Use Of High-density Polyethylene Research Articles

Use of Polyethylene Waste Contaminated with Oil Products in the Production of Asphalt Cement Concrete

It was shown that high-density polyethylene (HDPE) contaminated with engine oil is effective as a reinforcing and modifying element in the asphalt cement concrete composition. It was found that shredded packaging materials with engine oil contamination in the amount of up to 17.5 % can be successfully used as raw materials in the production of asphalt-cement concrete mixtures. It was proven that the use of HDPE with bitumen increasesthe heat resistance of the mixture due to the formation of new physical and chemical bonds between them. It was demonstrated that the inclusion of of oil-contaminated container waste in the asphalt cement concrete has no adverse effect on living biological objects.

Mitigating Stripping in Asphalt Mixtures: Pretreatment of Aggregate by Thermoplastic Polyethylene Powder Coating

Thermoplastic polyethylene (PE) powder coating is proposed as a new technique to pretreat the aggregate of asphalt mixtures and improve the corresponding moisture resistance. In this paper, ethanol solution is investigated as a fluidized bed to disperse the PE powder. The surface tension of the solution, indicating the wettability of the liquid phase, decreases with increasing ethanol concentration and temperature. The PE powder could be stably dispersed into the solution when 15% ethanol solution heated to 40 to 50°C is used to reduce the surface tension of liquid to less than 40 mN/m. The suspension carrying the PE particles could be uniformly sprayed onto a hot aggregate surface (180–190°C) where the liquid phase evaporates fast while the PE powder melts and stays. The powder coating technique could prevent the aggregate from lumping and achieve a high-quality and efficient coating for aggregate. The PE monolayer model considering a hexagonal close packing of PE on aggregate surface is tentatively proposed to determine the theoretical amount of PE required to perfectly coat the aggregate. The predicted PE content was reasonably lower than that determined by the experimental results considering the ideal monolayer coating was hard to achieve. However, the modeling results could be used to determine the lower bound of the required PE content. The optimum PE content significantly increased with increasing particle size of PE and specific surface area of aggregate. The use of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) powder with a smaller particle size was more effective in the coating process. In addition, excessive PE could not further enhance the moisture resistance of asphalt mixtures efficiently. This study can contribute to both the recycling of waste plastic and the construction of durable asphalt pavements.

A Lifetime Prediction Method of Pressured Gas Polyethylene Pipes by Strain-Hardening Modulus and Tensile Test

In recent years, polyethylene (PE) pipes have been widely utilized for urban natural gas transmission. However, as the use of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes increases, their service life and long-term performance assessment have become one of the most significant issues to be addressed. There has been a ton of studies on PE pipe life prediction techniques both domestically and internationally, but very little has been carried out on PE pipe life prediction in actual gas working environments with varying acid and alkaline levels. This experiment accelerates the aging of PE pipes using acid and alkaline corrosion immersion experiments to determine the lifespan of PE pipes. This study aims to investigate the performance changes of HDPE under strong, weak, and neutral corrosion conditions using corrosion solutions with PH values of 1, 5, and 8, to propose the impact of corrosion caused by various acids and alkalies on the HDPE aging life for natural gas, and to develop a mathematical model between the aging life of polyethylene and the PH values of acid and alkali corrosion solutions. The studies involved soaking and corroding HDPE pipes with various acidity and alkalinity chemicals to speed up the aging process, and then the tensile test was used to determine the mechanical characteristics of the aged PE pipes. Based on our findings, the empirical equation between acidity and service life of PE pipes is obtained by the mathematical fitting method, and a life prediction model of buried city gas HDPE pipes is proposed. The actual life of the aged pipes is determined by the relationship between strain-hardening (SH) modulus and aging time. The findings demonstrate that the service life of PE pipes changes with different levels of acidity and alkalinity: 1.872 days, 1060.507 days, and 1128.58 days following corrosive solution-accelerated aging with solution acidities of PH1, PH5, and PH8, respectively. The life prediction method applies to various plastic pipes in comparable environments as well as HDPE city gas pipes that are subject to acid and alkali corrosion forces.

Use of Biomass and Waste Tires to Facilitate the Use of HDPE in Coking

This work examines the role of various wastes such as pine sawdust, tire crumbs, and hydrochar from pine sawdust in reducing the deleterious impact of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) on coke contraction during coking. Contraction assessed using the Koppers-INCAR test was used as an indirect measurement of coking pressure. The Koppers-INCAR contraction of ternary blends containing coal, HDPE, and one of the other additives was tested together with their devolatilization in a thermobalance. The existence of synergism between the additives was examined to determine whether there were both positive and negative interactions between HDPE and other additives. The temperature corresponding to a 2% conversion increased with the use of additives; this was related to the degree of dangerousness of the blends. In addition, the effect of the additives on coal fluidity and coke quality was tested.

Laboratory Investigation into the Partial Replacement of Aggregates with Recycled High-Density Polyethylene in a Dense Graded Asphalt Mix

Plastic waste is a growing concern today, as landfills fill up and pollution leads to global climatic problems. Some research has been conducted on using plastics in asphalt, but the effect that high-density polyethylene (HDPE) can have in the performance of the asphalt is not understood. This research examines the impact on the moisture damage, rutting, and cracking resistance of recycled HDPE plastics as a portion of aggregates in a dense graded asphalt mix. Two types of recycled HDPE were used—flakes and pellets. Mixes with 5% by volume of recycled HDPE were designed and compared with a control mix. The results indicate that the use of recycled HDPE allowed for a reduction of 0.5% binder requirement. Tensile strength ratio testing showed that, with no anti-stripping agent, the HDPE-modified mixes had acceptable moisture resistance. Both types of HDPE-modified mixes showcased superior rutting resistance based on the flow number parameter. However, the use of HDPE decreased the cracking resistance of the mixes measured with the Illinois Flexibility Index Test at intermediate temperatures. The dynamic modulus test indicated a decrease in the stiffness of the mixes at low temperatures and confirmed the increase of the stiffness at high operating temperatures. Overall, the results indicate that the use of HDPE as partial replacement of aggregates is feasible and future research could explore balancing the performance of the HDPE-modified mix.

Effects of Wood Flour Reinforcement on the Warpage and Compressive Strength of 3D Printed HDPEs

The study involves the use of high density polyethylene (HDPE) as a filament for 3D printing. Considering the warpage and adhesion problem of HDPE on the build plate during 3D printing, this was addressed through the incorporation of wood flour compatibilized with styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene grafted maleic anhydride (SEBS-gMAH). The composite wood-HDPE (cHDPE) was studied to observe warpage changes. Using different SEBS, heat bed parameters and identification of the suitable print heat beds for HDPE was conducted. Results from the mechanical testing show that the compressive strength and elastic force of virgin HDPE (vHDPE) increases with infill percentage, while the same properties for cHDPE increases up to 50% infill density/percentage then decreases as it approaches 100% infill percentage. Digital microscopy imaging shows that poor layer adhesion initiated the poor compressive performance of cHDPE. Warp studies reveal that wood flour significantly decreases warping of HDPE by 42.88% at 50% infill density. While different SEBS brands show similar effectiveness as heat beds in reducing warping of HDPE during printing.

Dual Material Fused Filament Fabrication via Core–Shell Die Design

In this work a fused filament fabrication (FFF) die design, capable of extruding two thermoplastics simultaneously in a core–shell configuration, is demonstrated as a means to produce composite structures in a single step. Despite the enormous advancements in 3D printing, fabrication of FFF objects with a composite structure remains a challenge due to the difficulty in finding dies to extrude such structures. We used polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) filaments to perform core–shell 3D printing. HDPE is one of the most commonly produced plastics but rarely used in FFF due to the severe warpage caused by volume changes upon its crystallization. Rheological and thermal analyses suggest the use of HDPE as a shell material due to its extremely short reptation time and sharp melting peak that facilitate superior surface contact and interlayer weld strength at the interface between neighboring FFF tracks. PETG is a commonly used 3D printing filament with excellent printability and sufficient zero shear viscosity to help maintain the extruded filament shape against shrinkage induced by the HDPE shell. Impact and tensile properties of core–shell objects revealed tremendous improvements in the impact resistance and toughness especially at 30 vol % HDPE shell with 1280% and 150% enhancement in impact resistance when compared to individual components: PETG and HDPE, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze the fracture morphology of the tested specimens to obtain an understanding of the fracture mechanism leading to the increased impact resistance. Using this die design can help open avenues of fabricating high impact resistance materials suitable for high performance applications and using HDPE in 3D printed objects with its superior solvent resistance.

Ultrasonic array imaging of highly attenuative materials with spatio-temporal singular value decomposition

With the increasing use of high density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes in nuclear industry which puts safety at the forefront, ultrasonic array imaging methods play a vital role in the structural integrity of HDPE pipe materials. However, the viscoelastic attenuation of HDPE pipe materials significantly decreases the level of signals, leading to a low signal-to-noise ratio caused by electronic noise. In this work, a domain-adapted spatio-temporal singular value decomposition (STSVD) processing algorithm combined with the total focusing method is proposed to improve the ultrasonic array image quality. First, the real-valued radio frequency (RF) data or A-scan signals are demodulated into the complex analytic signals containing in-phase and quadrature (I/Q) components. Then, the STSVD processing algorithm is used to filter the I/Q data, and the filtered I/Q data is converted into RF signals. Finally, the total focusing method is applied to the processed RF signals to produce the image of the region under detection as a stage of post-processing. Experiments are carried out with an ultrasonic linear phased array in contact with the HDPE pipe materials containing multiple side-drilled holes and through-wall notches. Results show that the proposed method can produce images with high quality to provide good inspection and characterization of defects in highly attenuative materials, especially the deeper defects.

Measurement of Structural Performance of Fusion Weld with Change of Welding Parameters in High-Density Polyethylene

Abstract In the last few decades, the use of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) is continuously increasing such as HDPE pipes. These pipes are frequently used in the construction of long-buried infrastructures including water mains, sewers, and gas pipelines. These pipes are available in standards lengths and can be customized as per desired lengths using the fusion welding technique. In this article, the effect of changing the welding parameters such as temperature, heat, and soaking time on the performance of the fusion welding joint in HDPE is presented. The structural performance is measured by comparing the tensile strength of the unwelded and welded structure. Furthermore, the structural performance of extruded HDPE pipes and injection-molded HDPE fittings, such as elbows, tee-joints, and close end cap connections, are also discussed. The findings of this research are very useful in understanding and improving the structural performance of HDPE fusion welds with the help of comparative studies based on tensile strength on the welded joint in HDPE.

Experience of High-Density Polyethylene as a Binding Substance in Grinding Wheels

The possibility and efficiency of the use of high-density polyethylene as a binding substance in grinding wheels for cutting-off, as well as for finish cylindrical grinding, is researched. It is determined that: - breaking mechanical strength of such circles ensures their safe operation at maximum operating speeds of 30–35 m/sec; - the use of high-density polyethylene as a binding substance in cutting wheels is not advisable, due to intensive wear and low cutting power of these tools; - wheels for finish cylindrical grinding on the basis of high-density polyethylene and hollow spherocorundum as abrasive grains in a number of key indicators (cutting power, roughness of machined surfaces) are highly competitive with grinding wheels on a bakelite bond or are comparable to them, and significantly exceed the latter in terms of wear resistance.

Eco-friendly high-density polyethylene/amorphous cellulose composites: Environmental and functional value

Abstract This study aims to enhance the degradation properties of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) without deteriorating its other useful features. To address the restricted use of HDPE as a packaging material, new biodegradable composites were prepared from amorphous cellulose particles and HDPE via a melt blending technique. The influence of the structure of amorphous cellulose on the soil burial degradation, mechanical, morphological, thermal stability, flowability, and wetting properties of the prepared HDPE composites was investigated. A soil burial test revealed that the degradation properties of the HDPE composite improved with the incorporation of amorphous cellulose. Scanning electron microscopic and X-ray micro-CT observations revealed a good distribution of the amorphous cellulose particle within the HDPE matrix at low loadings. Furthermore, with the addition of amorphous cellulose (up to 4% loading), the tensile strength of the HDPE composite slightly increased. The wetting properties of the composite also increased upon adding amorphous cellulose owing to its high hydrophilicity. These findings indicate the potential of amorphous cellulose for enhancing the degradation properties of HDPE packaging.

The deformation characteristics of buried HDPE transfer lines in trenches under the effect of temperature

Today, the use of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) transfer lines is increasing day by day for drinking water, wastewater, sewerage networks, rainwater drainage lines, water transport structures, and natural energy sources, etc. In this study, flexible HDPE pipes were embedded in a trench to expose them to variable relative density and different thermal conditions so that the resulting deformation behavior could be investigated. Displacements and elastic strain values in the crown and spring line regions were measured. The main aim of this research was to determine the behavior of HDPE pipes under temperature effects within the framework of geotechnical principles to reflect real field conditions. As a result, pipes subject to vertical loading were tested under different relative density and thermal conditions. In the experiments carried out in a silica sandy trench, the deformations increased due to an increase in relative density. The maximum displacements and bending moment values were obtained at 50°C, which was the maximum thermal condition applied. An increase in temperature increased the deformation values due to the resulting decrease in the modulus of elasticity.

R39 Rib Cage Stabilisation With 3D-Printed High-Density Polyethylene Sternal Prosthesis Post-Sternotomy Mediastinitis

Post-sternotomy mediastinitis (PSM) is a serious complication of median sternotomy. When large areas of resections are performed, the use of sternal prosthesis could be considered to ensure chest wall stabilisation and cosmesis. Commonly used materials are mesh, bone grafts and titanium plates. Internationally, the use of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) as sternal prosthesis is rare as it is an emerging prosthesis material. We present our unit’s innovative first case of rib cage stabilisation with 3D-printed HDPE sternal body prosthesis.

Effect of Temperature on Pyrolysis Oil Using High-Density Polyethylene and Polyethylene Terephthalate Sources From Mobile Pyrolysis Plant

This research aims to study the effect of temperature, collecting time, and condensers on properties of pyrolysis oil. The research was done be analyzing viscosity, density, proportion of pyrolysis products and performance of each condenser towers for the pyrolysis of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in the mobile pyrolysis plant. Results showed that the main product of HDPE resin was liquid, and the main product of PET resin was solid. Since the pyrolysis of PET results in mostly solid which blocked up the pipe, the analysis of pyrolysis oil would be from the use of HDPE as a raw material. The pyrolysis of HDPE resin in the amount of 100 kg at 400, 425, and 450°C produced the amount of oil 22.5, 27, and 40.5 L, respectively. The study found that 450°C was the temperature that gives the highest amount of pyrolysis oil in the experiment. The viscosity was in the range of 3.287–4.850 cSt. The density was in the range of 0.668–0.740 kg/L. The viscosity and density were increased according to three factors: high pyrolysis temperature, number of condensers and longer sampling time. From the distillation at temperatures below 65, 65–170, 170–250, and above 250°C, all refined products in each temperature range had the carbon number according to their boiling points. The distillation of pyrolysis oil in this experiment provided high amount of kerosene, followed by gasoline and diesel.

High-Density Polyethylene Liner Safeguards Against Corrosion and Wear

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 199000, “High-Density Polyethylene Liner: Successful Alternative Against Corrosion and Wear Problems in Production Tubing of Mature Fields in Colombia,” by Gloria Isabel Duarte Poveda, Miguel Mateus Barragán, and José Alexander Estévez Lizarazo, Ecopetrol, et al., prepared for the 2019 SPE Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference, Bogota, Colombia, 5-7 June. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Production tubing in mature fields in the Magdalena Department’s Middle Valley in Colombia has shown a run life between 180 and 300 days, with failures mainly caused by corrosion and abrasive wear or friction mechanisms. Extended use of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) liner in flow and collector lines with corrosion and abrasion problems has resulted in positive results. The complete paper presents the results of evaluation of laboratory and demonstration trials of HDPE liner to mitigate premature failures and prolong the run life of production tubing. Introduction Root-cause analysis determined that failures in production tubing in the mature Casabe and Cantagallo fields could be the result mainly of corrosion by the multiphase fluids transported or as the result of wear mechanisms caused by contact between the internal wall of the tubing and the sucker rod in artificial-lift systems. To solve this problem, HDPE liner was evaluated in the laboratory and implemented in a pilot-scale test. Results proved its ability to absorb abrasion impact from sand particles and resist CO2 corrosion. After 12 months in service, the HDPE liner demonstrated its compatibility with aggressive fluids, remaining thermally stable with no structural variation and absence of swelling, softening, and blistering. After 6 years, the pilot remained failure-free and operationally active. On the basis of these results as well as other research in the literature, HDPE liner was proposed as a downhole alternative to prolong run life of critical wells in the Casabe field. To this end, HDPE lining for carbon steel tubing was developed and manufactured in Colombia through an engineering process that included materials specification, prototype design, mechanical stress analysis, laboratory tests in simulated downhole conditions, redesign of the prototype, and optimization of the production process. To validate the technology, the downhole HDPE liner was installed in three producing wells with progressive-cavity-pump (PCP) artificial-lift systems and a run life of approximately 300 days. After 400 days of service, well intervention was performed not related to tubing; the tubing had not experienced damage and was reinstalled, with a three- to sixfold run-life increase. HDPE Liner Technology HDPE is known for its ability to inhibit corrosion, improve flow fluid because of a lower friction coefficient compared with carbon steel, and resist abrasive wear because of high tenacity properties. The HDPE (PE-100) is used in contact with multiphase fluids (water/crude oil/gas) with maximum service temperature of up to 60°C, depending on the manufacturer. According to laboratory tests, the resistance of HDPE to abrasive wear and corrosion is approximately three times that of carbon steel.

The effect of High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) and Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) on characteristics of asphalt concrete with dry and wet mixing process

Plastic waste in Indonesia reaches 64 million tons per year which 3.2 million tons are disposed to the sea. Therefore, a solution is needed to solve plastic waste problem in Indonesia. The objectives of the study is to know the effect of using High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) and Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) waste on characteristics of asphalt concrete AC - WC based on the Marshall Test, compare the characteristics produced based on dry and wet mixing process, and evaluate whether the test results fulfil Bina Marga Specification 2018. By the result of wet process, stability value of 7% HDPE increased up to 38.08% and 8% LDPE content increased up to 22.03% and for the dry process, 9% HDPE and 11% LDPE increase the stability value up to 24.61% and 19.30% respectively. The use of HDPE or LDPE can increase stability of asphalt concrete mixing both in dry and wet process. We can use up to 8.7 ton of plastic waste into 1 km of 7-meter-wide asphalt pavement road.

A Review on the use of High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) in Concrete Mixture

A Review on the use of High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) in Concrete Mixture - written by Tabish Wani , Syed Afsar Quadri Pasha , Sanskar Poddar published on 2020/05/29 download full article with reference data and citations

Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida de Sistemas de Tratamento de Efluentes Urbanos utilizando Microalgas e Wetlands Construídos

Desenvolver o saneamento de águas residuárias de forma descentralizada significa pesquisar a carência de quase 50% dos municípios brasileiros. Neste sentido a principal finalidade deste estudo foi o uso da Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida para aplicação dos sistemas integrados de reator anaeróbio, Wetlands Construídos (WCs) de fluxo vertical/horizontal e Microalgas (MA). A unidade funcional foi definida como 1.200 m3 de efluente tratado durante 20 anos e a fronteira do sistema foi delimitada pela entrada do esgoto bruto no reator UASB até a partida do efluente final tratado para o corpo receptor. O estudo de ACV utilizou o programa SimaPro® 8.04 e o método Impact 2002+. Para as categorias de impacto nas etapas de construção e operação foram aplicados a Normalização, Caracterização, Ponderação e Inventário de Rede dos dados obtidos. Desta forma foi possível a identificação dos principais itens para o desenvolvimento ambiental sustentável destes sistemas, sendo que foram identificados os maiores impactos na fase de construção (92,3%) relacionados a utilização de polietileno de alta densidade (32,8%), areia (27,2%) e policloreto de vinila (18,8%). Já na fase de operação o maior impacto foi a utilização de energia elétrica no sistema Microalgas Pré-Wetlands devido a dependência de recursos não renováveis.

Study on the Use of a Variety of Plastic Materials in a Mixture of High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) in a Mixture Based on Wear AC-WC Layers (Asphalt Concrete Wearing Course)

Roads with flexible pavement are pavements that use asphalt as an aggregate binder, so they are much in demand rather than rigid pavement. Road infrastructure requires maintenance whose conditions must be maintained on an ongoing basis. The use of plastic packaging cannot be separated in everyday life. HDPE (High density polyethylene) is high density polyethylene. Based on the problem of the amount of used plastic waste currently available, this research is needed to find out how well the pavement uses the use of HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) plastic as mixed plastic waste. After testing the laboratory and analyzing it according to the General Highway Specifications for normal composition 1 without a mixture of 0%, the asphalt content that meets all the requirements is estimated at asphalt level between 5.6% - 6%. Whereas in composition 2-4 with HPDE plastic waste 4%, 8%, and 12%. From the results of the research with 4 different compositions, it is obtained that the optimal asphalt content composition of HDPE plastic mixture is 0-12% which meets the VIM and stability an optimal 8% HDPE plastic mixture was obtained with an optimum asphalt content of 4.45%

Improve the Marshall stability of porous asphalt pavement with HDPE addition

Porous asphalt is a gap graded pavement that is 20% air voids which enables rainwater that falls on the road surface to flow through the pavement and into drainage on the side of the road. Porous asphalt has a high shear resistance and dries quickly but its stability is low, it is costly to maintain and needs replacing after only a short time. Despite these disadvantages, porous asphalt is still a good choice in area that experiences heavy annual rainfall. High Density Polyethylene (HDPE), an opaque plastic, is harder and stronger than porous asphalt with a tensile strength of 3100-5500 psi. It is resistant to high temperatures. This study aims to investigate the effect of various percentages of HDPE as an additive to produce an HDPE Asphalt Binder for porous asphalt pavement. Marshall parameters were determined based on the AAPA 2004 standard. It was found that 4% HDPE achieved a maximum stability value of 870 kg at the optimum asphalt content for porous asphalt pavement was 5.54%. Stability of porous asphalt pavement with optimum asphalt content value was 61.1% higher after the addition of HDPE. Thus, the use of HDPE as an additive in Asphalt Binder was able to increase the binding strength of the asphalt minimising the disadvantages of the low stability of traditional porous asphalt pavement.