Use Of Documentary Sources Research Articles

Notas sobre a presença Guarani no estado do Paraná: elementos de cosmologia e história

Diante da ausência de uma visão de conjunto sobre os grupos Guarani presentes no Estado do Paraná, e através da sistematização de trabalhos etnográficos, sociológicos e históricos, assim como da utilização de fontes documentais, este trabalho procura construir uma visão mais coesa sobre a presença dos grupos desta etnia presentes no território que atualmente compõe o Estado do Paraná, procurando articular sua cosmologia com a sua história.

El urbanismo francés en Venezuela de 1936 a 1950 (Rotival y Lambert en una historia de gestiones diplomáticas, contratos y zancadillas)

Con el apoyo de fuentes documentales, de los archivos diplomáticos franceses y de los organismos municipales venezolanos, se reconstruye una historia del proceso de introducción y difusión del urbanismo francés en Venezuela desde 1936 hasta el decenio de los años cincuenta. Para lograr este objetivo, se sigue la trayectoria de los urbanistas Maurice Rotival y Jacques Lambert, así como el papel que desempeñaron en la organización institucional de la planificación urbana en Venezuela.Esta influencia, que se instaura en el nivel municipal con la creación dela Direcciónde Urbanismo y el Plan Monumental de Caracas, terminado en 1939, se consolidará —a pesar de la progresiva apertura de uno de sus mentores, Rotival, hacia la corriente estadunidense— después de la segunda guerra mundial, al constituirsela Comisión Nacionalde Urbanismo como el primer organismo nacional de planificación, y por su papel adicional en la formación de recursos humanos.La documentación revisada permite valorar las gestiones de la representación diplomática francesa para apuntalar influencias y aquilatar negocios posibles en el escenario urbano.

The deficit and the public interest: the search for responsible budgeting in the 1980s

Political time is counted, not in years, but in issues - the depression defined the political era of the 1930s just as the cold war did the 1950s and civil rights the 1960s. Today the federal budget looms as the dominant issue by which all others are considered and has become a concern which catalyzes debate again and again in our nation's capital. In this definitive new work, Joseph White and Aaron Wildavsky describe and analyze the struggles over taxing and spending from Carter's last year through the Reagan administration. battle of the budget is largely about how we define the role of the government and its relationship to the people. It is a story of congressional horsetrading, partisan posturing, and technical tricks that affect billions of dollars. It is also a story of politicians operating within constraints set by both public opinion and political interpretation of economic reality. Though budgeting has always been important, its impact on the national agenda has grown dramatically in the last decades. Based on extensive interviews with participants and thorough use of documentary sources, this book both explains how budgeting works so the reader can see what is at stake in seemingly arcane disputes and locates budgeting within larger ideological trends in American society. It also explains the relationship of the budget to media, party and policy activists and explores the ways in which the deficit represents a crisis of self-confidence in the ability of our institutions, pre-eminently Congress and the presidency. Along the way, it provides a uniquely comprehensive account of the entire budget problem, exploring Gramm-Rudman, tax reform, and the continuing stalemate around this issue. The Deficit and the Public Interest offers a wide-ranging 'solution' to the deficit that encompasses several ideas: the authors demonstrate that institutions have performed better than their members and critics believe, and they contend that extreme solutions would likely be much worse than the original problems. Further, they redefine the problem as one of reducing interest costs so the deficit becomes manageable, and they proffer political advice on how to make this approach politically acceptable, both at home and abroad. This meticulously researched work provides an invaluable journey through the last decade of American politics. In its theoretical depth and incisive new approach to policymaking, The Deficit and the Public Interest lends a fundamentally new understanding of the place of the federal government in American society.

The Powder Mills of Argyll

Abstract Through the use of documentary sources the author traces the development of the charcoal producing industry in Argyll and its use both for iron smelting and for the production of black powder during the Crimean War. The Melfort gunpowder works are studied in detail and the hazardous nature of black powder production is demonstrated by the explosion record. The industrial archaeology at Melfort is described in an appendix by Alan Crocker.

The Powder Mills of Argyll

Through the use of documentary sources the author traces the development of the charcoal producing industry in Argyll and its use both for iron smelting and for the production of black powder during the Crimean War. The Melfort gunpowder works are studied in detail and the hazardous nature of black powder production is demonstrated by the explosion record. The industrial archaeology at Melfort is described in an appendix by Alan Crocker.

Arabic Papyrology and Middle Eastern Studies

Arabic Papyrology is relevant to more than the first three hundred years of Islamic Egypt. In its larger sense, papyrology is the use of documentary sources for the study of civilization. To limit the definition of Arabic papyrology by the medium on which documents are written would be to ignore the possibility of millenia-long historical investigation. Analysis of time-series of like documents—for example, marriage or sales contracts—without regard to the change from papyrus to paper, will permit the unprecedented study of a particular institution over time, as well as understanding of variations in language and formulary. Arabic papyrology, hence, presents us with the possibility of in-depth cross-cultural studies of institutions which lie at the very foundations of Middle Eastern civilization.

The Use of Documentary Sources in Adult Learning and Development Research

The Use of Documentary Sources in Adult Learning and Development Research

Local history in two Arab communities

Recently, social anthropologists have become critical, once more, of the neglect of history by their colleagues, particularly those who have engaged in studies of peoples belonging to one or other of the Great Traditions. Presumably, no one would deny the significance of historical research for any of the disciplines represented in our society. Without history, the various countries, communities and social systems of the Middle East would become little more than a bewildering mosaic of disparate types, a storehouse of examples of different kinds of economies, political organizations, kinship structures, cult groups and so on. What gives the Middle East its unity, despite the diversity in its parts, is that contemporary institutions are not only the products of human responses to particular local conditions, but also responses to the history of human relations between its parts. Agreement in according this order of precedence, in our studies, to history is one thing; how to use history is quite another, and about which Evans-Pritchard, perhaps more than any other social anthropologist since the war, was conscious, when urging the need to take cognizance of history in the analysis of contemporary institutions. He did more than content himself with advocacy. Instead of bawling abuse at his contemporaries, he set about writing a history of the development of 'The Sanusi Order', isolating some eight fundamental processes at work in this development; and in doing this he sought, by way of example, to give an exposition of what he thought to be the manner in which history should be used. Later, in a public lecture (called 'Anthropology and History', and republished in Essays in Social Anthropology, 1962) at the University of Manchester, he gave his views on the different uses to which several kinds of history could be put. After castigating social anthropologists for turning away from history--and perhaps I should say that the suffering of severe castigation is an occupational hazard in social anthropology--he turns to some of the consequences of this breach with history. The first consequence is the uncritical use of documentary sources, and he notes, rightly, that while famous figures of the past were 'remorseless' in their attacks on the theories of their colleagues in the subject, they accepted with almost bland uncriticality the data on which their own theories were based, a habit which has been with us until the present. This structure is to be taken all the more seriously as comparison, with the very considerable increase in specific studies, gathers momentum. For, as I understand Evans-Pritchard's remarks, anthropological monographs are documents, much as are the documents handled by historians, and should be subject to the same techniques of criticism. The second consequence of this breach with history is that insufficient attention has been given to the reconstruction of social institutions from the historical records of people or the verbal histories preserved by peoples themselves. On the surface, at least, these are two distinctively different kinds of history. Among people not schooled to literacy, history, it might be thought, is no more than some kind of collective folk memory. Different issues, one might