Use Of Feeding Bottle Research Articles

Study of risk factors of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in children 6 months to 5 years of age and evaluation of effect of micronutrient supplementation (WHO protocol) on serum zinc and magnesium levels: a case control study

Background: Although risk factors for malnutrition have been identified earlier, individual factors potentially change in specific areas over time and a current characterization of risk factors provide the basis for preventative intervention strategies. No guidelines in relation to duration of micronutrient supplementation for treatment of SAM are available. Thus, the study was done to know the adequacy of dose of micronutrients that are presently being supplemented (WHO Protocols) for treating SAM.Methods: It is a case-control study involving 100 cases with severe acute malnutrition and 100 controls having normal nutrition status 6 months to 5 years of age. Detailed clinical data (using a predesigned questionnaire) and anthropometric measurements were recorded for analysis. Blood assay of Zinc, Magnesium and serum Proteins were done on the day of admission (day 1) and again after 2 weeks of treatment with nutritional supplementation (WHO protocols).Results: Out of 100 SAM Cases, 42% were from rural area whereas 76% of controls belonged to urban region (p value 0.03). Twenty-four (24%) mothers of SAM cases were Illiterate, whereas only 6 % of mothers in controls were illiterate. 57 % SAM cases were given breast feeding after 4 hours of life, where as 61% controls were given their first feed within 1 hour of birth with p value <0.01. Eighty-eight controls (88%) were given colostrum, whereas only 62 % SAM cases were given colostrum feeds with p value <0.01. Seventy controls (70%) were given exclusive breast feeding for 6 months whereas only 40% of cases (SAM) was given exclusive breast feeding till 6months of age (p value of <0.01). 57% of top fed cases were given over diluted feeds, only 27% of top fed controls were given over diluted feeds (p value 0.02). 53% of cases were bottle fed and 14% of controls were bottle fed with p value <0.01. Mean value of magnesium and zinc before supplementation was 2.4 mg/dl and 117 mcg/dl respectively with no significant rise after supplementation.Conclusions: Here is a correlation of severe acute malnutrition with rural area, maternal Illiteracy and low socioeconomic status, deprivation of colostrums feeding, lack of exclusive breast feeding for 6 months, over dilution of top feeds and use of bottle feeding. There is no correlation between SAM and immunization status and demographic parameters like age, sex and religion. SAM is inversely related to duration of exclusive breast feeding. 23% of severely malnourished children had delay of developmental milestones. No significant rise of serum levels was seen with WHO recommended doses of micronutrient supplementation

Infecciones de vía aérea superior relacionada con el uso del biberón en la alimentación del lactante menor

Introducción. La lactancia materna ofrece un efecto protector contra las infecciones respiratorias, principalmente de la vía aérea superior; por tanto, es necesario determinar si su sustitución por biberón afecta la incidencia de infecciones respiratorias del tracto superior.Método. Utilizando la metodología de práctica clínica basada en evidencia (PCBE), y según las etapas fundamentales del sistema PICO, se planteó la interrogante: en el lactante menor ¿el uso del biberón para la alimentación comparado con el amamantamiento exclusivo aumenta el riesgo de infecciones en las vías aéreas superiores? Se realizó una búsqueda de artículos en la base de datos en línea PubMed, después de establecer los criterios de inclusión y exclusión y realizar un análisis crítico se seleccionó 5 documentos que dieran respuesta a la pregunta planteada.Resultado. A partir de la búsqueda en la base de datos Pub Med, se obtuvo 969 artículos publicados; tras depurar los resultados iniciales, se logró un total de 25 publicaciones vinculadas a estudios clínicos que abordan la relación entre lactancia materna exclusiva y la incidencia de infecciones respiratorias de vía aérea superior en el lactante menor. Finalmente, se consiguió cinco publicaciones que investigaron el uso del biberón y su posible asociación con infecciones respiratorias. La evaluación de estos estudios evidenció que su calidad es de nivel medio. Las publicaciones concluyen que hay una mayor incidencia de infecciones respiratorias de vía aérea superior en infantes lactantes menores, en los que la lactancia materna no es exclusiva, sino mixta o sustituida por el uso de biberón.Conclusión. Esta revisión breve de literatura muestra que existe evidencia de mediana calidad que apoya la asociación entre el uso de biberón en la alimentación y una mayor incidencia de infecciones respiratorias de vía aérea superior en el lactante menor.

Determinants of exclusive breastfeeding practice to infants aged less than six months in Offa district, Southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study.

BackgroundWorld Health Organization (WHO) recommends timely initiation of breastfeeding after birth and only feeding breast milk to infants during the first 6 months of life. It was estimated that exclusive breastfeeding can reduce infant deaths by 13%. The practice of exclusive breastfeeding is suboptimal in many parts of Ethiopia to a varied extent. Factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding practice and the proportion of its practice was not well documented in Offa district. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess the determinants of exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months of life in Offa district, Southern Ethiopia.MethodsA community-based cross-sectional study was carried out in 396 mothers of infants younger than 6 months using random sampling. Data were collected from mothers of the infants by trained interviewers. Exclusive breastfeeding was measured by the history of infant feeding in the prior 24 h. Pretested and structured questionnaires adopted from standard questionnaires and Ethiopia linkages modules were used. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify factors significantly influencing exclusive breastfeeding practice.ResultsBased on findings of this study of 396 participants, the proportion of exclusive breastfeeding was 78.0% and awareness of exclusive breastfeeding and bottle feeding were 85.6 and 6.1% respectively. About 6% of infants were given prelacteal feeds. The number of infants fed cow milk was 12.9%, formula 7.8%, water 8.5%, fruits and semisolids 1.5%, over 24 h prior to the survey. The initiation of breastfeeding within one h (AOR 2.2; 95% CI 1.1, 4.27), attending formal education (AOR 4; 95% CI 2.20, 7.25), having an awareness on the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding (AOR 6; 95% CI 3.10, 11.70) and knowledge of colostrum feeding (AOR 2.1; 95% CI 1.11, 4.27) had a statistically significant association with exclusive breastfeeding in the study area.ConclusionsThe practice of exclusive breastfeeding as well as awareness was worthy in Offa district. Additionally the proportion of bottle feeding use was small. However, feeding other than breast milk was associated with the perception that breast milk alone was insufficient for their child. Strategies on promoting exclusive breastfeeding practice must focus on strengthening women’s education and awareness creation activities further.

HUBUNGAN PERILAKU IBU DALAM MEMBERSIHKAN BOTOL SUSU DENGAN KEJADIAN DIARE PADA BAYI DI DESA SALE KECAMATAN PLAOSAN KABUPATEN MAGETAN

Background. Cause of diarrhea one of them is the use of feeding bottles are not clean that facilitate contamination by germs such as Esherichia coli. When inserted into the bottle of milk that is not clean, there will be contamination of germs and bacteria if not immediately taken to grow. Sale village consists of 86 families with a number of children to 58 children aged 1 to 4 years, 31 of them are users of milk bottles. A survey from March to November 2014 data obtained 30% of the existing number of infants with diarrhea.Research purposes. To determine the corelation of maternal behavior in cleaning milk bottles with the incidence of diarrhea in the village of Sale District of Plaosan Magetan.Methods. The research design correlation with the approach of cross sectional method. Subjects were 31 mothers who have children with saturated sampling technique in which the entire population is used as a sample. Data obtained by questionnaire to determine the behavior of the mother in cleaning the bottles and the incidence of diarrhea in infants. The data obtained and analyzed by chi-square test with p = 0.05.Results. shows the behavior of the mother in cleaning milk bottle with both categories as many as 11 people (35.48%) and bad category 20 (64.52%) whereas the incidence of diarrhea result children who often experience diarrhea as many as 16 children (51.61% ) and rarely experience diarrhea as many as 15 infants (48.39%). Results of analysis using the chi-square test p 0.04 was obtained so that the value of p <0.05, which means that Ho is rejected and Ha accepted.The conclusion from this study is that there are corelation mother's behavior in cleaning milk bottles with the incidence of diarrhea in the village of Sale District of Plaosan Magetan. Keywords: Behavior, Milk Bottle Hygiene, incidence of diarrhea.

Effect of Maternal Employment on Infant Feeding Practices in Southwestern Nigeria

The study investigated the effect of maternal employment on breastfeeding and child care practices of mothers in Southwestern Nigeria. Information was collected on maternal socio economic characteristics, care and feeding practices of 450 mothers selected by multi stage random sampling procedure from both urban and rural communities. Results revealed that 46.9% mothers spent more than 8 hours at work, 62.7% worked outside their homes and 73.1% spent about 17 - 24 hours with their children per day. Children received prelacteal feeds such as water (61.1%), concoction (34%), glucose (32%) and infant formula (54.7%). Mean number of breastfeeding per day was 9.7 ± 3.9; only 24% were exclusively breastfed, 37.3% introduced complementary foods at 6 months and 68.6% terminated breastfeeding between 13 - 18 months. Mothers that were engaged in work outside their home in offices and factories practiced exclusive breastfeeding. Mothers below 30 years of age used prelacteal feeds, did not practice exclusive breastfeeding (58.3%), terminated breastfeeding earlier and combined the use of feeding bottles, plates and cups for feeding (50.3%) when compared with mothers between 40 - 50 years. Mothers in the rural areas used water as prelacteal feeds (85.3%) mothers in urban communities used infant formula (65.4%). A significant association was found between maternal places of employment. It is strongly associated with the timing of introduction of complementary foods (p < 0.02) and the number of snack consumed/day (p < 0.03). Conclusively, maternal place of work positively influences the adoption of appropriate infant feeding practice. Working mothers should receive more support in the work place for them to practice appropriate feeding practices.

Determinants of using pacifier and bottle feeding.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the factors associated with the use of pacifiers and/or bottle feeding in infants aged under one year.METHODS This is a cross-sectional study with 34,366 children and using data from the database of the 2nd Nationwide Survey of Breastfeeding Prevalence performed in the Brazilian capitals and Federal District in 2008. Cluster sampling was used. The questionnaire included questions about the use of artificial nipples in the last 24 hours. The analysis considered three outcomes: exclusive use of pacifier, exclusive use of bottle feeding, and use of artificial nipples (pacifier and bottle feeding). Prevalence ratios were obtained using Poisson regression with robust variance following a hierarchical model.RESULTS The following factors were associated with exclusive use of the pacifier: mother working outside the home, primiparity, child was not breastfed within the first hour, and child had consumed tea on the first day at home. The following factors were associated with exclusive use of bottle feeding: mother working outside the home, primiparity, low birth weight, child not breastfed within the first hour, and child had consumed milk formula and tea on the first day at home. The following factors were associated with use of artificial nipples (pacifier and bottle feeding): mother working outside the home, primiparity, cesarean delivery, the male gender, low birth weight, born in a hospital not accredited as “baby friendly”, required health baby monitoring in the Primary Health Care Unit (PR = 0.91), and child had consumed milk formula, water, or tea on the first day at home.CONCLUSIONS This study identified profiles of exclusive users of pacifiers, bottle feeding, and both. The provided information can guide preventive practices for child health.

Early childhood caries and associated determinants: a cross‐sectional study on Italian preschool children

This study evaluates the influence of several determinants on the presence of early childhood caries (ECC) in preschool children living in northern Sardinia, Italy. These determinants include the educational level and occupational status of the parents as a proxy for the socioeconomical level (SES) and behavioral factors (dietary and oral hygiene). An observational cross-sectional study was designed with a dental examination and a standardized questionnaire. Five hundred forty-four subjects (260 girls and 284 boys) were enrolled and categorized into two age groups: 359 children were aged 18-47 months and 185 children were aged 48-60 months. The total caries prevalence was 15.99%. Caries risk increased with lower parents' educational level (P = 0.01), increased number of siblings (P < 0.01), the use of bottle feeding (P = 0.02), and the use of a sweetened baby's pacifier at night (P = 0.01). In robust multivariate analysis, a high parental educational level played a protective role on the presence of caries lesion [odds ratio (OR) = 0.51, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.34-0.78]; the mother's being employed had a positive statistically significant association with the child having decayed, missing, filled tooth surfaces = 0 (OR = 0.64, 95% CI 0.23-0.97). The presence of more than one sibling in the family was associated with caries (OR = 1.70, 95% CI 1.20-2.40). ECC prevalence evaluated was similar to other western countries, and SES and behavioral habits influence the development of ECC.

Mucocele in Lower Lip as a Result of Improper Use of Feeding Bottle: A Case Report

A rare case of mucocele associated with improper feeding habit has been presented. An eight-month old male child presented with swelling in lower lip which was noticed by his mother a week earlier. A thorough clinical examination and history taking gave a diagnosis of mucocele resulting from improper use of feeding bottle. This case highlights and discusses the history, the clinical along with histologic features, and the clinical management of this lesion. Awareness of such an entity and the functional problems associated with the lesion will help the pediatric dentist to prevent any further complications.

Breastfeeding Support in Neonatal Intensive Care

The incidence of breastfeeding of preterm infants is affected by the support provided at the hospital and in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). However, policies and guidelines promoting breastfeeding vary both nationally and internationally. The aim of this survey was to describe breastfeeding support in Danish NICUs, where approximately 98% of mothers initiate lactation. A national survey of all 19 Danish NICUs was conducted in 2009. Four NICUs were at designated Baby-Friendly hospitals, and 5 had a lactation consultant. In all NICUs, it was possible for some parents to stay overnight; 2 units had short restrictions on parents' presence. Five NICUs had integrated postpartum care for mothers. Breastfeeding policies, written guidelines, and systematic breastfeeding training for the staff were common in most NICUs. Seventeen NICUs recommended starting breast milk expression within 6 hours after birth, and mothers were encouraged to double pump. Most NICUs aimed to initiate skin-to-skin contact the first time the parents were in the NICU, and daily skin-to-skin contact was estimated to last for 2-4 hours in 63% and 4-8 hours in 37% of the units. The use of bottle-feeding was restricted. The Danish NICUs described the support of breastfeeding as a high priority, which was reflected in the recommended policies for breast milk pumping, skin-to-skin contact, and the parents' presence in the NICU, as well as in the restricted use of bottle-feeding. However, support varied between units, and not all units supported optimal breastfeeding.

Feeding Bottles Usage and the Prevalence of Childhood Allergy and Asthma

This study aimed to examine the association between the length of use of feeding bottles or pacifiers during childhood and the prevalence of respiratory and allergic morbidities. A large-scale questionnaire survey was performed in day care centers and kindergartens (with children's ages ranging from 2 to 7 years) in southern Taiwan, and a total of 14,862 questionnaires completed by parents were finally recruited for data analysis. Effects of using feeding bottles on children's wheezing/asthma (adjusted OR: 1.05, 95% CI 1.00–1.09), allergic rhinitis (adjusted OR: 1.04, 95% CI 1.00–1.08), and eczema (adjusted OR: 1.07, 95% CI 1.01–1.2) were found. Moreover, significant dose-dependent relationships were further established after an adjustment for confounders was performed that included children's ages, gender, gestational age, birth weight, length of breastfeeding, the age when first given infant formula or complementary foods, family history, parental educational levels, and smoking status, as well as the problem of indoor water damage. This study was the first to reveal the potential risk of using plastic consumer products such as feeding bottles on the reported health status of preschool children in Asian countries.

Current Complementary Feeding and Maternal Nutritional Knowledge in Multicultural Family: Compared to the Korean Survey

multicultural family educational support center (8%), mass media (4%), and hospitals (3%). The cases of complementary food introduction after 8 months (21% vs. 10%, p＜0.001), initial use of commercial food (26% vs. 6%, P＜0.001) and initial use of bottle feeding (15% vs. 3%, p＜0.001) were more frequent compared to the 2009 Korean survey. Mothers agreeing with the following suggestions were relatively fewer: feeding minced meat from 6∼7 months (61%), No mixed cereal powder as complementary food (61%), feeding egg white after 12 months (63%), no adding salt or sugar to the complementary food (64%), bottle weaning before 15∼18 months (66%) and considering formula better than soy milk (68%). Conclusion: Complementary feeding practices of multicultural families showed many points of improvement compared with the 2009 Korean survey. Pediatricians should make more of an effort to consult with families of multicultural infants about nutrition and complementary feeding. Also, the government and the pediatrics academy need to institute policies to support the nutrition of multicultural infants. (Korean J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2011; 14: 286∼298)

Prevalence and determinant factors of malocclusion in children with special needs

Careful attention to malocclusion in children with special needs leads to a considerable improvement in the quality of life. The present study analysed the prevalence of malocclusion in children with Down syndrome (DS) and cerebral palsy (CP) as well as associations with individual, socio-economic, and behavioural factors. A cross-sectional study was carried out that included 181 mothers and their children with DS and CP (aged 3-12 years) at two institutions for individuals with special needs in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Data were collected using a questionnaire administered to the mothers and a dental examination of the children. Clinical examination recorded the following: anterior/posterior crossbite and anterior openbite (AOB). The control variables were the mother's level of education as well as the gender and age of the child. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using the chi-square test and multiple logistic regression. An anterior crossbite was present in 20.4 percent, a posterior crossbite in 21.5 percent, and an AOB in 29.8 percent. The presence of DS, bottle feeding, and non-nutritive sucking habits for 24 months or more was determinant factors for an anterior crossbite and the presence of DS, bottle feeding and non-nutritive sucking habits for 24 months or more, and respiratory infection in the previous 6 months was determinant factors for a posterior crossbite. The presence of CP and non-nutritive sucking habits for 24 months or more was determinant factors for an AOB. Thus, the prevalence of malocclusion in children with special needs was associated with the type of disability, use of bottle feeding and non-nutritive sucking habits for 24 months or more, and respiratory infection in the previous 6 months.

Feeding and nonnutritive sucking habits and prevalence of open bite and crossbite in children/adolescents with Down syndrome

To analyze the influence of breastfeeding, bottle feeding, and nonnutritive sucking habits on the prevalence of open bite and anterior/posterior crossbite in children with Down syndrome (DS). A cross-sectional study was carried out in 112 pairs of mothers/children with DS between 3 and 18 years of age at a maternal/children's hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The children with DS were clinically examined for the presence of open bite as well as anterior and posterior crossbite. Information on breastfeeding, bottle feeding, and nonnutritive sucking habits was collected using a structured questionnaire. The control variables were age and mouth posture of children/adolescents and mother's schooling. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using the chi-square test and multiple logistic regression. The prevalence of anterior open bite was 21%, anterior crossbite was 33%, and posterior crossbite was 31%. The use of bottle feeding for more than 24 months (prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.6) was associated with the occurrence of open bite. Having breastfed for less than 6 months (PR = 1.4) and pacifier sucking for more than 24 months (PR = 3.1) were associated with the prevalence of anterior crossbite. Finger sucking (PR = 2.9) and the use of bottle feeding for more than 24 months (PR = 2.6) were associated with posterior crossbite. The prevalence of open bite and crossbite in children with DS was associated with the use of bottle feeding and pacifier sucking for more than 24 months, breastfeeding for less than 6 months, and finger sucking.

Psychosocial care in complementary feeding of children: a comparative study of the urban and rural communities of Osun State, Nigeria

This study investigated psychosocial care in complementary feeding of children under two years of age. The cross‐sectional study was carried out in Osun State of Nigeria within Sub‐Saharan Africa, and 450 mothers were interviewed of which 337 were from the urban and 113 from the rural communities. Results revealed that 37.4% of the respondents work outside their home while 46.7% work for more than eight hours in a day. About 77% care for their children all the time while only 23.1% used care alternatives. Complementary feeds are usually introduced as early as one month (2.6%) and those who started at six months were only 37.3%. Mothers combined the use of feeding bottles and cups and spoons for feeding (37.4%) while 15.2% exclusively used feeding bottles for feeding. About 75.1% of children cried before they were fed while mothers observed refusal of food as a sign of fullness when children were fed. The number of mothers who pet children to eat was only 58.7% while the number who force‐feed their children was 23.6%. About 76.2% of mothers claimed that their children have their own separate bowls for eating; 76.4% sit with their children while feeding; and 5.3% talk with their children when they are eating. The study revealed that the psychology and culture of people influenced the respective care in complementary feeding for children. It is recommended that studies on complementary feeding should emphasise psychosocial care for optimum nutritional outcome.

Feeding practices of children in an urban slum of Kolkata

Good nutrition forms the basis for good health of a child. Nutrition is required for a child to grow, develop, stay active, and to reach adulthood as well.(1) Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is recommended as the optimum method of feeding for the first 6 months of life and semi-solid foods are to be introduced after 6 months while continuing breastfeeding to meet the physiological requirements of the infants.(2) Studies(3) have reported that the practices of early introduction of top feeds and late introduction of semi-solids are widely prevalent, more so in urban slums. Studies by the Nutrition Foundation of India (NFI) in urban slums of three major cities (Mumbai, Kolkata, and Chennai) revealed serious erosion of breastfeeding practices. Other studies from urban slums repeatedly documented that exclusive breastfeeding was practiced in only 30-40% of infants, colostrum was discarded in upto 90%, use of prelacteal feeds was almost universal, use of feeding bottles, animal milk, and commercial milk formulae was very common. Also it was found that the introduction of complementary foods is markedly delayed and the foods lack the consistency, energy density and are fed in inadequate amounts and in unhygienic ways.(3) With this background, the study had been conducted to assess the feeding practices of the children in an urban slum and to determine the factors influencing it, if any.

Breastfeeding the ‘healthy’ near-term infants after laryngeal mask airway or traditional resuscitation methods

Background. The influence of delivery room resuscitation practice on neonatal breastfeeding pattern is largely not data driven, and clinical experience is insufficient to indicate the impact of available management methods.Aim. This cohort observational study investigated weather laryngeal mask airway (LMA) rather conventional positive pressure resuscitation devices, face mask (FM), or endotracheal-tube (ETT) would influence breastfeeding pattern in the near-term infants triaged to regular newborn nursery.Methods. We identified through 18,641 birth records (from 2002 to 2006), 921 (4.9%) records of near-term infants of 34–36 6/7 weeks' gestation, 710 (77.1%) triaged to regular newborn nursery. Among those, 52/710 (7.3%) required positive pressure resuscitation at birth, inclusive of LMA (29, 55.7%), bag-face mask (FM, 19, 36.5%), and endo-tracheal tube (ETT, 4, 7.6%), respectively. Fifty non-resuscitated near-term infants were used as controls.Results. Anthropometrical and clinical characteristics of resuscitated near-term study groups were comparable to controls. LMA was more frequently employed at birth to resuscitate near-term infants triaged to regular newborn nursery (OR; 95% CI 17.16; 5.34–55.14), whereas ETT was less frequently utilized (OR; 95% CI 0.11; 0.02–0.55). Although LMA and ETT resuscitation methods did not influence breastfeeding rate at discharge with respect to controls, FM resuscitation was associated with both the lowest breastfeeding rate (OR; 95% CI 3.20; 1.07–9.57) and the more frequently formula-feeding (OR; 95% CI 7.23; 1.58–32.92), and bottle-feeding use (OR; 95% CI 4.20; 1.30–13.49) at discharge.Conclusion. LMA is an effective and safe alternative to more conventional forms of airway management in near-term infants needing resuscitation at birth. Other studies are needed to clarify the potential advantages of the LMA on breastfeeding.

Breast-feeding: factors leading to precocious weaning in Passo Fundo, RS

This exploratory-descriptive study with a qualitative approach aimed to identify factors linked to early weaning in PassoFundo-RS. It was carried out in the Vaccination Room of the local Health Center with mothers with children from zero to six months ofage and were in the weaning process. Data were collected from August to September 2006 by means of a semi-structured interview andannotations in a field journal, being interpreted by means of the thematic analysis technique. The interpretation of information collectedshowed the following themes: Knowledge Deficit /Lack of Information, Mammary Problems / Use of Feeding Bottle, Health Professionals,Special Situations, and Women Out Of Home / Working Women. This study supplies information for promoting the predominance ofbreast-feeding and stop the practice of early weaning by raising conscience and encouraging breastfeeding.

The Breastfeeding Support and Promotion in Baby-Friendly Maternity Hospitals and Not-as-Yet Baby-Friendly Hospitals in Russia

The objective was to evaluate implementation of the WHO/UNICEF "Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding" as defined by the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative in eight maternity hospitals in the Moscow region. Four maternity hospitals had been certified Baby- Friendly Hospitals (BFHs), the experimental group; and four maternity hospitals Not-as-Yet Baby Friendly, the control group (NBFHs). Maternal interviews and infant breastfeeding rates were the primary outcomes of the study. In total, 741 healthy postpartum women from the experimental and control group were interviewed: 383 and 358, respectively. Interviews were conducted over 5 months, from May to July 2004. In addition, an assessment of levels and trends in breastfeeding for the period of 1998 to 2003 was made for the area served by the BFHs and the NBFHs. Analyses of the questionnaires completed by the mothers found a positive effect of BFH practice on a number of parameters, such as an increased rate of in-hospital exclusive breastfeeding, mothers' decisions concerning planned duration of breastfeeding, mothers' and babies' health, and maternal knowledge about the necessary measures in BFHs. Mothers appreciated baby-friendly changes, such as rooming-in, breastfeeding on baby's demand, and taking care of their babies by themselves. The successful initiation of breastfeeding in the BFHs was shown to favor the promotion of breastfeeding among 1-year-old babies in the experimental areas. However, there were some shortcomings in the BFHs: frequent use of labor anesthesia; insufficient placing of newborns on the mother's abdomen, rooming-in, and initiating breastfeeding immediately; and a short length of "skin-to-skin" contact (<30 minutes). The women in BFHs also observed the use of feeding bottles and dummies, and experienced some problems with breast health. BFH practices can increase breastfeeding rates as well as maternal satisfaction. However, shortcomings in the training and support for mothers, and limited help of the medical personnel were noted. It is recommended that BFHs pay attention to maintaining adherence to the criteria of the 10 steps of the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative. Since 2003 to control the implementation of the Baby Friendly Initiative principles and sustain the progress in the hospitals designated as Baby Friendly reassessment of maternity hospitals is held in Russia in conformity with the requirements of WHO and UNICEF.

Relationship Between Breast-feeding &amp; Bottle-feeding To Craniofacial &amp; Dental Development

Breast-feeding offers many benefits to the baby and the mother. For instance, breast milk provides the right balance of nutrients to help an infant grow into a strong and healthy toddler. Even though breastfeeding is a natural process, it is not always easy. In certain situations, some mothers are unable to breastfeed their babies or the babies are unable to adapt to breastfeeding. This will lead to the use of bottle-feeding. The effect of breast-feeding and bottle-feeding on physical growth has been well established but less has been concentrated on the craniofacial growth and dental development. This review reveals the effects of breast-feeding and bottle-feeding on craniofacial growth and dentoalveolar development based on the available literature.

Indicadores de desenvolvimento na fase pré-escolar de crianças nascidas pré-termo

The aim of the present study was to compare the development of 15 children at the age of 6 years born pre-term (PT) with the development of 15 children born full-term (AT). The development was assessed by interview with their mothers and psychological assessment. PT children showed a significantly longer time of hospitalization, made more use of bottle feeding, their mothers used more medication during pregnancy, parents were more fearful of taking care of the baby. Comparing to FT children, PT showed delay in acquiring behaviors such as sitting and walking. There were no differences between groups in the intellectual level. In both groups behavior problems were found. More complaints regarding stomachaches and the fear of dealing with new situations were found in PT in comparison with FT children.