industry development in the long run, which are basically identical to the world ones due to its excessive export orientation, are changes in the global steel market, the development of latest technologies and the improvement in the competitive environment. And long-term trends are changes of steel products demand, increasing the environmental friendliness of the industry and reducing the GDP steel intensity. The influence of these factors and trends is largely negative and may lead to decrease of the role of steel industry in the economy due to the country's significant lag in terms of the introduction of latest technologies against the backdrop of increased competition in the foreign market, the lack of an effective industrial policy in the conditions of underdevelopment of the domestic steel market, a possible decrease in demand for steel products in the context of a declining population and a decrease in metal production. The improvement of the situation will contribute by the enhancement of the competitive environment through the elaboration of a long-term strategy for the industry development in the form of a separate regulatory act, the activation of the national market, the development of fundamental and industry science for the elaboration of advanced technologies of Industry 4.0 and the support of state authorities in promoting steel products to foreign markets.

Effect of Transverse Restraint on Welding Residual Stress in V-Groove Butt Welding

When evaluating the safety of steel structures, welding residual stress is used as the secondary load and if there is any restraint, the yield stress of the base material is used for secondary load, regardless of the size of the restraint. Of late, as the yield stress of members is increasing with the increase in the use of high-strength steels, the proportion of the residual welding stress in the total load during the evaluation of the safety of structures is increasing. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the effect of the size of the restraint on the residual welding stress, determine reasonable residual stress according to the size of the restraint, and apply the residual stress as a secondary load. To investigate the effect of constraint conditions on residual welding stress, thermoelastic–plastic analysis was performed for different member thicknesses, yield stresses, and constraint sizes. The restraint did not affect the residual stress in the direction of the weld line but did affect the residual stress in the direction perpendicular to the weld line. The restraint moved the tensile stress to the compression stress in the direction perpendicular to the weld line at the first layer of the weld and moved the compression stress to the tensile stress at the middle and final layers of the weld. The change in residual stress was the largest in the middle of the weld.

Briefing: More from less – greater materials efficiency using high-strength steels

The use of high-strength steels (HSS) enables members to have smaller cross-sections or to be lighter, or both. The extent of the weight savings depends on the type of member and the mode of loading. Lighter sections lead to reductions in carbon dioxide emissions and, usually, lower material costs. The reduction in weight can also lead to cost savings in the foundations, welding, fabrication, transportation and erection. As a result of these benefits, steels of higher strength are being increasingly used in a range of construction applications, but particularly for heavy columns, transfer beams, trusses and bridge girders. Certain aspects of the design and fabrication of HSS require special attention in order to exploit fully the benefits of the high strength. In 2018, the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) awarded a grant from the ICE Research and Development Enabling Fund to the Steel Construction Institute (SCI) to write a guide covering both the design and execution of HSS of yield strength 420–700 MPa, giving ‘holistic’ guidance covering strength, stability, serviceability and fabrication. The SCI High Strength Steel Design and Execution Guide was written in collaboration with experts in the steel construction supply chain and published in 2020.

Low‐cycle fatigue performance of high‐strength steel rebars in concrete bridge columns

AbstractDesign codes often restrict the use of high‐strength steel (HSS) rebars in seismic applications due to their inferior low‐cycle fatigue performance when compared to conventional steel rebars. In this study, previously established low‐cycle fatigue life models of HSS rebars, namely ASTM A706 Grade 550 and ASTM A1035 Grade 690, were incorporated into a new cumulative damage model to identify conditions under which such rebars can achieve seismic performance comparable to that of benchmark ASTM A706 Grade 420 steel bars in concrete bridge columns. An ensemble of well confined flexure‐dominated circular concrete bridge columns located in high seismic regions was considered where the axial load ratio, and longitudinal and spiral reinforcement ratios were varied. The bridge columns were reinforced with ASTM A706 Grade 420, ASTM A706 Grade 550, and ASTM A1035 Grade 690 steel and numerically analyzed under different displacement ductility levels (2, 4, and 6), earthquake types (crustal and subduction), and ratio of hoop spacing to longitudinal bar diameter ratio (4 and 6). Their low‐cycle fatigue performances were compared based on the computed bar fracture and accumulated damage indices. Based on the reported observations, it is concluded that design codes are overly restrictive in not permitting the use of HSS in seismic application on the basis of inadequate low‐cycle fatigue life. As an alternative, this study proposes imposing certain limits on displacement ductility demand and ratio of hoop spacing to longitudinal bar diameter ratio to promote safe and efficient use of HSS rebars in concrete bridge columns.

Local buckling behaviour of high-strength steel tubular columns subjected to one-sided cyclic loading and implications in seismic design of steel MRFs

After yielding, steel structures progressively exhibit an asymmetrical hysteretic behaviour under earthquakes biased in one direction (ratcheting effect). This response may be favourable to structural components because of the absence of symmetrical cyclic loading reversals. To evaluate the inelastic behaviour of components to asymmetrical cyclic loading, this study develops a set of one-sided cyclic loading histories for columns on the basis of a parametric study on the asymmetrical hysteretic behaviour of steel moment-resisting-frames (MRFs). Experimental and computational results indicate that steel tubular columns subjected to one-sided cyclic loading may exhibit 15%–71% higher ductility compared with that under symmetrical cyclic loading showing adequate resistance to local buckling initiation and sufficient ductility afterwards. These reduced ductility demands may permit the use of high-strength steels in energy dissipative zones, such as high yield-to-tensile strength ratio (Y/T) steels, resulting in reduced material consumption and more economical seismic design of buildings. The above findings are utilized in the seismic design of a MRF employing high Y/T steel, which enjoys almost the same lateral strength as a corresponding conventional steel MRF but nearly 25% smaller cross-sectional area in columns. Nonlinear time-history analyses revealed that the high Y/T MRF behaved elastically under frequent events, whilst the ground floor columns of the conventional MRF yielded. Under rare seismic events, the average story drift ductility demand for the high Y/T MRF was only 1.77, while for the conventional MRF was 2.57. The former MRF successfully resisted the earthquake loads without experiencing local buckling in columns.

Gissmo Failure Modelling for Crashworthiness Analysis Using Different Test Specimens

The demand for lightweight products to reduce CO2 emissions and high safety requirements is an increasing trend, especially in the vehicle and electrical appliance industry. The use of high-strength steels instead of conventional mild steels by using predictive modeling methods in finite element analysis plays a major role. Moreover, physical full-scale crash tests are time-consuming as well as expensive. Crash tolerance analysis in the finite element environment depends on the accuracy of the damage and the definition of the material model parameters. This study examines the damage model GISSMO-Generalized Increasing Stress State-induced damage model and the onset of fracture was calculated by sample optimization via finite element analysis in this study. This research presents the modeling of a specific region of the material fracture curve using the different geometric samples. The results of the numerical simulations are validated by comparing the experimental data of the optimized test samples with their measurements.

Mechanical properties of wire and arc additively manufactured high-strength steel structures

Additive manufacturing with steel opens up new possibilities for the construction sector. Especially direct energy deposition processes like DED-arc, also known as wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), is capable of manufacturing large structures with a high degree of geometric freedom, which makes the process suitable for the manufacturing of force flow-optimized steel nodes and spaceframes. By the use of high strength steel, the manufacturing times can be reduced since less material needs to be deposited. To keep the advantages of the high strength steel, the effect of thermal cycling during WAAM needs to be understood, since it influences the phase transformation, the resulting microstructure, and hence the mechanical properties of the material. In this study, the influences of energy input, interpass temperature, and cooling rate were investigated by welding thin walled samples. From each sample, microsections were analyzed, and tensile test and Charpy-V specimens were extracted and tested. The specimens with an interpass temperature of 200 °C, low energy input and applied active cooling showed a tensile strength of ~ 860–900 MPa, a yield strength of 700–780 MPa, and an elongation at fracture between 17 and 22%. The results showed the formation of martensite for specimens with high interpass temperatures which led to low yield and high tensile strengths (Rp0.2 = 520–590 MPa, Rm = 780–940 MPa) for the specimens without active cooling. At low interpass temperatures, the increase of the energy input led to a decrease of the tensile and the yield strength while the elongation at fracture as well as the Charpy impact energy increased. The formation of upper bainite due to the higher energy input can be avoided by accelerated cooling while martensite caused by high interpass temperatures need to be counteracted by heat treatment.

Local structural analysis for container ships

Container ships presents highly stressed local structures under the corners of containers stack, which need rigorous analysis from rigidity and stress point of view. High value concentrated forces require the use of high strength steels or thick structural elements, for their analysis was used in this article FEM analysis with volume elements. An inland navigation barge was used as a case study and 40 ft containers were considered in order to analyze the situation with the greatest forces at the feet of containers. The investigated solutions for containers foundation are applicable for new ships and also for modernization of existing vessels. Technological and strength aspects were compared for different types of solution, that have to comply with specific Rules and need to satisfy production constrains of the Shipyards.