Use Of Dimethyl Sulfoxide Research Articles

The Implication of Low Dose Dimethyl Sulfoxide on Mitochondrial Function and Oxidative Damage in Cultured Cardiac and Cancer Cells.

Although numerous studies have demonstrated the biological and multifaceted nature of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) across different in vitro models, the direct effect of “non-toxic” low DMSO doses on cardiac and cancer cells has not been clearly explored. In the present study, H9c2 cardiomyoblasts and MCF-7 breast cancer cells were treated with varying concentrations of DMSO (0.001–3.7%) for 6 days. Here, DMSO doses < 0.5% enhanced the cardiomyoblasts respiratory control ratio and cellular viability relative to the control cells. However, 3.7% DMSO exposure enhanced the rate of apoptosis, which was driven by mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in the cardiomyoblasts. Additionally, in the cancer cells, DMSO (≥0.009) led to a reduction in the cell’s maximal respiratory capacity and ATP-linked respiration and turnover. As a result, the reduced bioenergetics accelerated ROS production whilst increasing early and late apoptosis in these cells. Surprisingly, 0.001% DMSO exposure led to a significant increase in the cancer cells proliferative activity. The latter, therefore, suggests that the use of DMSO, as a solvent or therapeutic compound, should be applied with caution in the cancer cells. Paradoxically, in the cardiomyoblasts, the application of DMSO (≤0.5%) demonstrated no cytotoxic or overt therapeutic benefits.

Sulfation of arabinogalactan with sulfamic acid under homogeneous conditions in dimethylsulfoxide medium.

Sulfation of larch wood arabinogalactan (AG) with sulfamic acid in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) medium in the presence of urea was studied for the first time. The use of DMSO as a solvent instead of more toxic 1,4-dioxane allows to sulfate AG under homogeneous conditions. The sulfated AG with a high sulfur content (12.0–12.5 wt %) was produced by sulfation at a temperature of 85–90 °C, the molar ratio of AG / sulfating agent equal to 1:0.85 during 2–3 h. The introduction of sulfate groups into the structure of arabinogalactan was confirmed by the appearance of new absorption bands in FTIR and FT Raman spectra, characteristic for the vibrations of the sulfate groups. It was proved by 13C NMR spectroscopy that the predominant substitution of the primary hydroxyl groups at C6 carbon atoms of the terminal galactose units of main and side chains of arabinogalactan takes place. Simultaneously, the hydroxyl groups associated with C2 and C4 carbon atoms of galactose unit of the main chain are only partially sulfated. According to results of GPC study, the sulfated AG is characterized by a narrow molecular weight distribution with an average molecular weight of 18.8 kDa and a polydispersity of 1.3.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00226-021-01341-2.

Enhanced Cellular Cryopreservation by Biopolymer-Associated Suppression of RhoA/ROCK Signaling Pathway.

With increasing demands on long-term storage of cells, cryopreservation of cells is gaining more importance in cell-based research and applications. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is a commonly used chemical cryoprotectant, providing increased cell survival during the freezing process. However, its use is limited in clinical applications due to its low biocompatibility above cryogenic temperatures. Herein, we present a new approach for reducing the use of DMSO in cryopreservation by using biodegradable hyaluronic acids (HAs). By adding HAs into cryoprotectant media containing a low concentration of DMSO, higher cell viability and cell proliferation rate were observed upon thawing after cryopreservation. The HA-supplemented cryopreservation media did not reduce the size of the ice crystal, which significantly influenced cell viability during cell freezing, but decreased the Ras homolog family member A (RhoA)/Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) signaling pathway related to apoptosis. The cell-interactive cryoprotectants containing HA can be applied to the development of a new cryoprotectant that reduces the adverse effect of DMSO.

Dimethyl sulfoxide-free cryopreservation solutions for hematopoietic stem cell grafts

Background aimsThe use of effective methods for the cryopreservation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is vital to retain the maximum engraftment activity of cord blood units (CBUs). Current protocols entail the use of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as intracellular cryoprotective agent (CPA) and dextran and plasma proteins as extracellular CPAs, but DMSO is known to be cytotoxic, and its infusion in patients is associated with mild to moderate side effects. However, new, commercially available, DMSO-free cryopreservation solutions have been developed, but their capacity to protect HSCs remains poorly investigated. MethodsHerein the authors compared the capacity of four DMSO-free freezing media to cryopreserve cord blood (CB) HSCs: CryoProtectPureSTEM (CPP-STEM), CryoScarless (CSL), CryoNovo P24 (CN) and Pentaisomaltose (PIM). Clinical-grade DMSO/dextran solution was used as control. ResultsOf the four cryopreservation solutions tested, the best post-thaw cell viability, recovery of viable CD45+ and CD34+ cells and potency were achieved with CPP-STEM, which was equal or superior to that seen with the control DMSO. CSL provided the second best post-thaw results followed by PIM, whereas CN was associated with modest viability and potency. Further work with CPP-STEM revealed that CB CD34-enriched HSCs and progenitors cryopreserved with CPP-STEM maintained high viability and growth expansion activity. In line with this, a pilot transplantation assay confirmed that CPP-STEM-protected CB grafts supported normal short- and long-term engraftment kinetics. ConclusionsThe authors’ results suggest that new, valuable alternatives to DMSO are now available for the cryopreservation of HSCs and grafts, including CBUs.

Effects of storage media, supplements and cryopreservation methods on quality of stem cells.

Despite a vast amount of different methods, protocols and cryoprotective agents (CPA), stem cells are often frozen using standard protocols that have been optimized for use with cell lines, rather than with stem cells. Relatively few comparative studies have been performed to assess the effects of cryopreservation methods on these stem cells. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) has been a key agent for the development of cryobiology and has been used universally for cryopreservation. However, the use of DMSO has been associated with in vitro and in vivo toxicity and has been shown to affect many cellular processes due to changes in DNA methylation and dysregulation of gene expression. Despite studies showing that DMSO may affect cell characteristics, DMSO remains the CPA of choice, both in a research setting and in the clinics. However, numerous alternatives to DMSO have been shown to hold promise for use as a CPA and include albumin, trehalose, sucrose, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol and many more. Here, we will discuss the use, advantages and disadvantages of these CPAs for cryopreservation of different types of stem cells, including hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stromal/stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells.

Formulation Considerations for Autologous T Cell Drug Products.

Genetically modified autologous T cells have become an established immunotherapy in the fight against cancer. The manufacture of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) and αβ-T cell receptor (TCR) transduced T cells poses unique challenges, including the formulation, cryopreservation and fill–finish steps, which are the focus of this review. With an increasing number of marketing approvals for CAR-T cell therapies, comparison of their formulation design and presentation for administration can be made. These differences will be discussed alongside the emergence of automated formulation and fill-finish processes, the formulation design space, Monte Carlo simulation applied to risk analysis, primary container selection, freezing profiles and thaw and the use of dimethyl sulfoxide and alternative solvents/excipients as cryopreservation agents. The review will conclude with a discussion of the pharmaceutical solutions required to meet the simplification of manufacture and flexibility in dosage form for clinical treatment.

Facile one-pot synthesis of TiO2@ZnTiO3 nanocomposites with efficient photocatalytic activity

ABSTARCT A solvothermal one-pot simple procedure was established in this study to produce high crystalline titania@zinc-titanate inorganic hybrid nanomaterial (TiO2@ZnTiO3). The key of this protocol is the use of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as reaction medium in which the Ti(IV) and Zn(II) precursors react. No further reagents are necessary in this chemical process which make it very easy to reproduce and to control in large scale. On the other hand, to obtain a high crystalline nanomaterial, a heat treatment (calcination) step is necessary. The optimum condition established to obtain pure and high crystalline nanomaterials was found to be at 600 °C heat treatment temperature with molar ratio R = n (Ti)/n (Zn) = 1. As demonstrated in the next section, below this calcination temperature, zinc titanate cannot be constructed while titanium dioxide (TiO2) starts to crystalline from 500 °C. This result reveals that the zinc-titanate (ZnTiO3) can be generated when the calcined temperature is just equal or higher than 600 °C. TiO2@ZnTiO3 nanocomposite displayed irregular shapes with an average size of 100 nm to 5 μm. The as-prepared TiO2@ZnTiO3 nanocomposite exhibited also interesting photo-response especially in the UV region. To exploit this absorption property, the photocatalytic test was achieved against diuron molecules as sacrifice pesticide. The preliminary results show a promising improvement of the photocatalytic activity; a 3-fold increase in photocatalytic performance compared to the pristine TiO2 NPs.

Tuning Superfast Curing Thiol-Norbornene-Functionalized Gelatin Hydrogels for 3D Bioprinting.

Photocurable gelatin-based hydrogels have established themselves as powerful bioinks in tissue engineering due to their excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, light responsiveness, thermosensitivityand bioprinting properties. While gelatin methacryloyl(GelMA) has been the gold standard for many years, thiol-ene hydrogel systems based on norbornene-functionalized gelatin (GelNB) and a thiolated crosslinker have recently gained increasing importance. In this paper, a highly reproducible water-based synthesis of GelNB is presented, avoiding the use of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as organic solvent and covering a broad range of degrees of functionalization (DoF: 20% to 97%). Mixing with thiolated gelatin (GelS) results in the superfast curing photoclick hydrogel GelNB/GelS. Its superior properties over GelMA, such as substantially reduced amounts of photoinitiator (0.03%(w/v)), superfast curing (1-2s), higher network homogeneity, post-polymerizationfunctionalization ability, minimal cross-reactivity with cellular components, and improved biocompatibility of hydrogel precursors and degradation products lead to increased survival of primary cells in 3D bioprinting. Post-printing viability analysis revealed excellent survival rates of >84% for GelNB/GelS bioinks of varying crosslinking density, while cell survival for GelMA bioinks is strongly dependent on the DoF. Hence, the semisynthetic and easily accessible GelNB/GelS hydrogel is a highly promising bioink for future medical applications and other light-based biofabrication techniques.

Tunable crystal structure of Cu2SnS3 deposited by spray pyrolysis and its impact on the chemistry and electronic structure

Cu2SnS3 (CTS) thin films were grown by spray pyrolysis using two synthetic routes: stoichiometric and substoichiometric in an aprotic media. The use of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a solvent improved the solubility of metal chlorides at room temperature, which was crucial to avoid metal-hydroxylation. In this sense, a mechanism for the solvation of metal chloride precursors in an aprotic media is proposed. Different sulfurization temperatures allowed the presence of diverse crystalline structures of Cu2SnS3, corroborated by Raman Spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. For the substoichiometric composition Cu/Sn = 1.76 and a temperature annealing interval of 350–600 °C, the films showed the monoclinic-Cu2SnS3 phase. While for the stoichiometric composition Cu/Sn = 2, the tetragonal-Cu2SnS3 phase was present between 300 and 400 °C. At 500 °C, the Cu content increase allows the orthorhombic-Cu3SnS4 phase formation. The presence of Sn4+ and Cu+ species was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. Simultaneously, electronic structures of the surface of the film were obtained by XPS combined with inverse photoemission spectroscopy (IPES). Bandgap values were 1.33 eV, 1.25 eV, and 1.15 eV for those films with tetragonal, orthorhombic, and monoclinic phases. The proximity of the valence band maximum (VBM) to the Fermi level causes that these compounds have a p-type nature, producing a small cliff in the conduction band alignment at the CdS/CTS interface. Photoresponse measurements revealed that all the samples are photoconductive to be considered as an option for solar applications.

Pure Crystalline Covalent Organic Framework Aerogels

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are crystalline organic materials of interest for a wide range of applications due to their porosity, tunable architecture, and precise chemistry. However, COFs are typically produced in powder form and are difficult to process. Herein, we report a simple and versatile approach to fabricate macroscopic, crystalline COF gels and foams. Our method involved the use of dimethyl sulfoxide as a solvent and acetic acid as a catalyst to first produce a COF gel. The COF gel was then washed, dried, and reactivated to produce a macroscopic, crystalline, porous COF foam. We demonstrated this synthesis for six different imine COFs and found that the crystallinities and porosities of the COF foams matched those of COF powders. Electron microscopy revealed a robust hierarchical pore structure, and we showed that the COF foams can be used as absorbents in oil-water separations, for the removal of organic and inorganic micropollutants, and for the capture and retention of iodine. This study provides a versatile and simple approach for the fabrication of COF foams and will provide novel routes for incorporating COFs in applications that require macroscopic, porous materials.

A novel approach to the analysis of spin-trapped free radicals using dimethyl sulfoxide and gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with both solvent extraction and headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME)

In this study, we have utilized a novel strategy based upon the use of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for the detection and identification of spin-trapped free radicals. Hydroxymethyl ( . CH2OH) radicals, generated by Fenton-type chemistry, have been trapped by N-tert-butyl-α-phenylnitrone (PBN) or one of its derivatives in the presence of DMSO to form a 1,3-diadduct [PBN-(CH2OH)(CH3)], which may be detected directly in the reaction mixture following chloroform extraction or in the reaction vial headspace by sampling with SPME. Separation and identification have been carried out by capillary gas chromatography coupled to electron-ionization mass spectrometry (EI-MS). The results demonstrate that using DMSO aids GC-MS analysis of spin-trapped free radicals via the formation of radical-methyl di-adducts that are sufficiently volatile to be sampled both in the headspace or by an extracting solvent without the need for a derivatization step using silylating agents.

Ultrahigh-Throughput Experimentation for Information-Rich Chemical Synthesis.

The incorporation of data science is revolutionizing organic chemistry. It is becoming increasingly possible to predict reaction outcomes with accuracy, computationally plan new retrosynthetic routes to complex molecules, and design molecules with sophisticated functions. Critical to these developments has been statistical analysis of reaction data, for instance with machine learning, yet there is very little reaction data available upon which to build models. Reaction data can be mined from the literature, but experimental data tends to be reported in a text format that is difficult for computers to read. Compounding the issue, literature data are heavily biased toward "productive" reactions, and few "negative" reaction data points are reported even though they are critical for training of statistical models. High-throughput experimentation (HTE) has evolved over the past few decades as a tool for experimental reaction development. The beauty of HTE is that reactions are run in a systematic format, so data points are internally consistent, the reaction data are reported whether the desired product is observed or not, and automation may reduce the occurrence of false positive or negative data points. Additionally, experimental workflows for HTE lead to datasets with reaction metadata that are captured in a machine-readable format. We believe that HTE will play an increasingly important role in the data revolution of chemical synthesis. This Account details the miniaturization of synthetic chemistry culminating in ultrahigh-throughput experimentation (ultraHTE), wherein reactions are run in ∼1 μL droplets inside of 1536-well microtiter plates to minimize the use of starting materials while maximizing the output of experimental information. The performance of ultraHTE in 1536-well microtiter plates has led to an explosion of available reaction data, which have been used to identify specific substrate-catalyst pairs for maximal efficiency in novel cross-coupling reactions. The first iteration of ultraHTE focused on the use of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a high-boiling solvent that is compatible with the plastics most commonly used in consumable well plates, which generated homogeneous reaction mixtures that are perfect for use with nanoliter-dosing liquid handling robotics. In this way, DMSO enabled diverse reagents to be arrayed in ∼1 μL droplets. Reactions were run at room temperature with no agitation and could be scaled up from the ∼0.05 mg reaction scale to the 1 g scale. Engineering enhancements enabled the use of ultraHTE with diverse and semivolatile solvents, photoredox catalysis, heating, and acoustic agitation. A main driver in the development of ultraHTE was the recognition of the opportunity for a direct merger between miniaturized reactions and biochemical assays. Indeed, a strategy was developed to feed ultraHTE reaction mixtures directly to a mass-spectrometry-based affinity selection bioassay. Thus, micrograms of starting materials could be used in the synthesis and direct biochemical testing of drug-like molecules. Reactions were performed at a reactant concentration of ∼0.1 M in an inert atmosphere, enabling even challenging transition-metal-catalyzed reactions to be used. Software to enable the workflow was developed. We recently initiated the mapping of reaction space, dreaming of a future where transformations, reaction conditions, structure, properties and function are studied in a systems chemistry approach.

The Effects of Dimethylsulfoxide and Oxygen on DNA Damage Induction and Repair Outcomes for Cells Irradiated by 62 MeV Proton and 3.31 MeV Helium Ions.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an essential role in radiation-induced indirect actions. In terms of DNA damage, double strand breaks (DSBs) have the greatest effects on the repair of DNA damage, cell survival and transformation. This study evaluated the biological effects of the presence of ROS and oxygen on DSB induction and mutation frequency. The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) and oxygen enhancement ratio (OER) of 62 MeV therapeutic proton beams and 3.31 MeV helium ions were calculated using Monte Carlo damage simulation (MCDS) software. Monte Carlo excision repair (MCER) simulations were used to calculate the repair outcomes (mutation frequency). The RBE values of proton beams decreased to 0.75 in the presence of 0.4 M dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and then increases to 0.9 in the presence of 2 M DMSO while the RBE values of 3.31 MeV helium ions increased from 2.9 to 5.7 (0–2 M). The mutation frequency of proton beams also decreased from 0.008–0.065 to 0.004–0.034 per cell per Gy by the addition of 2 M DMSO, indicating that ROS affects both DSB induction and repair outcomes. These results show that the combined use of DMSO in normal tissues and an increased dose in tumor regions increases treatment efficiency.

Cryopreservation of mesenchymal stem cells derived from dental pulp: a systematic review.

ObjectivesThe aim of the present systematic review was to investigate the cryopreservation process of dental pulp mesenchymal stromal cells and whether cryopreservation is effective in promoting cell viability and recovery.Materials and MethodsThis systematic review was developed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement and the research question was determined using the population, exposure, comparison, and outcomes strategy. Electronic searches were conducted in the PubMed, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, LILACS, and SciELO databases and in the gray literature (dissertations and thesis databases and Google Scholar) for relevant articles published up to March 2019. Clinical trial studies performed with dental pulp of human permanent or primary teeth, containing concrete information regarding the cryopreservation stages, and with cryopreservation performed for a period of at least 1 week were included in this study.ResultsThe search strategy resulted in the retrieval of 185 publications. After the application of the eligibility criteria, 21 articles were selected for a qualitative analysis.ConclusionsThe cryopreservation process must be carried out in 6 stages: tooth disinfection, pulp extraction, cell isolation, cell proliferation, cryopreservation, and thawing. In addition, it can be inferred that the use of dimethyl sulfoxide, programmable freezing, and storage in liquid nitrogen are associated with a high rate of cell viability after thawing and a high rate of cell proliferation in both primary and permanent teeth.

Failed Neuroprotection of Combined Inhibition of L-Type and ASIC1a Calcium Channels with Nimodipine and Amiloride.

Effective pharmacological neuroprotection is one of the most desired aims in modern medicine. We postulated that a combination of two clinically used drugs—nimodipine (L-Type voltage-gated calcium channel blocker) and amiloride (acid-sensing ion channel inhibitor)—might act synergistically in an experimental model of ischaemia, targeting the intracellular rise in calcium as a pathway in neuronal cell death. We used organotypic hippocampal slices of mice pups and a well-established regimen of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) to assess a possible neuroprotective effect. Neither nimodipine (at 10 or 20 µM) alone or in combination with amiloride (at 100 µM) showed any amelioration. Dissolved at 2.0 Vol.% dimethyl-sulfoxide (DMSO), the combination of both components even increased cell damage (p = 0.0001), an effect not observed with amiloride alone. We conclude that neither amiloride nor nimodipine do offer neuroprotection in an in vitro ischaemia model. On a technical note, the use of DMSO should be carefully evaluated in neuroprotective experiments, since it possibly alters cell damage.

Нитрование гидролизного лигнина в водно-апротонных средах

Industrial lignins are formed from native lignins during chemical or biochemical processing of plant raw materials. Lignins can be modified to produce valuable products, including monomers, polymeric materials, and composites. The article presents the results of a study of hydrolysis lignin nitration under various conditions. The aim of the study was to obtain a nitrated hydrolysis lignin with a maximum yield and maximum nitrogen content. Therefore, the nitration was carried out using nitric acid in a water-aprotic solvent binary mixtures (1,4-dioxane, dimethyl sulfoxide, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, acetonitrile). Acetyl nitrate, which is a mixed anhydride of nitric and acetic acids, was also used as a nitrating agent. In this regard, the consumption of acetic anhydride in the synthesis of acetyl nitrate was used taking into account the water present in concentrated nitric acid. Acetyl nitrate was obtained by the reaction of acetic anhydride and concentrated nitric acid at room temperature for 30 min. Acetyl nitrate is a mild nitrating agent opposed to nitric acid. Nitration was carried out under reflux in a boiling water bath for 2–5 min (with nitric acid) or 1–60 min (with acetyl nitrate). Upon completion of the nitration reaction, the products were filtered, washed with distilled water and dried to constant weight without heating. When nitration was performed with nitric acid, the maximum yield of nitrated hydrolysis lignin (83–101 %) was achieved using 1,4-dioxane, acetonitrile, and tetrahydrofuran; and the maximum nitrogen content (4.3–4.5 %) was achieved using 1,4-dioxane or acetonitrile. The use of dimethyl sulfoxide and dimethylformamide leads to a decrease in the product yield to 23–35 %, to a lower nitrogen content of 1.3–3.9 % and an increased oxygen content, which indicates the occurrence of not only nitration, but also depolymerization and oxidative transformations. When nitration with acetyl nitrate, the reaction takes place for 1–3 min, herewith the product contains up to 4.7 % of nitrogen. On the IR spectra of nitrated hydrolysis lignins, new absorption bands appear at 1555 and 1710 cm–1 due to the appearance of carboxyl and nitro groups.

Revealing the Perovskite Film Formation Using the Gas Quenching Method by In Situ GIWAXS: Morphology, Properties, and Device Performance

AbstractThe optoelectronic properties, morphology, and consequently the performance of metal halide perovskite solar cells are directly related to the crystalline phases and intermediates formed during film preparation. The gas quenching method is compatible with large‐area deposition, but an understanding of how this method influences these properties and performance is scarce in the literature. Here, in situ grazing incidence wide angle X‐ray scattering is employed during spin coating deposition to gain insights on the formation of MAPbI3 and CsxFA1−xPb(I0.83Br0.17)3 perovskites, comparing the use of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 2‐methyl‐n‐pyrrolidone (NMP) as coordinative solvents. Intermediates formed using DMSO depend on the perovskite composition (e.g., Cs content), while for NMP the same intermediate [PbI2(NMP)] is formed independently on the composition. For MAPbI3 and CsxFA1−xPb(I0.83Br0.17)3 with a small amount of Cs (10% and 20%), the best efficiencies are achieved using NMP, while the use of DMSO is preferred for higher (30% and 40%) amount of Cs. The inhibition of the 2H/4H hexagonal phase when using NMP is crucial for the final performance. These findings provide a deep understanding about the formation mechanism in multication perovskites and assist the community to choose the best solvent for the desired perovskite composition aiming to perovskite‐on‐silicon tandem solar cells.

Improved Extraction Efficiency of Antioxidant Bioactive Compounds from Tetraselmis chuii and Phaedoactylum tricornutum Using Pulsed Electric Fields.

Pulsed electric fields (PEF) is a promising technology that allows the selective extraction of high-added value compounds by electroporation. Thus, PEF provides numerous opportunities for the energy efficient isolation of valuable microalgal bioactive substances (i.e., pigments and polyphenols). The efficiency of PEF-assisted extraction combined with aqueous or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvents in recovering pigments and polyphenols from microalgae Tetraselmis chuii (T. chuii) and Phaeodactylum tricornutum (P. tricornutum) was evaluated. Two PEF treatments were applied: (1 kV/cm/400 pulses, 3 kV/cm/45 pulses), with a specific energy input of 100 kJ/kg. The total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was positively influenced by the use of DMSO. The highest TAC in the T. chuii culture was achieved at a lower extraction time and electric field than for P. tricornutum. The use of DMSO only improved the polyphenols′ extraction for P. tricornutum, whereas the PEF and extraction time were more important for T. chuii. Carotenoids and chlorophyll a were more efficiently extracted using DMSO, while chlorophyll b levels were higher following aqueous extraction for both microalgae. In P. tricornutum, the TAC and pigment extraction efficiency were in general higher at lower extraction times. It can be concluded that PEF may be a promising alternative for the enhancement of the selective extraction of antioxidant bioactive compounds from microalgae.

Study on Autocatalytic Decomposition of Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO)

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is widely used due to its excellent solvent properties; however, several serious incidents have been reported related to the use of DMSO. DMSO can decompose autocatalytica...

Effect of Postpartum Routine Intrauterine Treatment on Fertility in Dairy Cows

Bu çalışmada, ineklerde postpartum rutin intrauterin Dimetil Sülfo Oksid (DMSO), DMSO + oksitetrasiklin ve intramuskular PGF2α uygulamalarının fertiliteye etkisini belirlemek amaçlandı. Bu amaçla 150 baş inek rastgele 3 gruba ayrıldı. Vaginal akıntıları ve uterus boyutları 1’den 3’e değişen ölçüde skorlandı. DMSO gurubuna (n=47) postpartum 25-35 gün aralığında ilki, postpartum 40-55 gün aralığında ikincisi olmak üzere iki defa serum fizyolojikle seyreltilen %25’lik DMSO 120 ml intrauterin olarak verildi. Ayrıca PGF2α luteolitik dozda uygulandı. DO grubuna (n=46), postpartum 25-35 gün aralığında ilki, postpartum 40-55 gün aralığında ikincisi olmak üzere iki defa serum fizyolojik ile seyreltilen %25’lik DMSO ve 4 gr oksitetrasiklin 120 ml intrauterin olarak verildi, PGF2α luteolitik dozda uygulandı. PG grubuna (n=42) 25-35 gün aralığında ilki, postpartum 40-55 gün aralığında ikincisi olmak üzere iki defa kas içi PGF2α luteolitik dozda uygulandı. Vaginal akıntı skoru 1 olan ineklerde gebelik başı tohumlama sayısı akıntı skoru 2-3 olanlara göre anlamlı derecede düşük bulundu (p&amp;lt;0.05). Antibiyotik kullanılan grupta gebelik oranları PGF2α ve DMSO kullanımına göre farklılık göstermedi. Erken postpartum dönemde intrauterin antibiyotik kullanımın fertilite parametrelerine etkisinin PGF2α ve DMSO’dan farklı olmadığı sonucuna varıldı. DMSO’nun intrauterin rutin kullanımının oransal olarak fertiliteyi iyileştirdiği ancak daha fazla sayıda inekte çalışılması gerektiği sonucuna varıldı.