Abstract
3D-printing of cementitious materials is an innovative construction approach with which building elements can be constructed without the use of formwork. Despite potential benefits in the construction industry, it introduces various engineering challenges from the material point of view. This paper reviews the properties of extrusion-based 3D-printed cementitious materials in both fresh and hardened states. Four main properties of fresh-state printing materials are addressed: flowability, extrudability, buildability, and open time, along with hardened properties, including density, compressive strength, flexural strength, tensile bond strength, shrinkage, and cracking. Experimental testing and effective factors of each property are covered, and a mix design procedure is proposed. The main objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the recent development in 3D-printing of cementitious materials and to identify the research gaps that need further investigation.
Highlights
3D-printing, more formally known as additive manufacturing (AM), is defined as “fabrication of objects through the deposition of a material using a print head, nozzle, or another printer technology” [1]
All the fresh properties depend on the material mixture design and the printing system. The effects of these influential parameters on the four key fresh properties and the evolution of the corresponding rheological properties are discussed in the following sub-sections
From the point of view of mix design, additives are the main factors affecting the flowability of fresh-state cementitious materials
Summary
3D-printing, more formally known as additive manufacturing (AM), is defined as “fabrication of objects through the deposition of a material using a print head, nozzle, or another printer technology” [1]. Compared to conventional methods of construction, 3D-printing has the potential for automation; reduction of construction cost (in terms of labor and formwork), time, material waste, and energy; and fabrication of geometrically complex structures [5,6]. It is an attractive alternative for both on-site and off-site construction applications.
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