Use Of Formwork Research Articles

IDENTIFYING THE CARBON FOOTPRINT OF FORMWORK MATERIAL DELIVERY IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS

Sustainable construction is a way of implementing sustainable development of the construction industry and infrastructure through building a better quality of life, and minimizing the use of resources and energy in order to actualize The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The use of construction materials is one source of carbon dioxide emissions and material delivery is one of the stages in the construction material supply chain that has the potential to cause CO2 emissions, one of which is the use of formwork. Global warming is closely related to carbon footprint. The research was done by surveying the building construction project followed by data processing which aims to find out how much carbon emissions are generated by construction projects in the contracting process, delivery, formwork fabrication process, and the use of tower cranes and find out what factors contribute to the carbon footprint and what processes are most significant in producing carbon footprints. The results show that carbon emissions for 28 floors amounted to 84,815.1037 kg.CO2 and by doing 2 scenarios in which scenario 1 maximizes the carrying capacity of each delivery truck during the delivery process and delivery for all the needs of 1 tower is carried out during the GF floor and first floor work, the resulting carbon emission efficiency is 2289.0626 kg. CO2 and in scenario 2 where the delivery of multiplexes for the needs of only 1 floor, which makes delivery carried out for each floor and makes the delivery distance half the actual distance, the resulting carbon emission efficiency is 4628.7909 kg.CO2.

Computer simulation for parametric study of concrete system: Introducing novel reinforcement for concrete construction materials

Concrete is a primary construction material in the building industry. Formwork is crucial in facilitating the implementation of geometric designs and enhancing the structural integrity of concrete components. Additionally, it represents a significant expense in the building of concrete structures. The use of formwork has a lengthy historical background, with several formwork systems being employed in various projects. When designing and choosing a formwork system, it is important to consider many needs, including safety, cost, structural geometry, construction time, and surface quality. This article introduces a computer simulation for conducting a parametric analysis of concrete systems using a new reinforcing method for concrete building materials. To achieve this objective, the current relevant concrete material is simulated using higher-order shear deformation theory, the minimal potential energy principle, and an analytical solver. Halpin–Tsai homogenization technique and the role of the mixture are used to predict the mechanical properties of the presented innovative reinforcement. The mathematical formulation of a Haber–Schaim foundation constructed from auxetic material inside the Cartesian coordinate system is expressed. The results show that in the highest velocity, the influence of the graphene oxide powders (GOP) distribution pattern on the acceleration of the system than other values of velocity. Also, as an applicable suggestion, by a less change in the amplitude of the structure with higher values of GOP weight fraction, the velocity of the structure changes drastically, While, this trend for lower values of GOP weight fraction has a noticeable change. Finally, some suggestions for improving the dynamic stability of this kind of innovative concrete structure will be given in the results section for civil and mechanical engineers.

Life cycle assessment and economic analysis of Reusable formwork materials considering the circular economy

Economic development and population growth have impacted on fossil-based energy consumption, contributing to environmental pollution. Adopting circular economy research is more pressing than ever to ease pressure on the environment and the economy. Evaluating the best construction materials is not new. To date, many researchers have assessed materials using various criteria. Formwork differs from other construction materials in terms of serviceability and reusability. These materials may be reused multiple times (from 7 to around 50 times). This raises the question of which material is the best from a sustainability perspective. In this paper we have evaluated four of the most widely-used formwork materials used in the construction of buildings in Malaysia. These include plastic, steel, plywood and timber. Evaluations of life cycle assessment (LCA), embodied energy, and life cycle cost (LCC) were conducted from cradle to cradle. For a single use of formwork, timber is best in all categories except human non-carcinogenic toxicity. However, when 50 reuses are considered for the same wall a completely different result arises. In the environmental category, steel formwork produces the lowest emissions and impact in all categories except global warming potential (GWP). Plastic formwork has the lowest carbon emissions. In terms of embodied energy and cost, plastic formwork presents the best option being approximately 20% lower than steel formwork. Because of the inconsistency in the results for LCA, embodied energy, and LCC for 50-cycles of usage, a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) tool was used to normalize the results. The MCDM shows that plastic formwork is an ideal choice for sustainability among the alternatives considered.

Perbandingan Penggunaan Variasi Tipe Bekisting Ditinjau dari Sisi Biaya, Mutu, Waktu dan Waste pada Pelaksanaan Konstruksi Gedung Bertingkat di Indonesia

This study aims to find the ratio of costs, time, waste for various types of formwork in the world of construction, especially building construction. The formwork used is conventional, semi-system, system, PERI and aluminum. The ratio of the cost and time of formwork work to building area is smallest in the use of aluminum formwork, PERI formwork and system formwork. The ratio of the cost and time of formwork work to building area is highest in the use of semi-system and conventional formwork. The ratio of wood and plywood waste to building area is smallest in use of aluminum formwork and system formwork and the highest ratio of wood and plywood waste to building area is found in the use of conventional formwork. The smallest ratio of wood waste to total formwork costs is the use of aluminum formwork, PERI formwork and system formwork and the largest ratio of wood waste costs to total formwork costs is the use of conventional formwork. The smallest ratio of plywood waste to total formwork costs is the use of formwork and the largest ratio of plywood waste to total formwork costs is the use of conventional formwork.
 
 

Effect of the structuration rate on dimensional stability and mechanical performance of 3D printed mortars

Digital concrete fabrication is a novel construction technique in which structural elements are built layer by layer without the use of formwork. This technology has introduced new challenges in materials engineering. More emphasis lies on the structuration behavior of cement-based materials. Concrete is designed to achieve adapted workability to flow during the pumping phase. It also requires proper build-up and stiffness to retain its shape after extrusion and sustain its own weight and, subsequently, the weight of successive layers. A high degree of structuration is recommended to ensure high printing quality. However, this may adversely affect the performance of the multi-layer printing process. In the present study, an experimental program was carried out to evaluate the impact of structuration rate on the dimensional stability and mechanical properties of the printed element at both early age and long term, respectively. Four different mixtures with various structuration rates were designed and printed. In the fresh state, variations in the layer’s height and width were recorded to evaluate the dimensional stability of the printed structure. On the other hand, several specimens were cut out of the freshly printed elements for mechanical tests. The compression and flexural tests were conducted after 7 and 28 days of moist-curing. The obtained results showed that there exists an optimum rate of structuration above which the quality of the bonding interface is compromised, generating losses in mechanical properties. Under this threshold, anisotropic behavior dominates, leading to low dimensional stability.

Performance Analysis of 3D Concrete Printing Processes through Discrete-Event Simulation

Three-dimensional concrete printing is a technique that has been growing constantly, presenting advantages such as reduced completion times and a decreased environmental impact by eliminating the use of formworks. To carry out the process, the printing path of the extruded material and the movement of a robot must be programmed. Thus, the present research simulated these 3D concrete printing processes in a small 2-floor building of 309.06 m2 and then in a 12-floor building of 10,920 m2. To analyze the 3D printing process, discrete-event simulation was used while considering different variables such as extrusion speed and the locations of a robot mounted on tracks. The results show that when comparing the time taken for a conventional construction system to construct concrete walls and the maximum duration for 3D-printed walls, this method is 45% faster than traditional construction for a small building, but for a big building, there is a difference of 40% in favor of conventional construction; however, this was when using only 1 robot for the whole building. After running the same analyses but using 3 robots instead of 1, the total 3D concrete printing time for the big building was 80% faster in favor of the 3D concrete printing process.

Felt-Concrete Composites in Architecture and Design

The paper explores the possibilities of a composite of needle-felt fibres and cement-based matrix for designing and fabricating architectural elements. It summarizes the longer standing design-research undertaking in needle-felting as a novel method for creating materially graded objects without the use of formwork. The work is conducted on a design prototype of a chair to emphasise the integrative nature of this material system. This approach allows the study of all aspects from the fabrication process, the function of details, structural behaviour, and user experience.
 Needle fleeting has a long tradition in arts and craft for manually forming intricate objects such as figurines or applying ornaments to textile objects. The main feature of felt material is that it can bring fibrous material into a stable shape. This process has been digitized by Disney Research proposing needle felting as a way of 3D-printing fibrous material[1]. Becker et al. also proposed a robotic process for robotically 3D-printing felt shapes [2] which form the base for a material composite of felt-fibers and a cement based matrix. Their paper argues for functionally graded architectural elements where the composite of felt and cement can provide for tensile reinforcement, compressive strength, insulation, and different haptic surfaces. Based these methods here a replica of IKEA® Leifarne chair is realized, showcasing a range of felt-concrete composite applications integrated in a single object.

ANALYSIS METHOD OF GRADUAL CAST INSITU PROJECT COMPLETION OVERPASS PT. TALENTA BUMI MARABAHAN

Overpass project development Marabahan is a CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) from PT. Talenta Bumi, namely making public care facilities for the security and facilitate road transport and to improve the welfare of society .This project Overpass consists of main bridge prestressed concrete girders with spans of 30 m and bridges using slab pile construction with a total length of 200 m. This study aims to determine the calculation method of the analysis of in situ casts gradually and to determine the method of implementation of the phased-situ cast on Marabahan Overpass project.Analysis of cast insitu method stages in the project completion Overpass PT. Marabahan Earth's talents will be obtained security calculations on the structure of the Overpass. Foundry work first is casting with cast in situ on the crown, after it's done casting method cast in situ stages at the slab to be divided into two stages, namely the first layer 20 cm (half slab) and the second layer 15 cm (top slab) using scaffolding as a scaffold and job formwork with main reinforcement ɸut 22-150 which gradually cast directly on the ground with the popularity chart Fc validation test cylinder '30 MPa and graphs coefficient of concrete strength PBI age 71. For loading on board, the work scaffolding (scaffolding) at the time of cast insitu gradually in the field wearing a scaffold with a heavy load capacity (heavy duty) has a maximum load of 675 kg/bay or 0.675 tons/m2, and using strong wooden scaffolding with wood class III based voltage PKKI 1961 timber permit.Based on the analysis results of calculations using the method of cast insitu gradually, by doing a test trial error with conditional on calculation of security moment of the plan should be greater than the moment of ultimate, then casting the first layer half slab in getting workable with the concrete less than one day the Fc '5 MPa and to stage a second layer using a comparison chart coefficient PBI age compressive strength, obtained Fc' 9.57 MPa to 1.5 days workmanship of the concrete casting. With the trial based on the test results of the concrete age, can accelerate and cut time jobs and can save the cost of the work, such as the cost of the use of formwork and scaffolding usage. suggestednecessary to test the concrete test cylinders for 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, etc,so that getting the maximum test.

A fibre-based modelling technique for the seismic analysis of steel–concrete composite shear walls

Steel–concrete composite shear wall offers a favourable lateral strength and deformation ductility for seismic applications while significantly shortening the project schedule through eliminating the use of formworks and taking advantage of modular construction methodology. This paper presents a fibre-based modelling technique for simulation of the cyclic nonlinear response of composite walls by taking advantage of existing reinforced concrete and steel plate shear wall models. The improved modelling technique for cyclic analysis of composite walls that benefits from the macro models available for steel and concrete shear walls is introduced. The model is validated using experimental test data from 20 wall specimens. A sensitivity analysis is performed to examine the influence of various geometrical and material properties using the proposed modelling technique. A step-by-step modelling recommendation is finally proposed. The results show that the proposed modelling technique can efficiently be used to reproduce the nonlinear cyclic response of composite walls.

3D concrete printing matrix reinforced with Geogrid

One of the most widely used Construction material is Concrete. The quality of the concrete is highly dependent on the material proportion which in turn depends on the application that it is being used for. In the conventional method, hike in the cost of the project is majorly synonymous to the use of formwork. And this gets added up with a list that includes safety issues, wastage of material, time elapse, space constrain, labour problems, etc. The aforementioned subjects can be made effective with the application of 3D Printing Techniques in Concrete Technology. This Paper targets on optimizing the mortar mix for 3D Printing Concrete with adaptable mineral and chemical admixtures. Use of accelerators reduced the final setting time to 95 min from conventional time of 310 min. Also the use of fly ash as replacement to sand enhanced the compressive strength to 30 MPa compared to conventional concrete that had 25 MPa. Other durability parameters were also improved compared to control mix.

Mortar for 3D Printing Based on Gypsum Binders

3D construction printer - is an innovative construction approach with which building elements can be constructed without the use of formwork and you to get products of various complex shapes with minimal time and material costs. Binder 3D printing technology results in a cheap and high-speed construction method that allows greater freedom in both architectural and structural design of concrete. The principle of operation of a 3D printer is based on the principle of gradual (layer-by-layer) creation of a solid model, which is, as it were, "grown" from a certain binding material. The working mixture must have thixotropic and adhesive properties, it must be workable by the printer and at the same time not spread under the influence of subsequent layers. Therefore, it is important to select the composition of the composition of the working mixture. This paper presents the results of a study on the development of the composition of a working mixture based on a gypsum-cement-pozzolanic binder. The developed composition of the gypsum-cement-pozzolanic binder with a complex of modifying additives is characterized by low spreadability, high viscosity and is easy to lay.

Fresh and Hardened Properties of Extrusion-Based 3D-Printed Cementitious Materials: A Review

3D-printing of cementitious materials is an innovative construction approach with which building elements can be constructed without the use of formwork. Despite potential benefits in the construction industry, it introduces various engineering challenges from the material point of view. This paper reviews the properties of extrusion-based 3D-printed cementitious materials in both fresh and hardened states. Four main properties of fresh-state printing materials are addressed: flowability, extrudability, buildability, and open time, along with hardened properties, including density, compressive strength, flexural strength, tensile bond strength, shrinkage, and cracking. Experimental testing and effective factors of each property are covered, and a mix design procedure is proposed. The main objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the recent development in 3D-printing of cementitious materials and to identify the research gaps that need further investigation.

Irregular Concrete Structure Construction Technology of Cement Spraying for Bowl-shaped Steel Framework with External Suspended Mesh Attached

For the complex construction of a bowl-shaped concrete structure, this paper proposes a construction technology of cement spraying for steel formwork with external suspended mesh attached, which successfully solves the technical problem of construction of the hyperbolic non-load-bearing structure with a radius of 5250 mm at the entrance of sales office of Wanda Plaza in Jining of Ulanqab. The proposed method reduces the use of formwork, cuts construction period and cost, realizes green construction and has good economic and social benefits.

Use of municipal solid waste incineration ash in 3D printable concrete

Concrete 3D printing is an application of 3D printing technology for the construction of concrete structural and non-structural elements. It is a rapid method of construction without the use of formwork, with minimum labor involvement and reduced material wastage. Curved walls and complex structures can be constructed by modifying the print path and controlling the rheological properties of concrete. The fusion of this technology with waste materials is necessary to reduce the problems associated with the recycling of wastes and to minimize CO2 emissions associated with the production of cement. In this study, two different municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration ashes (fly ash and bottom ash) were used to develop a concrete having rheological and hardened requirements of concrete used in 3D printing. Waste incinerator ashes were added as a substitute of ordinary Portland cement in concrete mix proportions. Flow table test and Gilmore needle test were used to measure the flow and setting time of concrete, respectively. Yield stress was measured by shear vane test. The buildability of ash containing printable concrete was simulated by comparing the vertical stresses due to the printing of concrete layers with the increase in the strength of the first stacked layer. Workability, open time, and buildability of the mix proportions were related to yield stress. The effect of adding waste incinerator ash upon the compressive strength was measured. The bond strength between layers at different printing time gaps was evaluated using bi-surface direct shear test. Experimental results showed that setting time promoting effect and initial yield stress enhancement by incinerated fly ash allows for a rapid construction speed with concrete 3D printing. This study concludes that incinerated fly ash can be successfully recycled in 3D printable concrete due to its favorable effects on rheology which are favorable for printing concrete.

3D-printable lightweight foamed concrete and comparison with classical foamed concrete in terms of fresh state properties and mechanical strength

This paper presents a novel type of foamed concrete that is termed “3D-printable lightweight foamed concrete” (3DP-LWFC). Unlike classical lightweight foamed concrete (C-LWFC), this novel material is able to keep its shape at the fresh state due to enhanced consistency and viscosity. This peculiarity lends itself to being implemented in automated extrusion production process and 3D printing applications without the use of formwork, which is particularly convenient in the building industry. These unique fresh state properties of 3DP-LWFC are demonstrated through a specific extrusion test conceived and used in this experimental campaign, and highlighted by comparison with results related to C-LWFC. Despite the remarkably different behavior of the novel material at the fresh state, the mechanical strength of 3DP-LWFC is even slightly higher than C-LWFC. This is demonstrated through a wide experimental campaign focused on the compressive and flexural strength of 3DP-LWFC, which includes different dry densities, curing conditions, cement types, water/cement ratios. Additionally, the effect of the mixing conditions on the mechanical strength of 3DP-LWFC, in particular the rotational speed of the mixer during the preparation of the paste, is also analyzed and discussed. It is found that the increase of mixing intensity from 1200 rpm to 3000 rpm resulted in a considerable increase of mechanical strength values of 3DP-LWFC, up to more than 70% for the compressive strength and up to around 100% for the flexural strength.

Free-form structures from topologically interlocking masonries

The paper presents new results about the geometry of topological interlocking masonries and some possibilities they present to build without formwork. Construction without the use of formwork may be an important issue concerning both productivity increase and decreasing of waste generated on a construction site. Due to the development of computational design and robotics in the construction industry, it makes sense to (re)explore innovative design and process of complex masonry structures. The design of this kind of masonry is standard for planar structures, and in this paper, a generalisation is proposed for the parametric design of curved structures. To achieve this, a criterion for translationally interlocked structure based on quadrilateral meshes is exhibited. The application of this criterion is then extended to masonry structures derived from other patterns. Physical prototypes of topological interlocking masonry are also presented. One of these designs seems to allow construction without formwork.

Implementation of Green Construction on the Use of Formwork at St. Thomas Building Construction Project

Formwork is a molding tool to get the shape of concrete to work as planned. The cost of making formwork is proportional to the cost of reinforced concrete work, so the right methods and strategies are needed to calculate the cost of formwork that can be used repeatedly. When making a bill of quantities, the cost of formwork used is adjusted to the work item, and in the calculation, the formwork that has been used in one application is no longer used for the next. But the reality in the field formwork can be used repeatedly with the right methods and strategies so that the cost for making formwork can be efficient by applying green construction strategy with the Reuse concept. This study aims to determine the methods and strategies as well as the percentage of green construction using green formwork for each building floor. The research method used is qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative methods are used to collect data through observation, interviews, and documentation related to the use of formwork in projects. Quantitative methods are used to calculate the cost of formwork for semi-system methods and one-floor rotation strategies. The results of the research found are the semi-system method and one-floor rotation strategy resulting in the formwork cost savings by 36.10%, and the reduced material on the application of green construction can reduce material successively by 8% for the second use, 16% for the third use, and 24% for the fourth use. This finding contributes to the list of work analysis related to formwork making.

Experimental Study on Flexural Behaviour of Reinforced Foamed Concrete Square Hollow Beam

Nowadays construction industry continuously looking for new, better and efficient construction material and method due to environmental impact. This research reported the effect of reinforced foamed concrete square hollow beam in order to reduce the effect of the application of concrete materials. Foamed concrete with density of 1600kg/m³ is now widely used as a structural component like slab and wall due to it lighter than the normal concrete. Meantime, it helps in saving cost and reduce the use of formwork. The hollow section also can reduce the dead loads which contribute to seismic effect in high rise buildings. In addition, the Processed Spent Bleaching Earth (PSBE) is an industry waste which possess a good pozzolanic reaction is used as partial cement replacement in order to make it more environmentally friendly. The experimental program consists of casting and testing of foamed concrete beams of size 150 x 200 x 1500 mm with and without square hollow section. To study the flexural behaviour, all beams are tested after 28 days of curing subjected to four-points bending test in order to analyse the effect of the reinforcement of hollow section on the strength, deflection and mode of failure of foamed concrete beam. The performance of reinforced foamed concrete hollow square beam (RHB) under flexural shows better when compared with conventional solid beam (CSB) and hollow square beam without reinforcement (HB). The RHB exhibited greater strength with lesser deflection and cracking.

Seismic performance of innovative hybrid precast reinforced concrete beam-to-column connections

Precast construction of structural buildings requires connection techniques that can shorten the process using only simple on-site activities while still guaranteeing adequate strength, energy dissipation, stiffness, and ductility. The construction methods should decrease the use of formwork and temporary bracing to save time and costs. In this study, innovative hybrid connections using steel tubes, steel plates, and steel couplers to join beams and columns were proposed and tested under reversed cyclic loading. Five half-scale samples of the hybrid precast joints, including the monolithic and precast joints, were examined to evaluate the seismic performance of the connections. The hybrid connections showed better performance in terms of load, displacement, drift ratio, ductility, strength, stiffness, and energy dissipation compared to a monolithic connection. The drift ratio, moment capacity, strength, and total cumulative energy dissipation of the hybrid connections were higher by 12.5–50.0%, 34.68–59.57%, 35.0–60.0%, and 50.99–331.32%, respectively, when compared with a monolithic connection. The failure modes of the hybrid connections were governed by yielding steel reinforcement, yielding steel plate, and flexural failure, with less extensive damage compared to the monolithic joint. The hybrid connections were effective in shifting the plastic hinges to outside the connection zone. Therefore, the hybrid connections can be used in high seismic zones because the superior performance results meet the requirements of the seismic codes.

Occupational safety needs into construction formwork market. Perception of stakeholders

DOI: 10.7764/RDLC.18.1.16 This manuscript presents a comparative research about the perception of safety needs in the design and use of formworks. Needs were evaluated compiling opinions from different stakeholders in the construction sector in Spain and United Kingdom. Research methodology involved different phases: definition of the territorial and population context, research tool design, data collection and data analysis and findings. Thus, an ad-hoc questionnaire was designed and distributed to project designers, construction companies and manufacturing formwork companies, in order to identify needs in the design phase, construction phase and legal issues. The findings in both countries showed a high agreement in items related with productivity and final cost during the design phase of the formwork/falsework. Suppliers and customers showed different perception about the training services, especially in Spain. This study has allowed the identification of the sector's needs through the opinion of the main participants in the formwork trade. This should be a good basis for the development of measures that improve health and safety levels in formwork activities.