Use Of Empirical Methods Research Articles

Can Experimental Political Philosophers be Modest in their Aims?

AbstractThe last two decades have seen an increasing interest in exploring philosophical questions using methods from empirical sciences, i.e., the so-called experimental philosophy approach. Political philosophy has so far been relatively unaffected by this trend. However, because political philosophers typically rely on traditional philosophical methods—most notably reflective equilibrium in a form which requires neither empirical examination of people’s considered beliefs nor experimental attention to psychological studies of the mechanisms affecting those beliefs—it is as proper a target of the standard challenges from experimental philosophers as any other philosophical discipline. Sometimes experimental philosophers modestly present their approach as a supplement to traditional philosophical methods. I argue that the arguments in favour of experimental philosophy are such that if they are sound, then the use of empirical methods should drastically change how political philosophy is done.

Digital maturity of industrial enterprises: Evaluation experience

The article is devoted to the study of theoretical and practical aspects of assessing the digital maturity of enterprises and their readiness for digital transformation in accordance with the challenges of the digital economy. The purpose of the article is to determine the relationship between digital maturity and digital readiness of enterprises, prerequisites, factors and conditions for their improvement. The achievement of the goal is ensured by the use of methods of comparative analysis, a system-structural approach, theoretical analysis of publications, the use of empirical methods, in particular questionnaires, quantitative methods and qualitative expert assessment. The possibility of applying digital maturity assessment models to study the readiness of industrial enterprises for digital transformation is being investigated. The criteria for assessing the digital maturity and digital readiness of enterprises are highlighted. In the course of the study, hypotheses were confirmed that there is a direct dependence of the readiness of industrial enterprises for digital transformation on the achieved level of digital maturity of technologies and business processes in the company, as well as on the received and expected effects of digitalization, accumulated economic potential and projected risks. The main theoretical and methodological conclusions are outlined in the context of the identified factors, prerequisites, conditions for increasing digital maturity and readiness of enterprises for digital transformation. The necessity of a systematic study of the influence of digital potential factors, various external and internal risk factors on the digital readiness of industrial enterprises for the development of strategies, long-term plans and projects of digitalization and digital transformation is emphasized.

The Correlation of Liquefaction Potential and Probability on Excess Pore Water Pressure in Kretek 2 Bridge Area

Liquefaction is soil condition associated with the drastic increase in pore water pressure of uniform sandy soil due to an enormous earthquake. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the correlation of liquefaction potential with excess pore water pressure ratio in nine boreholes located at Kretek 2 Bridge area using empirical and numerical methods. Liquefaction potential was estimated based on a semi-empirical method simplified by Idriss and Boulanger (2008), and safety factor (SF) value of <1.0 was used to represent the existence of its potential. The result showed that liquefaction potential was dominant at depths of 1.5 to 6.0 m, with the exception of BH-9 with 16.5 m and BH-4. Furthermore, the excess pore water pressure ratio was estimated using empirical method developed by Yegian and Vitelli (1981) as well as Serafini and Perlea (2010). Numerical analysis was also conducted for comparison purposes and the process focused on using Deepsoil v7.0 to generate excess pore water pressure by considering soil conditions and dominant seismic sources in Kretek 2 Bridge area. The result showed that the ratio of excess pore water pressure was greater or equaled 0.8. Both empirical and numerical methods produced similar values for BH-1, BH-2, BH-8, and BH-9 at a depth of 1.5–3.0 m, 3–4.5 m, 3.0 m, and 16.5 m, respectively. This showed a correlation between excess pore water pressure ratio and liquefaction potential values at the same depth. However, numerical method tended to overestimate the ru value, necessitating the use of empirical method to obtain a more reliable result.

Международная практика идентификации налоговых расходов

While it is generally accepted in foreign jurisdictions to treat tax expenditures as foregone budget revenues, due to the application of certain provisions of the tax code, significant cross-country differences emerge in determining which of these can be recognized as deviations and which as the norm. There is no consensus on which approaches can be recognized as best practice. The topic of methods for determining tax expenditures remains relevant. The purpose of the study is to identify the principles and criteria of tax expense accounting. Theoretical basis of the study consists of legal acts and approaches to definition of normative tax structure. The research is conducted with the use of empirical methods, including synthesis and comparative analysis of cases. As a result of the study a classification of tax preferences was developed and two methods of tax expense identification, normative and conditional, were proposed. A certain correlation between the concepts of tax expenses and methods of their identification was revealed. The international practice of attributing preferences to tax expenses was reviewed, which helps to understand the differences in the identification methods suggested by the author. The conclusion on advantages and limitations of the use of the two methods of tax expense accounting is made.

ПРОТИВОРЕЧИЯ, ЗАКОНОМЕРНОСТИ И ПРИНЦИПЫ ГРАЖДАНСКОГО ВОСПИТАНИЯ В ТЕОРИИ И ПРАКТИКЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

Based on the studied material the authors have identified the principles representing approaches to civic education and characterizing conditions that ensure the process efficiency. The purpose of the article is to consider the contradictions, patterns and principles of civic education in the educational process, to determine the pedagogical conditions and current promising trends. Comparative analysis of historical, sociological, political, psychological and pedagogical literature on the studied issue, generalization and systematization of theory are the main research methods. They are both theoretical (analysis, systematization, generalization) and empirical questionnaires, testing). Based on the results of the questionnaire survey, demonstrating students' attitude to “blind” or “constructive” patriotism, the students developed and implemented projects aimed at development of “constructive” patriotism, community and civic involvement. The use of theoretical methods revealed the contradictions and issues of the youth civic consciousness development, being one of the socially important national goals. The use of empirical methods of research allowed the authors to reveal certain issues in this area in order to further correct the educational process at institutions of higher education.

Педченко Н. С., Гасій О. В., Власенко В. А. МЕТОДОЛОГІЯ ПРОВЕДЕННЯ SWOT-АНАЛІЗУ ПРИ ФОРМУВАННІ КОНЦЕПЦІЇ РОЗВИТКУ ПРИВАТНОГО ЗАКЛАДУ ВИЩОЇ ОСВІТИ

Annotation. The article is devoted to the methodological aspects of developing the concept of development of a private institution of higher education. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the methodological principles and develop practical recommendations for the use of SWOT analysis as a strategic management tool in forming the development concept of a private institution of higher education. Methodology of research. Scientific research is based on the use of empirical methods (experiment, observation, description) – when substantiating the SWOT analysis methodology, theoretical methods (analysis, synthesis, abstraction, explanation, classification, etc.) – when working with an array of data obtained in the research process, systematic – when studying the activity of a private educational institution as a whole system, the survey method – to obtain the objective opinion of interested parties, the generalization of the results – to formulate research conclusions. Findings. An analysis of the development concept and activity strategy of a private institution of higher education was carried out. In order to substantiate the development directions of a private educational institution, an algorithm for identifying factors of the external and internal environment according to the SWOT analysis methodology in the process of forming the concept of activity and development strategy of a private institution of higher education for 2023-2027 is proposed. On its basis, a SWOT analysis of the activities of the Higher Educational Establishment of Ukoopspilkа «Poltava University of Economics and Trade» was conducted. A system of factors influencing the external and internal environment on the activities of the Higher Educational Establishment of Ukoopspilkа «Poltava University of Economics and Trade» was identified according to four strategic directions of development: implementation of the leadership management paradigm of university development; development of educational activities of the university; development of scientific and innovative activities of the university; formation of the entrepreneurial direction of the university's development. Practical value. A model of the development of a private institution of higher education is proposed, which is based on a refined long-term university development strategy with elements of a general corporate stabilization (support) strategy at the expense of: full use of existing opportunities and strengths to eliminate or reduce the weaknesses of the university's activities; overcoming the threats identified in the process of analyzing the external environment in order to reveal new development opportunities and strengths of the university; saving all types of expenses and finding development reserves in conditions of limited resources and external challenges; restoring and increasing the share of the domestic and foreign market of educational services; support of the university's scientific and educational potential based on the modification of educational services.

РАЗВИТИЕ ГОТОВНОСТИ ПРЕПОДАВАТЕЛЕЙ К ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЮ ЦИФРОВЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ В ИНКЛЮЗИВНОМ ОБРАЗОВАНИИ

Digital technologies are rapidly spreading, thus, providing unlimited access to digital tools, materials and services. The spread of digital technologies leads to qualitative changes in production and global markets and affects the education sector. During the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, educational organizations at various levels were forced to transfer the learning process to an online format, which required prompt resolution of a set of issues to ensure the quality of teacher training to implement the education process using digital technologies. This problem has not lost its relevance since not all the teachers are sufficiently proficient in digital technologies. In the context of inclusive education, this issue is aggravated by the fact that students with disabilities often study remotely and use specialized hardware and software. The subject of the research is the development of readiness of teachers to use digital technologies in inclusive education. The purpose of the study is a theoretical justification for the need to develop the readiness of teachers to use digital technologies in inclusive education and experimental verification of the effectiveness of the implementation of advanced training courses to develop the readiness of teachers to use digital technologies in inclusive education. To achieve the goal of the study, the following methods were used: the author's diagnostic tool “Assessing the skills of using digital technologies in the context of inclusive education”, the advanced training course “Digital technologies in the context of inclusion”, the e-inclusion service and the methods of mathematical statistics. The results show that the initial state of readiness of teachers to use digital technologies within the framework of inclusive education in the experimental group differs from the final one, which allows us to conclude that the effect of change has arisen as a result of the use of empirical methods for teachers training. The readiness of teachers to use digital technologies in inclusive education has increased in the following aspects: normative regulation of the digital and inclusive educational environment; material and technical equipment of inclusive education in the digital environment; creating inclusive online content.

Chamber Choir "Moravski": History, Achievements, Present Day

The purpose of the research is to study the history of the chamber choir “Moravski” formation, creative, performing, and popularizing activities as a bright representative of modern Ukrainian amateur choral art. The research methodology is based on the use of empirical methods (chronological, descriptive, analytical), as well as methods of generalization and systematization, historical and cultural methods, which allowed to outline the history of the group's formation and creative and performing activities in the modern domestic choral art in chronology. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time in the cultural and musical scientific space, the stages of chamber choir “Moravski” formation are studied, and creative and performing achievements are outlined through the prism of modern choral performance in Ukraine. Conclusions. The activity of the chamber choir “Moravski” is, first of all, the need of the young Ukrainian society in the development of national culture, and secondly, the popularization of national culture and national ideas through choral singing for the mass audience both in Ukraine and abroad. The revival of the amateur choral movement in Ukraine testifies to the need of the society for highly intellectual activity, where the choir has ceased to be a transmitter of political ideology and has regained the diversity of artistic activity. Therefore, the emergence and development of amateur art lead to an increase in the level of cultural awareness of the nation and the strengthening of intercultural, interethnic ties.

The Evolution and Emergence of Environmental Law Scholarship—A Perspective from Three Journals

Abstract In the attempt to lay the foundations for a better understanding of environmental law scholarship, this article offers a local perspective of environmental law scholarship in the UK. Through a study of more than 1,400 articles published in three leading UK environmental law journals over the course of three decades, the article considers the ways in which environmental law scholarship has changed over time by reference to gender and geographical location of authors. The article also interrogates the ways in which the topics of scholarship have changed over time, as well as the extent to which environmental law scholars make use of empirical methods and external sources of funding for their research. Finally, the article explores the extent to which environmental law scholarship is published in generalist law journals.

Dichotomy between Religion and Science from the Perspective of Bible and Exegesis

In fact, the rise of empirical approaches in the 16th and 17th century has led, on the one hand, to a dichotomy between empirical and non-empirical thinking, and, on the other hand, to a use of empirical methods for non-empirical questions (and sometimes the other way around). In this article, I wish to address both aspects related to theology, and to Bible and exegesis in particular.

The Middle East and North Africa in Political Science Scholarship: Analyzing Publication Patterns in Leading Journals, 1990–2019

Abstract We examine publications on the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) in nine leading political science journals across three decades (1990–2019) to evaluate the scope of political science engagement with the region since the 1990s and analyze trends in research interests, developments in the use of empirical methods, and authorship patterns. Our data highlight significant gaps in the geographic and substantive scope of extant scholarship. Specifically, the disproportionate focus on non-Arab countries and limited engagement with certain topics, including identity, nationalism, and state formation, raise concerns about selection bias and causal misidentification. Nevertheless, we find encouraging trends with respect to methodological developments; however, the methods and data sources employed appear to be determined by case selection to some extent. We also note that few MENA-based scholars currently publish in these journals. These findings have important implications for the integration of MENA studies with and knowledge production in political science.

Improvement of the Electrical Regulation of a Microhydropower System using a Water Management Tool

The constant growth of the population and the increase in the need for resources create challenges, and it is necessary to seek more sustainable solutions to manage them more adequately and efficiently. In recent years, the use of renewable energy systems has increased, in which water distribution networks are no exception. Pumps operating as turbines (PATs) are an innovative solution with enormous potential to achieve these sustainable development goals. As a means of improving sustainability, in this research, an optimized regulation tool is developed to maximize the recovered energy in the system using PATs in water distribution networks (WDNs). This is possible due to the use of empirical methods for the estimation of the characteristic curves. The tool was developed in Simulink MATLAB, in which the optimization and iterative steps were carried out. It is based on the intended methodology and applied to a real case study. When implementing the tool, the results given are the hydraulic–electrical regulation strategies, where the number of machines working, the frequency inverter setpoint, and the degree of opening of the pressure-reducing valves (PRV) is defined for any given time. After the analysis in the case study, the tool recovered 28% of the supplied energy in the system. This daily recovered energy was above 7160 kWh, and it contributed to an increase in efficiency and sustainability.

Experimental philosophy of medicine and the concepts of health and disease

If one had to identify the biggest change within the philosophical tradition in the twenty-first century, it would certainly be the rapid rise of experimental philosophy to address differences in intuitions about concepts. It is, therefore, surprising that the philosophy of medicine has so far not drawn on the tools of experimental philosophy in the context of a particular conceptual debate that has overshadowed all others in the field: the long-standing dispute between so-called naturalists and normativists about the concepts of health and disease. In this paper, I defend and advocate the use of empirical methods to inform and advance this and other debates within the philosophy of medicine.

Simulation of the Water Table Elevation in Shallow Unconfined Aquifers by means of the ERA5 Soil Moisture Dataset: The Umbria Region Case Study

AbstractThis paper concerns the simulation of the water table elevation in shallow unconfined aquifers where infiltration is assumed as the main mechanism of recharge. The main aim is to provide a reliable tool for groundwater management that satisfies water supply managers. Such a tool is a candidate as a physically based alternative to the use of empirical methods or general circulation models. It is based on the use of two widely available sets of data: the water table elevation measurements and soil moisture time series. In fact, the former are usually provided by government agencies on public websites whereas the latter are included in the atmospheric global datasets (reanalysis). It is notable that data from reanalysis are accessible to any citizen and organization around the world on an open-access basis (e.g., Copernicus). In the proposed method, the measured water table elevations are correlated quantitatively with the water fluxes toward the aquifer evaluated using the soil moisture data from ERA5 reanalysis (provided by ECMWF) within a Richards equation–based approach. The analysis is executed using data from the Umbria region (Italy) on both a daily and monthly scale. In fact, these are the time intervals of interest for a proper management of groundwater resources. The proposed relationships include both a logarithmic and linear term and point out the possible different regimes of the shallow aquifers with regard to the recharge due to infiltration. These different mechanisms reflect in the different role played by the water fluxes toward the aquifer in terms of water table elevation changes according to the considered time scale.

Value-Free Analysis of Values: A Culture-Based Development Approach

Recent literature in the fields of Political Economy, New Institutional Economics and New Cultural Economics has converged in the use of empirical methods, offering a series of consistent quantitative analysis of values. However, an overarching positive methodology for the value-free study of values has not yet precipitated. Building on a mixed systematic-integrative literature review of a pluralistic variety of perspectives from Adam Smith’s ‘Impartial’ Spectator to modern moral philosophy, the current study suggests the Culture-Based Development (CBD) approach for analyzing the economic impact of values on socio-economic development. The CBD approach suggests that the value-free analysis needs: (i) to use positive methods to classify a value as local or universal; (ii) to examine the existence of what is termed the Aristotelian Kuznets curve of values (i.e., to test for the presence of an inflection point in the economic impact from the particular value) and (iii) to account for Platonian cultural relativity (i.e., the cultural embeddedness expressed in the geographic nestedness of the empirical data about values). The paper details the theoretical and methodological cornerstones underpinning the proposed CBD approach for value-free analysis of values.

Calibration of the CFD code based on testing of a standard AGARD-B model for determination of aerodynamic characteristics

The goal of this work is to build a unique numerical method to obtain the basic aerodynamic characteristics of the aircraft and to enable a wide application of the method in the analysis of some aerodynamic characteristics of the aircraft, without use of empirical methods. The Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation method was being calibrated based on test results of the standard AGARD-B (Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development) test model, which were obtained in the T-38 trisonic wind tunnel facility of the Military Technical Institute (VTI) in Belgrade, Serbia.The paper presents the CFD simulation through a description of the conditions of flow, geometry of the computer domain, grid density and mesh strategy, boundary conditions, initial strategy and turbulence model. The CFD simulation was carried out for flow cases with similarity parameters M = 0.6, M = 0.85 and M = 1.6 and Re = from 7.7(x106) to 9.9(x106) . The results of calculations were compared with the appropriate experimental ones and presented in the form of comparative diagrams for the drag, lift and pitching moment coefficients. The results of investigation presented in divergence diagrams show very good agreement between numerical and experimental ones. Simulated flows are illustrated by the distribution of pressure and velocity components on the surface of the tested model and the computational domain. This CFD simulation will be applied to other similar aerodynamic designs for a wide range angles of attack and Mach numbers and can be a strong point for the development of different aerodynamic designs.The ultimate aim of the work is to use the previous calibrated CFD simulation method as the basis for future determination of the aerodynamic characteristics of aircraft in non-stationary flight modes, caused by motion of the aircraft and/or by changing the free-velocity vector.

UK landscape ecology: trends and perspectives from the first 25\xa0years of ialeUK

ContextThe 25th anniversary of the founding of the UK chapter of the International Association for Landscape Ecology (ialeUK) was marked in 2017.ObjectivesTo assess trends in UK landscape ecology research over ialeUK’s first 25 years, to compare these trends to changes elsewhere in the world, and to consider how ialeUK can continue to support landscape ecology research and practice.MethodsA database of conference abstracts was compiled and examined in combination with a questionnaire that surveyed existing and former active members of ialeUK.ResultsAcross 1992–2017 we observe noticeable trends including the declining roles of statutory bodies, the development of the ecosystem services concept, and a decrease in use of empirical methods. Analysis of questionnaire results highlighted four key areas: Developing new researchers; Facilitating conferences for networking, learning and discussion; Linking policy with practice; and Driving the continued growth of landscape ecology as a discipline. Challenges were also noted, especially regarding the adoption of a wider understanding of landscape ecological principles in management.ConclusionsIncreases in qualitative research, decreases in studies explicitly examining connectivity/fragmentation and an absence of landscape genetics studies in the UK are seemingly distinct from US landscape ecology and elsewhere around the world, based on published accounts. ialeUK has had success in increasing the role of landscape ecology in policy and practice, but needs to continue to aim for improved collaboration with other landscape-related professional bodies and contributions to wider sustainability agendas.

Análise das vazões de projeto de água fria em uma residência unifamiliar

Diferente da norma vigente de água fria, ABNT NBR 5626 (1998), que aponta o uso de método empírico, o projeto de norma em elaboração recomenda o uso do método probabilístico, que permite a consideração de parâmetros como vazão e duração de uso de cada aparelho sanitário, tornando o cálculo mais preciso. Portanto, a comparação da diferença entre estes métodos se torna importante bem como compará-los com medições reais de vazões e perfis de consumo. Desta forma, realizou-se a comparação das vazões de projeto entre os dois métodos propostos no padrão brasileiro, além de métodos propostos pelo padrão europeu (EN 806-3, 2006) e o projeto de norma portuguesa substituindo o Decreto Regulamentar no. 23/95, de uma residência unifamiliar. Além disso, a partir das vazões instantâneas medidas in loco em uma residência unifamiliar, verificou-se a distribuição das vazões nos trechos do sistema de água fria. Foi possível observar que as vazões de projeto estão normalmente próximas as vazões dos aparelhos, que o método probabilístico apresentou vazões próximas as vazões medidas.

Survey as a method of finding new knowledge in the process of philologists’ graduate research

The article raises the issue of the use of empirical methods by foreign students of Philology in graduate studies. One of these methods – surveying – is considered as a method of finding the new knowledge that is the most important in the research work. The article presents the rules for constructing questionnaires, which include the following: defining the purpose of the survey; adequacy of the questions to enable empirical verification of the hypothesis of the study; accounting for the awareness of the respondents of the subject matter; placement of the questions in accordance with the logic of perception of the questionnaire content; avoidance of suggestive emotionally colored words in the questions. According to the research of social psychologists, the author analyses the classifications of questions that may be part of the questionnaire and describes their purpose. The scientific novelty of the article is the presentation of the speech genres of the questionnaire and the description of its results. The author argues that the questionnaire as a text is a speech genre characterized by a certain content and semantic, stylistic and compositional unity. The content and semantic unity is provided by the content of the questionnaire; the stylistic unity is provided by the compliance with the features of scientific speech and the compositional unity is provided by placement of text components and connections between them. Description of the results of the survey as a genre includes the following content elements: a) statement of the purpose of the survey; b) clarification of the place and time, and description of the respondents; c) presentation of the questionnaire structure (grouping of questions in thematic blocks intended to solve a single problem (if any); d) statement of the purpose of including a question into the questionnaire; d) description of what is received in response, and the conclusion of its possible meaning; e) generalizing conclusions based on the analysis of all answers to the questionnaire. The description of the survey results corresponds to the scheme: the purpose of including a question in the questionnaire – results – their interpretation. The article presents a system of tasks for the formation of question-making skills and ability to correlate the content of a questionnaire with the purpose of research; to compose a questionnaire as a speech genre; to eliminate errors in the content and language of a questionnaire; to describe the data obtained in a survey.

Use of empirical methods based on well logging to calculate the total organic carbon content in Baltic Basin’s shale gas reservoir

Use of empirical methods based on well logging to calculate the total organic carbon content in Baltic Basin’s shale gas reservoir