Use Of Euphemisms Research Articles

Linguocultural Conditionality of the Use of Euphemisms of the Thematic Group «Death» in Russian and Chinese Proverbs

The article is devoted to the theoretical aspects of the problem of expressing linguocultural features, value orientations and aspects of the development of the linguocultural potential of euphemisms of the thematic group «death» in Russian and Chinese proverbs. The purpose of the study was to identify the specifics of the use of euphemisms of the thematic group «death» in Russian and Chinese proverbs in the context of the linguocultural conditionality of euphemisms. The object of the study is the euphemisms of the thematic group «death» in Russian and Chinese proverbs. The subject of the research is linguocultural features and linguocultural potential of euphemisms of the thematic group «death» in Russian and Chinese proverbs. The study used methods of analysis of scientific research literature, linguoculturological analysis of language units, structural and comparative analysis; descriptive methods, including sampling and analysis of linguistic material, etc. The main conclusions of the study are: euphemisms of the thematic group under study do not have the same expression in Russian and Chinese, since these ethnic groups are characterized by a non-identical worldview (in the field of axiology, philosophy, religion); aspects of the development of the linguocultural potential of euphemisms are due to the specifics of the ethnocultural attitude to this phenomenon. The author's special contribution to the study of the topic is to identify the specifics of the value orientations of the euphemisms of the thematic group «death», which are defined through oppositions that objectify ideas about this phenomenon. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time an analysis of the euphemisms of the thematic group «death» was carried out in the framework of identifying their linguocultural conditionality, value orientations, as well as the linguocultural potential in Russian and Chinese proverbs.

Loomade ja inimeste suhteid tähistavad loitsud – adresseerimine, eufemismid, düsfemismid

The use of euphemisms is a characteristic of everyday language use today. However, substitute names and euphemisms were widely used in incantations, where euphemisms were tightly interwoven with taboos. In incantations euphemisms are used in various situations: healing the sick, coping with animals and natural phenomena, creating social relationships; coping with core rituals of human life (primarily birth and death); retaliating for theft, murder, and infidelity; promoting one’s work. Euphemisms represent an important pole in the use of verbal magic, and they are different from references to dysphemisms, that is, using vituperation, cursing, profanity or hexing to cut off contact or to achieve one’s goal. This article discusses general principles for the use of euphemisms and examines which euphemisms are used in which functions, using examples of certain belief rituals and values (fishing), symbolic animals (the wolf and the raven) and cockroaches. The results demonstrate that there is no direct appeal in 11% of texts concerned with wolf words, in 10.9% of texts about ravens, and 58% of texts about cockroaches; and euphemisms are used in 66% of texts concerned with the wolf, in 19,5% of texts about the raven, and 32,2% of texts about cockroaches, whereas dysphemisms are used in 32% of texts about the raven and in 3% of texts about cockroaches.

“An Unhappy Interlude”: Trivialisation and Privatisation of Forced Marriage in Asylum-Seeker Women’s Cases in the UK

Abstract This article examines asylum-seeker women’s appeals involving forced marriage at the Upper Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber) in the UK over the past 20 years. Internationally forced marriage has long been understood as a human rights issue. In the UK, the government has introduced a range of policy and legislative measures to tackle forced marriage of its nationals that have been framed within human rights discourse. The aim of this article is to examine the ways in which forced marriage has been framed by the Tribunal in women’s asylum claims. Informed by feminist contributions to gender and refugee law, the article reveals two problematic and interrelated trends. First, that gendered harm in the form of forced marriage continues to be contained in the “private” sphere. And secondly, that a noteworthy trend of trivialisation through conflation of forced and arranged marriage, and the use of euphemisms emerges. As a result, these gendered representations evidence a continuing failure of refugee law to take women’s rights violations seriously.

A Change in Saudi Attitudes From Use of Euphemism to Taboo: A Sociolinguistic Study

For this paper, we studied the use of linguistic taboo words in Saudi Arabian society. Three main taboo topics were addressed in the current study: the use of taboo words in social contexts, the use of taboo sex words, and the use of taboo swear words. A randomly chosen sample of 253 Saudi females from two different age groups participated in the study. A closed-ended multiple-choice questionnaire was used to collect the data. The findings provided considerable insights into the behavior of Saudi society. Saudi society rarely uses taboo words. The strategy people use to avoid using taboo language is euphemism; sex topics, for instance, which may be overtly discussed in some cultures, are prohibited in Saudi culture. The findings also revealed that Saudi society is too sensitive to the use of swear words because they are culturally and religiously prohibited, though they were occasionally used by younger female participants. In general, this study showed that although the Saudi society is a conservative society, the younger generations of Saudi females are moving slowly toward making linguistic changes in society.

PRAGMATICS AND SEMANTICS OF THE NEW EUPHEMIC VOCABULARY

This article considers euphemism as a material for substantiating the concept of interaction between semantics and pragmatics of lexical units in the Kyrgyz and English languages. In the use of euphemisms, age, gender differences, the level of acquaintance of the respondents, their positive or negative reaction to the spoken word are given. At the same time, issues related to property and racial discrimination, death and any phenomenon, ritual, crime, drug addiction, aggressive politics are considered and confirmed by examples.

End-of-Life Decision Making Between Doctors and Parents in NICU: The Development and Assessment of a Conversation Analysis Coding Framework

ABSTRACT We report the development and assessment of a novel coding framework in the context of research into neonatal end-of-life decision making conversations. Data comprised 27 formal conversations between doctors and parents of critically ill babies, recorded in two neonatal intensive care units. The coding framework was developed from a qualitative analysis of the recordings using the method of conversation analysis (CA). Codes underpinned by our qualitative analysis had in the main moderate to strong agreement (inter-rater reliability) between coders; three codes had lower agreement reflecting the use of euphemisms for death and disability. Coding these interactions confirmed the significance of the doctors’ talk in terms of parental involvement in decision-making, whilst highlighting areas warranting further qualitative analysis. This quantifiable representation provides a novel outcome based on evidence that is internal to the conversation rather than influenced by other factors related to the baby’s care or outcome.

Centrum Multivitamin Content Analysis—Over the Counter—OTC Medicine on Facebook

Medicines advertising can be discussed from several perspectives. The study can be directed to its informational content, current legislation, characteristic (persuasive, informative) and the use of euphemisms. In this paper, the authors indicated the values present in the advertising content of the Centrum brand, classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as Over the Counter—OTC Medicine, based on the content analysis [1] of whose evaluations will be based on advertising objects published on Facebook.

The Phenomenon of Regional Euphemisms and the Work of City Managers (the Analysis of Euphemisms in the Internet-Based Discourse)

This article discusses the issue of the relationship between euphemisms and regional phenomena. The author dwells on the definition of euphemisms and the indication of their main features, emphasizing that the main aspect in understanding euphemisms is replacing a rude or undesirable word with a softer and more appropriate one. According to the author, understanding euphemisms that are found in the speech of residents of a certain geographical area is very important for heads of administrations at various levels, employees of departments, working with the local residents, i.e. for managers who ensure the well-being of city dwellers. The notion of euphemisms is closely related to culture and social attitudes that are developed in society. It is the link between euphemisms and culture, certain stereotypes, traditions of society, systems of values, etc. that makes the existence of regional euphemisms possible. In this study, a hypothesis is put forward about the presence of euphemistic substitutions, characteristic of a certain region. As part of the research, an attempt was made to identify euphemisms characteristic of the Tula region (Russia). Examples of direct discussion of Russian-language publications made in the “Overheard in Tula” community of the VKontakte social network serve as the empirical material for the study. As a result of the analysis, it was proved that in most cases, participants in communication use euphemisms when discussing the shortcomings and problems of their region. Understanding such use of euphemisms can help city managers in their work. The research reveals which regional events most often induce the residents of the Tula region to use euphemistic substitutions. Based on the comparison of selected discourse samples and data from lexicographic sources, it is determined whether the used substitutions can be considered euphemisms. The authors come to the conclusion that it is possible to speak about the existence of the very phenomenon of regional euphemisms and that its further study is much needed as it can improve the efficiency of city managers.

EUFEMISME DAN DISFEMISME DALAM KOMENTAR NETIZEN DI AKUN INSTAGRAM @ROSAMELDIANTI_

The problem studied in this research is how are the lingual forms, references, and functions of euphemisms and dysfemisms in netizen comments on theaccount Instagram @rosameldianti_. The purpose of this study is to describe the lingual form, reference, and function of euphemisms and dysphemisms in netizen comments on theaccount Instagram @rosameldianti_. Data collection is done by the method of listening and the method of documentation. The data were analyzed using the distributional method and the equivalent method. Based on the results of the study found 14 data on euphemism and 27 data on dysphemism. The types of euphemism references found are objects and animals, body parts, professions, diseases, activities, traits or circumstances, and people, while dysphemism references found are objects and animals, body parts, professions, diseases, events, activities, traits or circumstances. , places, and people. The functions of the use of euphemisms found are (1) smoothing speech that is considered taboo, (2) smoothing speech that can offend someone's feelings, and (3) smoothing speech as a form of respect, while the function of using dysphemism is (1) state taboo, not profanity, or immorality, (2) showing dislike for someone or something, (3) making fun of, criticizing, or insulting, (4) swearing or cursing, (5) showing disrespect or demeaning someone, (6 ) express anger or irritation, and (7) indicate something of low value.

An Analysis of the Pragmatic Functions of Hispanicisms in Hemingway’s "Death in the Afternoon"

This paper seeks to explore the pragmatic functions of the Spanishinduced loanwords, or hispanicisms, used in the novel Death in the Afternoon by Hemingway. These borrowed words have been manually extracted and through the software kit AntConc, each occurrence or word token was examined to determine the prevalent pragmatic motivation in each text string: ‘ideational’, ‘expressive’ or ‘textual’. Findings suggest that unadapted borrowings are most widespread, and the vast majority of them correspond to ideationally or referentially motivated loanwords. The assimilation of new referents (i.e., nonexistent in English cultural frames), particularly those related with bullfighting jargon, is linked to the general stylistics of travelogues. Expressive and interpersonal motivations are less frequent, but they might reflect the vernacularization of travel writing and the extended use of euphemisms through lexical borrowing. Alternatively, textual motivations are regularly found through the use of synomyms, co-hyponyms and paraphrases, which are intended to ensure text clarity and coherence.

Negotiating Language in Providing Sexual and Reproductive Health Care to Refugees From Burma: Experiences of Service Providers From Australia

We explore the complexities of language used in providing sexual and reproductive health care to Burma-born refugees in Australia. Twenty-nine providers of refugee services were interviewed to examine these conversational challenges. In the broader study, we found six major themes in relation to effective communication; here we focus on the “Negotiating language and vocabulary” theme, which has four subthemes: (a) different system of reproductive health vocabulary, (b) use of euphemism and metaphors, (c) unfamiliarity with Western concepts of health, and (d) recommendations to improve conversations. Incorporating linguistic nuances (analogies, metaphors, similes) in reproductive literacy interventions could facilitate more purposeful sexual health discussions.

The dynamics of political correctness, inclusive language and freedom of speech

The study aims to research the historical dynamics of the notions political correctness, inclusive language and freedom of speech, as well as to reveal the mechanisms and new tendencies of their realization in public discourse. The sources of practical material are represented by: a) 126 journal and Internet articles; b) 12 speeches of famous US and British politicians, scholars and celebrities reflecting the notions under study. The leading methods include critical discourse analysis, definition and contextual analyses. The research indicates that during its long and contradictory history, the term political correctness had both positive and negative connotations. When the negative attitude started to prevail, it was replaced by the notions inclusion and inclusive language based on similar mechanisms: ban on the use of offensive terms denoting different aspects of peoples identity; avoidance of stereotypes and false semantic associations; abundant use of euphemisms, etc. The paper reveals the new trends in the English language (non-binary expression of gender; changes in the conceptualization of race, age and disability) and social practices meeting the requirements of inclusive communication. Whereas political correctness and inclusive language aim to protect vulnerable social groups and improve the social climate, they produce certain undesirable tendencies: breach between social groups caused by inefficient communication; reverse racism; complex relationship of political correctness with science, literature and education; its speculative use; and restrictions on freedom of speech. The study also sheds light on the problems of politically correct intercultural communication caused by the non-stop language change, differences in social norms, values, grammatical structures, semantics, and cultural associations.

EUPHEMISM – AS A LINGUISTIC UNIT EXPRESSING NATIONAL-MENTAL IDENTITY

The article deals with the euphemic use of language units, which are one of the social features of the language, euphemic phenomena, the commonality of language and culture between them. It is noted that the study of the connection of language units with the context, the situation of speech only gives a full opportunity to correctly understand their meaning, which determines the need for sociolinguistic knowledge. It is noted that the cultural similarity of euphemisms stems from the uniformity of the tasks assigned to them. It is concluded that the use of euphemisms in speech often depends on the values that have developed in a particular society, the norms of etiquette and socio-cultural speech norms.

Euphemism in the Instagram Captions of Lambe Turah: A Semantics Approach

Lambe turah as the most popular anonymous accounts on social media in Instagram, discusses celebrity life and viral events, demanded avoid misinterpretation or any lawsuits to prevent of losing their face. To avoid it, Lambe Turah used euphemism. Through semantic approach, this study attempts at analyzing the types of euphemism in Lambe Turah Instagram captions. The study was conducted using a descriptive qualitative method and the data used were the written words that appeared in Lambe Turah Instagram captions. The result of this study shown that the most frequently types of euphemism were found was clipping. In conclusion, euphemism not only continually renames items and repackages them to "better" the sound, but also deals with the customs of language that the main function is to avoid someone losing their face. In over all, the use of euphemism in public especially in social media is increasingly demanded avoid misinterpretation or any lawsuits to prevent face loss, and also helpful to hide the harmful truth.

SOCIO-PRAGMATIC POTENTIAL OF EUPHEMISMS IN ENGLISH

The article touches upon the issue of the socio-pragmatic potential of euphemisms in English. It has been determined that euphemisms are associated with pragmatic reasons including politeness, discretion, taboo, the desire to disguise the negative essence of certain phenomena of reality, increasing prestige, etc. The use of euphemisms is guided by the following principles of political correctness: the principle of observing interracial and interethnic tolerance; the principle of irrelevance of the profession designation to gender identity; the principle of social acceptability of word usage.

The use of euphemisms in public speeches of the US politicians

The subject of this research is the role of euphemisms in political communication. The goal of this article is to establish the functional role of euphemisms in public speeches of the US politicians based on the texts of speeches for the period 2020 – 2021. Research methodology relies on the provisions of linguorhetoric, namely the functional role of lexicon within the framework of a particular speech genre. The article employs the general scientific method, systematization and generalization, content analysis, discursive analysis, method of continuous sampling, and linguostylistic analysis. It is determined that the use of euphemisms in speeches of the IS politicians for the period 2020 – 2021 performs the following functions: manipulative, veiling the reality, self-positioning. In public speech, the important factors are politeness and delicacy for maintaining and promoting communication. It is noted that politics is the sphere that requires using a variety of euphemisms. The mechanisms of euphemization are based on the inaccuracy of speech, ambiguity, and generalized nomination of the object. Practical importance of this research consists in the fact that its results can be implemented in rhetoric courses, as well as in preparation of public speeches. The scientific novelty lies in establishment of the functional role of euphemistic nominations based on public speeches of the US politicians for 2021.

The Death Euphemisms in Kazakh language and their sociocultural interpretation

Talking about death has been a taboo subject in many societies and cultures, including the Kazakh culture. One of the most common ways to talk about death is through the use of euphemisms. The research aims to determine the most common euphemisms that Kazakh people use to describe death, and explore how their meanings reflect common socio-cultural beliefs about the notion of death. The descriptive survey model and the summative content analysis method are used to collect and analyse data. The connotations of the euphemisms are explored, and the Kazakh people’s cultural beliefs were interpreted and discussed in the context of the “death” euphemisms. As a result of the research, it is shown that the euphemisms that convey “death” used by Kazakh people correlate with their socio-cultural beliefs, often based on religion.

Oncologists' experience with discussing cancer prognosis with patients and families: perspectives from India.

Nondisclosure of prognosis of advanced cancer is commonly practiced in some Asian cultures including India; but research is limited. To describe experiences of Indian oncologists in discussing cancer prognosis with people with cancer and their caregivers, with a focus on barriers and facilitators of prognostic discussions. Thirty oncologists practicing in South India, Hyderabad participated in semi-structured interviews; and analyzed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Barriers included system-level, patient-level, and physician-level challenges as obstructions to open and honest interactions around cancer prognosis. Most of the barriers focused on communication-related challenges. Lack of communication skills training for providers coupled with over-reliance on use of euphemisms, hesitation in communicating with "weak" patient, and struggles to establish healthcare proxy described communication-related barriers. The study also described factors including family involvement in cancer care and empathic communication as facilitators of honest and open communication about prognosis. In particular, rapport building and getting to know the patient, use of empathic communication, engaging in gradual and individualized disclosure, and balancing hope with honesty were communication-related facilitators that aid open communication with patients with cancer and their caregivers about prognosis and plan of care. Results provide implications for development of communication skills trainings for oncology physicians in India. Adapting, delivering, and evaluating existing communication skills training programs, particularly around discussions of prognosis and goals of care is a requisite step for providing patient-centered and supportive care to patients with cancer and their caregiving families.

Eufemisme dan Disfemisme dalam “Surat Terbuka Kepada DPR-RI” Narasi TV: Tinjauan Semantik

Euphemisms and dysfemisms are often used as journalism rhetoric for public broadcast/content. This cannot be separated from the role of the mass media as an information institution for all segments. In that case, euphemisms and dysfemisms become expressions to offend and overthrow certain parties deemed to be detrimental to society. This research is motivated by the dominant use of euphemisms and dysfemisms in the video entitled "Dear Sirs and Puan Members of the DPR". This research uses descriptive qualitative method with Keith Allan and Kate Burridge's semantic approach. The research objective is to describe the form, meaning and function of euphemism and dysfemism expressions in the content containing the satire. Sources of research data were taken from social media accounts in the form of Instagram (@najwashihab) and Youtube channel (Narasi TV). The research data were in the form of words and phrases spoken by Najwa Shihab. Data collection used the observation and note technique. The results of this study indicate that Shihab as the narrator uses the dominant form of expression of dysphemism compared to euphemism. So it can be concluded that this broadcast has given the DPR RI a bad image as the target object. Of course, the negative appreciation leads to the performance of the parliament which is considered disappointing or unacceptable to public expectations. In the situation of the Covid-19 pandemic, legislators are aggressively issuing public policies that seem to be impartial to the people, such as the Omnibus Law-Ciptaker Bill, the Criminal Code Bill, the Correctional Bill and so on.

Wartime Is Peacetime: Undeclared Armed Conflict in the Late Twentieth and Early Twenty-First Centuries

Abstract War has increasingly concealed itself by way of euphemism and undeclared armed conflict, a practice that has unsettled the distinction between wartime and peacetime. Each of the four books reviewed herein touches upon this topic, either directly or indirectly. Carson addresses the features of and reasons for covert operations over the course of the twentieth century, focusing on concerted concerns over the risk of escalation. Hoffman and Weiss investigate the evolution of the mainstay commitment to humanitarianism in the international arena, and the extent to which it has become increasingly attached to security. Fazal largely agrees with this conclusion, but takes it one step further. She persuasively shows how the proliferation of international humanitarian law led to a decrease in formal declarations of war among states, a practice that contributed to semantic confusion as well as to the growing use of euphemism to account for armed conflict. Schadlow argues consistently for greater conceptual and practical links between war and postconflict governance, pointing, among other things, to how ill-conceived strategy regarding the broader meaning of war leads to unsuccessful military operations. The review essay subsequently links this common thread—particularly the concealed types of warfare, the use of euphemism, and limited conceptions of armed conflict—to ongoing debates on wartime and peacetime and their relationship to the international order. Overall, the international order's specific setup in conjunction with how war is no longer explicitly recognized or declared has resulted in a division of labor among the military, technocrats, and the police. This division of labor has in turn unsettled the traditional distinction between peacetime and wartime to the effect that the latter is no longer explicitly acknowledged.