Use In Energy Storage Devices Research Articles

Comparison of the capacitance of MnCo2O4 supercapacitor electrode synthesized with different morphologies

In this research, manganese cobaltite (MCO) nanoparticles with different morphologies were synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method with excellent electrochemical properties. To investigate the physical features of prepared samples, XRD analysis was used to study the crystalline structure. The SEM and TEM proved that the morphology of synthesized materials formed as flake and nanoplane structures. The electrode of samples was prepared using the hydrothermal method and the electrochemical properties of samples were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic stability analysis. Results showed that the flake structures of nanoparticles revealed the highest capacitance of 1971.98[Formula: see text][Formula: see text] at 0.5[Formula: see text]Ag[Formula: see text] as well as longer stability compared to the others with the nanoplane structure. The high cyclic stability of 91.47% after 5000 cycles introduces this electrode as a durable and promising electrode for use in energy storage devices.

Gas turbine operating as part of a thermal power plant with hydrogen storages

Over the past few years, much attention has been paid to hydrogen energy. The development of hydrogen technologies leads to a reduction in the cost of both the hydrogen fuel itself and hydrogen systems, which leads to a wider use of this type of fuel in various branches of the fuel and energy complex. At the moment, the primary task is to increase the efficiency of combined cycle power units, reduce wear and tear of equipment during peak electricity consumption, reliable backup of energy supply, and reduce harmful emissions during the generation of heat and electricity. One of the modern methods for implementing these challenges is the use of energy storage devices. A new solution to this problem can be the introduction of hydrogen storage in the cycle of a thermal power plant. The article considers the modernization of a combined-cycle power unit with a gas turbine PG6111FA manufactured by « General Electric» with a rated power of 80 MW, a waste heat steam boiler manufactured by JSC « EnergoMashinostroitelny Alliance», and a steam turbine KT-33/36–7.5/0.12. During periods of night unloading, the effective efficiency of the power unit drops, so it is necessary not to unload the equipment, but to turn on the electrolyzers for the production of hydrogen fuel for further use in hydrogen fuel cells. The operating time of the hydrogen system with an electrolyzer is not limited in time, the operation of the electrolyzer takes place during night unloading periods (from 4 to 7 h a day), while the hydrogen storage works constantly, in this mode of operation, the service life is about 15 years, for stable operation it is necessary hydrogen fuel and periodic maintenance. An important component of the hydrogen system is a hydrogen battery with minimal storage losses, in contrast to traditionally installed thermal storage. Studies of the use of hydrogen storage in the circuits of thermal power plants have shown their effectiveness, including their implementation allows you to increase the efficiency, reduce the cost of own needs of the power plant, reduce emissions in the production of electricity, a leveled load schedule allows you to increase the life of the gas turbine, as the turbine works in basic mode. The use of accumulators in thermal power plants increases the competitiveness among traditional energy generation systems.

Synthesis of PMIA/MIL-101(Cr) composite separators with high Li+ transmission for boosting safety and electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries

Energy storage devices require separators with sufficient lithium-ion transfer and restrained lithium dendrite growth. Herein, PMIA separators tuned using MIL-101(Cr) (PMIA/MIL-101) were designed and fabricated by a one-step casting process. At 150 °C, the Cr3+ in the MIL-101(Cr) framework sheds two water molecules to form an active metal site that complexes with PF6- in the electrolyte on the solid/liquid interface, leading to improved Li+ transport. The Li+ transference number of the PMIA/MIL-101 composite separator was found to be 0.65, which is about 3 times higher than that of the pure PMIA separator (0.23). Additionally, MIL-101(Cr) can modulate the pore size and porosity of the PMIA separator, while its porous structure also functions as additional storage space for the electrolyte, enhancing the electrochemical performance of the PMIA separator. After 50 charge/discharge cycles, batteries assembled using the PMIA/MIL-101 composite separator and the PMIA separator presented a discharge specific capacity of 120.4 and 108.6 mAh/g, respectively. The battery assembled using PMIA/MIL-101 composite separator significantly outperformed both the batteries assembled from pure PMIA and commercial PP separators in terms of cycling performance at 2 C, displaying a discharge specific capacity of 1.5 times that of the battery assembled from PP separators. The chemical complexation of Cr3+ and PF6- plays a critical role to improve the electrochemical performance of the PMIA/MIL-101 composite separator. The tunability and enhanced properties of the PMIA/MIL-101 composite separator make it a promising candidate for use in energy storage devices.

FEATURES OF ORGANIZATION AND USE OF ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS IN DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS

The article analyzes the features and formulates recommendations for the most effective use of the energy storage systems in electrical distribution systems and microgrids in the context of expanding the use of local renewable energy sources. Information about various energy storage technologies is summarized and recommendations are formulated regarding their best applying for various applications in the electric power industry. The tasks that can and should be solved by energy storage systems in distribution networks are considered, as a result of which the expediency of forming hybrid storage systems is substantiated. Based on the analysis of the bibliography and consideration of international experience, the main problems have been identified that require further research for a reasonable choice of the structure, parameters, locations and modes of operation of hybrid energy storage systems, taking into account the specifics of the structure and operation of domestic electric distribution systems with local energy sources. Under the implementation of hybrid energy storage systems, a fundamentally new problem of determining the optimal parameters of individual components of such systems arises, which was practically not covered in published works on this issue. Additionally, difficulty in solving this task is the need for its complex solution, since, firstly, the parameters of the individual components of the hybrid energy storage system are most likely interdependent, and secondly, it is necessary to take into account the involvement of the storage systems in the solution of a number of optimization problems inherent in the electrical distribution systems. In order to facilitate the use of energy storage devices, it is advisable to create a comprehensive standard that allows you to evaluate and compare the quality and performance of different technologies, helps energy storage users justify the type and parameters, as well as optimal placement for maximum benefit.

Exploring ferroelectric properties of sol-gel lead zirconate titanate nano-crystalline thin films and ceramics by doping ytterbium for energy-storage application

This work concerns how ytterbium affects the ferroelectric characteristics of sol-gel Yb doped lead zirconate (PYZ) and lead zirconate titanate (PYZT) thin films and ceramics. Lead zirconate Pb(0.9) )-Yb0.01 Zr (0.09 (PYZ) and lead zirconate titanate Pb0.9-Yb0.01-Zr0.045-Ti0.045 (PYZT) doping with ytterbium thin films were prepared on a glass substrate using a sol-gel doctor blade coating technique at low temperature. The structure of the synthesized thin films and ceramic nanocrystals was examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and electron diffraction (ED). PYZ and PYZT ceramics had 11.8 nm and 30.65 nm respectively, whereas PYZ and PYZT thin films featured nanocrystals that were, respectively, 17.5 nm and 13.87 nm in size. Particle size was determined to be entirely consistent across the TEM and XRD data. Dielectric investigations showed that the dielectric constant was dropping for ceramic samples as compared to thin film samples. According to hysteresis loop estimates, the energy-storage density and efficiency for thin films and ceramics were average approximately 39.35 J cm−3 and 66.02 percent for (PYZ) and 71.33 J cm−3 and 70.91 percent for (PYZT), respectively. The results showed that the ferroelectric, dielectric, and structural properties of materials affected the ytterbium content. (PYZ) and (PYZT) thin films and ceramics may have a prospective use in energy storage devices.

Studies of the Structural, Optical, Thermal, Electrical and Dielectric Properties of a Polyvinyl Alcohol‏/Sodium Alginate Blend Doped with Cu Nanoparticles and ZnO Nanorods as Hybrid Nanofillers for Use in Energy Storage Devices

Studies of the Structural, Optical, Thermal, Electrical and Dielectric Properties of a Polyvinyl Alcohol‏/Sodium Alginate Blend Doped with Cu Nanoparticles and ZnO Nanorods as Hybrid Nanofillers for Use in Energy Storage Devices

Making Heterometallic Metal–Metal Bonds in Keggin-Type Polyoxometalates by a Six-Electron Reduction Process

Polyoxometalates (POMs) represent a promising class of molecular electron reservoirs. However, their multielectron reduction gives rise to intricate physical-chemical phenomena that must be fully understood for their future use in energy-storage devices. Herein, we show that bulk electrolysis of the archetypal Keggin-type POM [Si(WVI2MoVIO10)(WVI3O10)3]4- in aqueous solution leads to the six-electron-reduced derivative [Si(WIV2MoIVO7(H2O)3)(WVI3O10)3]4- (notated SiW11Mo-VI') in which the mixed-metal triad acts as a storage unit for six electrons and six protons. X-ray diffraction analysis and multinuclear NMR (183W and 95Mo) studies reveal that this electron-rich species represents the first example of POMs containing heterometallic metal-metal bonds between addenda centers. This electron-rich POM can be further reduced through multielectronic events, while its full oxidation restores the structure of the oxidized parent ion. Remarkably, the formation of SiW11Mo-VI' results from a fast clustering process compared to that observed for the entirely W-based analogue, revealing that the formation of metal-metal bonds in the mixed-metal Mo/W POM is facilitated because the reaction rate is not limited by a slow disproportionation step. Last, we evaluate the supramolecular properties of SiW11Mo-VI' using a method based on the cloud-point measurement of a nonionic surfactant. This investigation demonstrates that the clustering process has dramatic consequences on the solution behavior of the POM, canceling its superchaotropic character due to a local structuring effect of the hydration shell. These fundamental results pave the way for applications using the massive electron-storage properties of mixed-metal POMs.

Nanocomposite Electrode of Titanium Dioxide Nanoribbons and Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes for Energy Storage.

TiO2 is one of the most investigated materials due to its abundance, lack of toxicity, high faradaic capacitance, and high chemical and physical stability; however, its potential use in energy storage devices is constrained by its high internal resistance and weak van der Waals interaction between the particles. Carbon nanotubes are especially well suited for solving these issues due to their strong mechanical strength, superior electrical conductivity, high electron mobilities, excellent chemical and thermal stability, and enormous specific nanoporous surface. The hydrothermal approach was followed by chemical vapor deposition to produce a network composite of titanium dioxide nanoribbons (TNRs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The nanocomposite was characterized using a variety of methods. One phase of TiO2-B nanoribbons has porous pits on its surface, and MWCNTs are grown in these pits to produce a network-like structure in the nanocomposite. With a two-electrode supercapacitor configuration, the TNR/CNT gave a gravimetric capacitance of 33.33 F g-1, which was enhanced to 68.18 F g-1 in a redox-active electrolyte containing hydroquinone (HQ). Additionally, the areal capacitance per footprint was increased from 80 mF cm-2 in H2SO4 to 163.63 mF cm-2 in H2SO4/HQ. The TNR/CNT supercapacitor has superior cyclic stability than the previously reported TiO2-based electrodes, with 97.5% capacitance retention after 5000 cycles. Based on these results, it looks like the TNR/CNT supercapacitor could provide portable electronic power supplies with new ways to work in the future.

An overview of frequency‐based power split strategies in electric vehicles with battery/supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system

AbstractEnergy management in hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs) consisting of battery and supercapacitor packages has an essential role in the efficient and safe use of energy storage devices. In the mentioned HESSs, with frequency separation‐based energy management, the source with slow dynamics (eg, batteries) is supported by other sources with fast dynamics (eg, supercapacitors). To realize power sharing in the battery/supercapacitor HESS, the load current is divided into low‐ and high‐frequency components and supplied/allocated from energy storage devices. This review touches on the historical development of electric vehicles and includes extensive information about the battery and supercapacitor. It also comprehensively analyzes frequency separation‐based power allocation strategies for battery/supercapacitors HESS. These strategies were investigated in detail regarding their features, advantages, and restrictions. In addition, interconnection circuit topologies and control techniques used in frequency‐based power allocation were explained comprehensively. As a result, this study will serve as a guide on frequency‐based power separation principles in HESS.

Insights into the use of polyepichlorohydrin polymer in lithium battery energy storage/conversion devices: review

Abstract In this paper, the up-to-date state of polyepichlorohydrin-based electrolytes is reviewed. Research works are persistently ongoing to develop free-standing solid polymer electrolytes with exceptional performances and stabilities that can suit the needs of present and next-generation technologies. Polyepichlorohydrin (PECH), for example, is one of the polymer hosts under consideration due to its ether electron donor groups that deliver coordinating spots for cation transport as well as alkyl chloride groups for changing its surface character. Because of this structure, PECH has certain incredible characteristics including small glass transition temperature (Tg), tremendous flexibility, as well as the power to form complexation with diverse salts. Furthermore, the alkyl chloride groups serve as a location for surface modification of the polymer via nucleophilic substitution reactions, resulting in surface changes or bulk properties. As a result, the PECH in chemically modified or pristine form is an emerging option that has been researched and is being considered for use in energy storage devices. This paper reviews the latest studies on the improvements of PECH-based electrolytes for lithium-based battery storage systems. The synthesis methods of PECH polymer, types of lithium batteries, and opportunities and challenges of lithium batteries have been presented briefly. Findings on PECH-based electrolytes have been presented and discussed thoroughly. Lastly, the paper presents, battery performance needs, and cation transportation mechanisms as well as future prospects for the advancement of PECH electrolytes in the field of storage systems. Article Highlights The alkyl chloride groups of polyepichlorohydrin polymer play a significant role in modifying the characteristics of the polymer through chemical reactions. The inherent characteristics of PECH-based polymers including their amorphousity, glass transition temperature, functionality, and others can be altered via chemical and physical means. The impressive electrochemical characteristics of PECH-based electrolytes make them a viable option for energy storage/conversion devices applications as electrolytes.

RESIDENTIAL SOLAR ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM: STATE OF THE ART, RECENT APPLICATIONS, TRENDS, AND DEVELOPMENT

The use of energy storage devices is essential for the development and maintenance of zero-energy structures. They are necessary for optimal usage of renewable energy sources and for managing the intermittent nature of energy supply and demand. Many different types of storage systems (electrochemical, thermal, mechanical, etc.) are either commercially available or close to being developed for usage on a building scale. Different technologies have different capabilities and features, therefore it's important to find a system for evaluating your possibilities before diving into a techno-economic study. All aspects of current and emerging energy storage technologies, as well as their uses, future prospects, and historical contexts, are subjected to a rigorous evaluation. Energy storage techniques such as electrochemical and battery storage, thermal storage, thermochemical storage, flywheel storage, compressed air storage, pumped storage, magnetic storage, chemical and hydrogen storage, and redox flow storage are all covered. New studies on alternative energy storage methods, along with major advancements and discoveries in the field, are also discussed.

Design and fabrication of low-cost renewable carbon electrode materials and their thermo-kinetics for sustainable energy storage applications

Low-cost, abundant biomass is a promising raw material for future applications in energy storage when processed into renewable graphitic carbon. To date, there have been few studies performed on the kinetics of thermal decomposition of renewable carbon and its use in energy storage devices. Novel renewable graphitic carbon from Acer saccharum, sugar maple (SM) heartwood, and Arachis hypogaea, peanut outer shell (PS), are used as anodes in lithium-ion coin cell batteries, with steady specific capacities of 180 mAh/g and 220 mAh/g, respectively, and both retain 100% columbic efficiency for over 350 cycles. Cyclic voltammetry reveals the different charge storage kinetic mechanisms of the two. The voltammogram of SM contains an oxidation peak indicating Li ion intercalation suitable for battery application, while PS lacks a peak; thus, showing potential for function as a supercapacitor. A kinetic study is undertaken on six carbon sources to improve the understanding of the thermal degradation process leading to renewable graphitic carbon. Consistent results are shown across the various model-free methods, indicating that they can accurately describe the devolatilization process. The renewable graphitic carbons morphological features were studied by SEM, XRD, Raman and nitrogen adsorption isotherms. As SM and PS compare favorably to the electrodes they replace, renewable graphitic carbon has the potential for use in a wide variety of novel applications, such as organic thin film transistors, fuel cells, organic batteries, supercapacitors, and other bioelectronics.

Mathematical Modeling of Battery Energy Storage System Operating Modes using Volterra Integral Equations

The integration of powerful photovoltaic systems and wind farms into energy systems significantly affects the operating modes due to frequent power fluctuations, thereby justifying the use of energy storage devices. The improvement of mathematical models describing operating modes of power facilities is a consequence of structure and process complication occurring in energy systems. The article presents a method for modelling the operating parameters of battery energy storage systems, based on the Volterra integral equations. The sequence of the solution is described, as well as its applicability in energy systems research. To determine the operating modes of battery energy storage systems, a non-standard class of Volterra integral equations of the first kind is used in the research. This makes it possible to calculate the operating modes of storage batteries in terms of the inverse problem, when the generation and power imbalance functions are known. To calculate the operating modes of several types of storage devices operating simultaneously within the same power system, the form of such equations can be specified in the form of piecewise constant functions. This method has a number of advantages, since it allows one to take into account nonlinear processes in the kernels of integral equations. Thus, the processes of degradation of energy storage devices that affect the efficiency of their operation are taken into account. The use of regularizing algorithms makes it possible to reduce the error. As an example, an autonomous photovoltaic system with batteries was considered. The obtained results and their visualization show the viability of applying the approach.

Coordinated control of a hybrid type 3 wind turbine and hydrogen energy storage model to provide efficient frequency control

The growing share of generation from wind farms is becoming one of the challenges in maintaining the sustainability of electric power systems. System operators approve requirements for the participation of such plants in frequency and power regulation, but they do not contain requirements for specific technologies in the control of wind turbines. There are several methods of frequency and power control, which are implemented by additional control systems, the implementation of underload mode, extraction of hidden inertia, the use of energy storage devices, etc. Each of these methods has both advantages and disadvantages. In this paper we consider the combined coordinated control of type 3 wind turbines using kinetic energy and energy from hydrogen storage to provide the best frequency response in order to minimize the negative factors. A digital-analog-physical model of type 3 wind turbine is used as a model, which allows to reproduce the whole range of transients most accurately and avoid the limitations of strictly numerical simulation.

Optimization of the ratio of aniline, ammonium persulfate, para ‐toluenesulfonic acid for the synthesis of conducting polyaniline and its use in energy storage devices

Optimization of the ratio of aniline, ammonium persulfate, <i>para</i> ‐toluenesulfonic acid for the synthesis of conducting polyaniline and its use in energy storage devices

Silver-substituted cobalt zeolite imidazole framework on reduced graphene oxide nanosheets as a novel electrode for supercapacitors

Although metal-organic frameworks demonstrate enhanced surface area, incredible porosity, and a well-controlled structure, they exhibit low conductivity, limiting their use in energy storage devices. In this work, we incorporated different mass loadings of silver, the metal with the highest conductivity in the zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 (ZIF-67) to enhance the electrochemical performance of their composites. The synthesized composites were extensively characterized using various techniques, and the electrochemical characterization of the constructed electrodes in 6 M KOH was performed using a two-electrode Swagelok cell. The results showed that the composite (ZIF-67.Agx=10/RGO) formed an efficient bimetallic structure and performs optimally with a specific capacitance (Cs) of 375 F/g at 5 mV s−1 and the smallest equivalent series resistance. The electrode material exhibited promising cycling stability over 2000 cycles reaching 97 % at 2 A g−1. Moreover, its energy density reached 46.388 Wh/kg along with a power density of 199.7 W/kg. Furthermore, it possessed the maximum specific surface area with all fabricated active material composite electrodes, reaching 1105 m2/g. The proposed composite can be used in energy storage applications and the conductivity will be further enhanced by co-doping.

Activated Carbon Tailored by Potassium Hydroxide from Waste Tires as a Supercapacitor Electrode

Hard-carbon materials are considered as the most promising anodes in various energy storage system applications including lithium, sodium, potassium ion batteries and supercapacitors. Given the huge bulk of the waste tires produced by the rapid development of automobile industry, recycling waste tires to generate value-added products is crucially important for the development of a more sustainable world. In this work, we demonstrate how waste tire-derived pyrolytic char can be transformed into activated carbon for supercapacitor electrodes. The process consists of the acidification of the waste tire-derived pyrolytic char with mixed acids (HCl and HF) and the followed activation with KOH. The activated carbon exhibited a hierarchical meso-/micro-porous network with specific surface area 524 m2 g−1. A traditional three-electrode system was used to investigate the electrochemical performances of the activated carbon as a supercapacitor electrode material, which displayed a specific capacitance of ∼408 F g−1 at 0.25 A g−1 in an electrolyte of 6 M KOH, with capacitance retention of up to 97% after 10,000 charge/discharge cycles. This work offers an innovative and simple approach to yield higher performance activated carbon from waste tires for use in energy storage devices.

Binary ionic liquid electrolyte design for ultrahigh-energy density graphene-based supercapacitors

Although room temperature ionic liquids (ILs) have emerged as potential next-generation electrolytes for their wide electrochemical stability window (ESW), the trade-off between this window and viscosity has hindered their widespread use in energy storage devices. Here, we present for the first time that such a trade-off can be balanced by mixing two ILs with the common anion ([NTf2]−) but different cations ([EMIM]+ and [N1114]+) together. The [EMIM] cation-based IL possesses low viscosity while the [N1114] cation-based IL exhibits wide ESW. Since the concentrations of each IL in the mixtures can result in different electrolyte properties, we demonstrate a systematic approach by exploring the properties of various concentration combinations. In addition, the corresponding cell voltage of their resulting graphene supercapacitors (SCs) accompanied based on the interaction between the binary ionic liquid and the electrodes, and the associated electrochemical performance were studied to determine the optimum electrolyte system for the highest SC energy density. The well-balanced viscosity/ESW trade-off is achieved in binary IL consisting 50 vol% [EMIM][NTf2] and 50 vol% [N1114][NTf2] as evident from the extraordinary electrode specific capacitance of 293.1 F g−1 and the ultrahigh SC energy density of 177 Wh kg−1, which approaches that of a lithium-ion battery.

Influence of Wind Turbines on the Operating Modes of the Distribution Network

The paper aim was to study the normal functioning modes of consumers power supply by the distribution network, taking into account the electricity production using wind turbines, as well as to develop recommendations that allow optimizing power consumption modes. The goal was achieved by analyzing the initial information on the network section topology, the technical characteristics of linear and transformer equipment, as well as consumption and generation profiles. The most significant result of the paper was the determination of the fact that the connection of wind turbines according to the “install and forget” principle without prior justification of both connection place and wind turbine capacity often leads to significant change in the operating characteristics and additional technical losses of active power. In this case, the main part of the losses falls on power lines. The significance of the obtained results lies in the fact that the main problems, associated with the coordination of the operating modes of distributed generation facilities and load, were identified and possible technical solutions were proposed to improve the situation. Based on the obtained results it is possible to conclude that when connecting a wind turbine to a distribution network, it is necessary to take into account both the capacity and the installation location of the equipment, which significantly change the values of the operating parameters of electrical networks. It has been shown that use of energy storage devices, as well as the network reconstruction, can make it possible to minimize active power losses and carry out balance of regimes.

Пути повышения энергетической эффективности электроэнергетических систем судов с электродвижением

The negative impact of greenhouse gases and emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere force international organizations to take measures to reduce them. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has worked out the strategy, whose provisions are aimed at reducing harmful emissions from ships into the atmosphere to zero. Achieving this goal is directly related to improving the energy efficiency of marine electric power systems, as the main elements generating, distributing and converting different types of energy. The concept of vessels with electric propulsion is becoming the most promising option for the implementation of “green energy” on ships. There has been considered the current state in solving technical problems to achieve zero emissions through the use of marine unified electric power systems with a DC distribution bus, the use of energy storage devices, supercapacitors. There have been illustrated the single-line diagrams of the electric power system of ships: with an autonomous propeller electric unit, with general DC distribution buses. The dependences of the efficiency of a synchronous generator MSK103-4 type on the frequency of the output voltage for load capacity of 20, 80, 140, 200 kW are given. The frequency fluctuations of the output voltage of a gas-diesel generator at 100% load have been analyzed. The main directions for improving power efficiency are outlined. It has been inferred that using modern technologies and materials is necessary to improve the energy efficiency of the electric power systems of ships and reduce emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere.