Use Of Feeding Bottle Research Articles

Infant And Toddler Feeding Practices In The Baby Friendly Initiative (BFI) Era In Ilesa, Nigeria

Background: Most previous studies focused on feeding practices within the first six months of life with respect to the Baby Friendly Initiative (BFI). Objective: To describe the pattern of infant and toddler feeding practices in the BFI era in Ilesa, Nigeria. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study. Consecutive mothers of children aged 0 to 24 months were studied for their personal data, places of delivery and their infant and toddler feeding practices. Results: A total of 262 mothers were studied; 200 (76.3%) of these had received counselling on breastfeeding according to the BFI. Of these, 158 (60.3%) infants were delivered in health facilities and 184 (70.2%) were still on breast milk. Breastfeeding was commenced within the first hour life among 98 (37.4%) infants, glucose drink was offered to 87 (33.2%) infants at birth while 96 (36.6%) had pre-lacteal feeds. Only 56 (21.4%) infants were exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months. Supplementary feeding was commenced between 2 and 6 months among 96 (36.6%) children. Bottle feeding was practiced by 79 (30.2%). The use of cow's milk was associated with the use of feeding bottle (p = 0.000000), commencement of weaning before 6 months (p = 0.00012) and professional mothers (p = 0.000000). Conclusion: The quality of breast feeding practices was poor and the duration was mostly short. The use of cow's milk and the tendency to commence supplementary feeding before six months were also prominent. Improved health information and education drives are needed.

Health Benefits of Selected Global Breastfeeding Recommendations among Children 0–6 Months in Nigeria

The survey examined the appropriateness of selected global breastfeeding recommendations in an environment where the recommendations contradicted local knowledge and culture. Specifically, the survey assessed the implications of pre-lacteal feeding, feeding of colostrum, exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life and the use of feeding bottles for child health. Eligible mother-infant pairs were recruited for the survey by cluster sampling technique. Data was collected about the mother-infant pairs with the aid of a pre-designed questionnaire that sought information on the social and demographic characteristics of the mothers and infants, current breastfeeding practices and illnesses that the index infants had in the 2 weeks preceding the survey day. Information was canvassed from 2466 mother-infant pairs. All the infants were aged 0-6 months. Compliance with the selected recommendations were: 74.4% reported exclusive breastfeeding; 87.5% did not give pre-lacteal feeds, 78.3% were not using feeding bottles while 92.9 gave colostrum. Mothers who reported compliance with the recommendations also reported fewer episodes of the common signs of illnesses surveyed. The study confirmed the appropriateness and relevance of the selected recommendations in the study area.

Baby tooth care: a forgotten priority?

Background The dental health of children in the UK has improved in the past 30 years, but tooth decay can still be a problem in children under five, especially those from deprived areas. Conclusion Nurses and health visitors have a role in promoting oral hygiene in young children. Simple advice to parents on brushing their children's teeth, appropriate use of feeding bottles and visiting the dentist regularly is the key to further improvement in the oral health of young children. Particular attention should be paid to underprivileged children.

Prevalence of salivary Streptococcus mutans in mothers and in their preschool children

To establish the prevalence and possible relationship of oral Streptococcus mutans colonization in mother-child pairs. An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out at a well-baby evaluation clinic held at the Public Dental Clinic, Varberg, Sweden. Two hundred preschool children, 100 of which were 18 months old and the remaining 100 were 3 years old, and their mothers attended the clinic. All mothers were interviewed and their children's medical history, oral hygiene routines and dietary habits established. All children were clinically examined. The presence and level of S. mutans was estimated in the mother-child pairs with the aid of the Strip mutans chair-side test. Nearly 50% of mothers exhibited high levels of salivary S. mutans, prevalence among the 18-month- and 3-year-olds was 30% and 42%, respectively. A statistically significant (P < 0.01) mother-child relationship was found; a greater presence in mothers led to a higher number of children found harbouring the bacteria. Logistic regression analysis found that high maternal S. mutans levels (P < 0.001), daily sweet intake (P < 0.01) and sugary drinks in feeding bottles (P < 0.05) were significant factors for S. mutans colonization in children. Absence of daily toothbrushing and use of feeding bottles at night failed to fit into the model. Caries prevalence (initial and manifest decayed surfaces) was significantly related to S. mutans colonization (P < 0.01). The results support the concept of vertical transmission (mother-child), emphasizing the importance of the dietary component, and justifying a primary preventive approach with targeted action directed at mothers with high levels of S. mutans colonization.

Breastfeeding Patterns and Promotion of Infant Formula in the Republic of Yemen

Various nutrition surveys in the former Peoples Democratic Republic of Yemen (southern Yemen) and the former Yemen Arab Republic (northern Yemen) conducted in the 1970s and 1980s showed that breast feeding fell considerably. A studying in northern Yemen indicated that about 50% of infants were still breast fed after 3 months. Breast feeding duration was 12.7 months in rural areas but only 5.6 months in urban areas. In southern Yemen a study of maternal and child health (MCH) clinics revealed that 55% of mothers did not breast feed. Infant formula salespeople in the late 1970s and early 1980s in northern Yemen offered free gifts and provided bonuses for large quantity purchases as means to increase sales. Infant formula companies advertised on radio television and posters. In southern Yemen the government regulated the distribution of infant formula (4 tins/month/child) and subsidized 2 types. The regulation in southern Yemen had a stronger effect on bottle feeding than did tactics used in northern Yemen (mean age of bottle feeding 3.2 months vs. 4.9 months and bottle feeding use 19% vs. 8%) A survey of nurses and pediatricians in both parts of the country indicated that just 1 health worker knew about the WHO Code of Marketing Human Milk Substitute. Most nurses recommended breast feeding for 1 to 2 years. Only 15% knew that breast milk is the best infant nutrition. The majority knew the right age to introduce solid foods. Most pediatricians believed the best means to promote breast feeding is to prohibit marketing of infant formula including preventing distribution of infant formula to mothers in the hospital. 96% thought marketing distribution of infant formula was the main reason for the decline in breast feeding. Some recommendations to reduce bottle feeding in Yemen were adoption of the WHO Code workshops for MCH workers national monitoring and evaluation of nutrition education programs and design guidelines for management of breast feeding for all health workers

“Potentially” contaminating behavioural practices in the preparation, feeding and storage of “ogi” — an infant cereal in a rural Nigerian community

Thirty households with children aged 6‐18 months from four villages in the Badagry Local Government Area of Lagos State, Nigeria were studied. Open‐ended unstructured ethnographic interviews were used to collect information on “potentially” contaminating food handling behaviour with particular reference to the preparation, feeding and storage of “ogi” an infant cereal. Focus group studies were conducted for women aged 18‐45 years in the four villages to obtain more information. Improper handwashing, widespread acceptance and use of feeding bottles, long storage and safety of place of storage were some of the “potentially” contaminating behavioural patterns identified. Intensive health education on the dangers of feeding bottles, improper hand‐washing and long storage of cooked “ogi” to the health of infants and young children is strongly recommended.

Women's Work and Infant Feeding: A Case from Rural Nepal

Data from field research conducted in Humla a mountainous district of northwest Nepal and 1 of the poorest regions in that country were used as a basis to facilitate understanding of how women accommodate the burden of heavy work and child care responsibilities in an effort to provide a fuller perspective on the widespread transition to bottle feeding in modern urban societies in recent decades. In Humla men leave their homes for months at a time to participate in seasonal labor migration or trade increasing the burdens on women. These women also bear 7.5 children on average by the end of their reproductive lives and hold the major responsibility for child care. Supplementary cereal foods commonly are introduced within the 1st few months breastfeeding is prolonged for at least 2 years or longer and at present there is a mix of frequent and indulgent nursing when the mother is present and supplementary foods when she needs to work. The existence of such longstanding traditional patterns of early supplementation to facilitate a mothers work may lend a certain perspective on the use of bottle feeding on the part of urban working women in less developed countries. The difference is that bottle feeding seems more likely to replace rather than to supplement breast milk posing greater risks.

Nursing Caries Syndrome: Implications for Children's Health Care Professionals

Nursing caries syndrome (NCS) is a serious dental health problem affecting mostly infants and preschool-aged children Although multifactorial in origin, NCS appears to be most closely related to feeding practices, especially the prolonged use of feeding bottles containing canogenic liquids This paper reviews the history and epidemiology of NCS and summarizes the implications for children's health care personnel who work with new and prospective parents.

Nursing caries syndrome: A critical educational challenge for pediatric health personnel

Nursing caries syndrome (NCS) is a serious dental health problem affecting infants and young children. While multifactorial in origin, NCS appears to be most closely related to feeding practices, especially the prolonged use of feeding bottles containing cariogenic liquids. This paper reviews the facts concerning the etiology and pathogenesis of NCS, and summarizes the important educational and counseling responsibilities of physicians and other health personnel when working with prospective and new parents.

The Relationship Between Dental Caries in 3-Year-Old Children and Feeding Methods, Between-Meal Eating Habits, Use of Feeding Bottles, and Drinking of Acidophilus Beverages

Thirteen hundred and nineteen children aged 3 years living in Higashi-ku of Fukuoka City were examined for dental caries. To their mothers were given questionnaires concerning feeding methods, between-meal eating habits, using period of feeding bottles, use of feeding bottles at bedtime, kinds of between-meal snacks, drinking of acidophilus beverages, and so on. The percentage of the children with carious teeth was 75.5 and the mean deft was 4.5, and these were both samaller than the percentage of children with caious teeth and the mean deft of the whole nation, respectively. The percent of children with carious teeth was significantly larger in the following groups: breast-fed children, children using feeding bottles for more than 24 months, children using feeding bottles often at bedtime, children eating between meals irregularly, and children drinking acidophilus beverages every day or 2-3 times per week. The groups that took between-meal snacks irregularly had the largest percentage of children with carious teeth (83.5%) and the largest mean deft (5.5) throughout this study. Regarding the use of feeding bottles at bedtime, and between-meal eating habits including drinking of acidophilus beverages, breast-fed children did not have so strong a tendency toward dental caries as mixedand bottle-fed children. This study indicated that some circumstances such as breast feeding, long-term use of feeding bottles, frequent use of feeding bottles at bedtime, and irregular eating between-meal snacks might be harmful to the dental health of 3-year-old children.

The Economics of Malnourished Children: An Example of Disinvestment in Human Capital

Most Third World children suffer, many of them severely, from malnutrition.' There are numerous sociocultural reasons for this, some of them of recent origin (such as an increasing use of bottle feeding in unsanitary conditions) and some ancient (such as taboos against infants' eating protein foods). Each specialist no doubt is jealous of his way of analyzing infant malnutrition; certainly economists have little enough to say about most approaches to the problem. As always, though, economic costs and benefits of alleviating malnutrition are of some policy importthus economists' attempts to measure them. In this paper, we report on one exercise of this type: a set of tentative