Use Of Digital Computer Research Articles

The Silicon Bough

Abstract Like magic wands, words can be spoken through computers to cause effects at a distance. Magic has been suppressed by the rational progress of science to explain the world. Yet in calling upon spiritual intelligences, and in commanding effects to be caused from a distance, computers calculate the programme of mechanical operations that can be relayed at light-speed across the globe. Beyond the ‘digital’ and the ‘postdigital’, the way of writing that has been named the ‘hyperdigital’ is a hyperbolic cybernetic grammar, which, in the sense of a ‘hyperbole’ (ὑπερβολή) or excess of signification, exceeds so as more radically to enter and accelerate through the free use of digital computation and communication. Hyperdigital magic is the art of calling upon the divine and heavenly powers that animate the higher or hyperbolic cybernetic grammar of computers to calculate in writing to cause effects at a distance through no known medium of cumulative action. This chapter will, in Section Two, critique James George Frazer’s narrative supersession of magic into science that has previously withheld magic from computers; in Section Three, recall the computational imaginary of Raymond Llull to recommend a post-Leibnizian Trinitarian Ontology of computers; in Section Four, assimilate the Principle of Sufficient Reason to the higher ground of divine and spiritual freedom; and, in Section Five, present a report on the condition of hyperdigital magic, in which the use of computers appears indistinguishable from magic.

Memories of a mid-20th century electrical measurements laboratory and its instrumentation

There was a time when undergraduate physics majors took a junior-level course in Electricity and Magnetism, accompanied by a semester of laboratory work, learning to make precision electrical measurements. This laboratory experience is long gone, replaced by coursework in digital and analog electronics. Even the latter has been downplayed in favor of a course in the use of digital computers to solve problems in physics. In this article, I will discuss the course that I took as an undergraduate at Amherst College in the late 1950s and then taught as a young faculty member at Kenyon College in the late sixties. I was a participant in the demise of the E&M laboratory and the rise of the ensuing vacuum tube and digital electronics course. I will concentrate on the precision apparatus, which is presently living out its life in the dusty back shelves of apparatus closets. This may help new faculty members to answer the perennial question: It is attractive, but what is it and how was it used?

Neuron Network with a Synapse of CMOS transistor and Anti-Parallel Memristors for Low power Implementations

The bio-mimetic structure of a neuron is taken into account for utilizing the electrophysiological data. These neuron circuits are entertained for the use in digital computers. At the end of Moore’s law, conventional technology is striking different difficulties, such as power consumption, area utilization, and energy efficiency. To conquer these hurdles, a nanoscale, the nonvolatile memristor used in the proposed neuron modified from the refined AH neuron. Synapses are also built using anti-parallel memristors. These neurons and synapse are joined together such that the performance metrics are analyzed the energy consumption is reduced by 89.656%. Besides, power consumption is limited by 37.568% and the spike frequency is measured as 10.263[Formula: see text]kHz when compared with the traditional CMOS synapse connected with the proposed neuron. Moreover, the measured energy per spike is 3.37[Formula: see text]fJ. The implementation of the neuron network is done by 45[Formula: see text]nm technology.

Sur le rôle de la simulation électro-analogique dans la modélisation de la dynamique économique

This article intends to bring wider attention to the implementation of the electro-analog simulation technique in economic dynamics during the 1950s and the early 1960s. The paper first discusses the main characteristics of the approach. Then, it focusses on some economic applications in the theory of spatially separated markets, inventory dynamics and Goodwin’s nonlinear accelerator business cycles model. Despite several consubstantial shortcomings, we argue that this approach contributed to the production of original theoretical evidence in economic dynamics before the generalization of the use of digital computers.

Secondary, Near Chaotic Patterns from Analogue Drawing Machines

Chaos is now recognized as one of three emergent topics of study in the 21c. It is seen as appropriate to examine this in art practice. Accordingly, this paper is written from an art perspective. It does not mimic a traditional mathematical or science format, presenting hypothesis, repeat testing, and a conclusion. The art process operates differently, and chaos is seen in graphic terms, veers more to philosophy, and is obviously subjective. The intent in researching secondary patterns, near the edge of chaos, is to make expressive graphic art images as art works, testing how close they might come to a chaotic state whilst retaining visual coherence. This underpins the author’s current research, but it is recognised as being a very narrow and specialized subset of analogue art activity. The way in which analogue generative art differs from the more common use of digital computers is addressed. Unlike the latter, the work involves designing and making the machines, making the programmers, and writing the algorithms; this is implicit in the text. A brief look at drawing machine history is presented, demonstrating how the author’s machines differ from others. A contextual cross refence is also made, where appropriate, to artists using digital means. The author’s research has documented practitioners who choose an analogue route to make art. However, hardly any of them create programmes to generate coherent images. This shortage creates problems when attempting to cite similar work. Whilst the general principle underlying the work presented is algorithmic, a significant element of quasi-random input is incorporated, consistent with a study of chaos. Emergent facets are implicit, such as the art process, design problem solving, the relationship between quasi-random and determinism, the psychology of evaluation, and the philosophy of how art works. From the author’s Programmable Analogue Drawing Machines, two are selected for this paper which draw Lissajous figures, use X:Y axes, turntables, Direct Current motors, and an asynchronous pen-lift mechanism. Simple instructions generate complex patterns in a similar vein to Alan Turings topics of phyllotaxis and morphogenesis. These aspects will be discussed, presenting two machines that demonstrate these properties.

Application of Image Processing And Acoustic Emission Technique In Monitoring of Friction Stir Welding Process

Digital image processing involves use of digital computer for processing the digital image in order to improve the visual appearance of images to a human view and preparing images for measurements of its features and structures present. With growing demand of industrial automation in manufacturing, machine vision and image processing techniques play an important role in quality inspection and process monitoring. In the present study the applicability of Acoustic Emission (AE) technique in the analysis of FSW joints by combining with image parameters has been done. It has been observed that both the Image parameters and AE- parameters follow a similar trend with respect to a particular set of input process parameters for producing Friction Stir Welding (FSW) joints.

Guidance for Counseling Families on Children's Digital Media Use

Children's frequent use of digital media, including phones, tablets, television, and computers, has raised concerns about possible negative health and

INTEGRATING ANIMATION INTO TEACHING COMPUTER SIMULATION

Computer simulation is an experiment using a computer model to represent a unique system. Variables are defined and parameters to be study are monitored and recorded. Growing ca­pabilities and decreasing costs of microcomputers are placing this powerful tool at the fingertips of scientists and engineers. In the past, the use of digital computers in simulation required a considerable amount of programming effort. This is no longer a true statement. Simulation provides the student with a greater breadth and depth of information on which decisions could be made. It is also considered one of the most valuable and flexible decision making tools available. Flexible simulation and animation models developed using a multitude of software’s available in the market today is considered a very powerful and effective approach in engineering education. Simulation and animation models could easily be used to solve complex and dynamic problems in both the classroom and real life.Computer simulation techniques and soft wares have been used for more than a decade to help engineers in development, trouble shooting, problem solving, and decision making process. The new paradigm in computer simulation is the use of animation and virtual reality to build engineering models and animation, simulate operations and performance. The fantastic progress in computer hardware and software industry has now opened a new and higher level of teaching computer simulation.

Alteraciones Organicas Y Funcionales Ocasionadas Por El Uso Excesivo Por Pantallas De Visualizacion De Datos

Los avances logrados por Internet y su empleo en la telefonía móvil son extraordinarios tanto en el perfeccionamiento técnico como en la optimización de sus funciones. Estos alcances se deben utilizar con lógica y raciocinio. Su empleo indebido puede ser la causa de muchas alteraciones orgánicas y subsecuentemente incapacidades laborales. Las más investigadas son las deformidades de la columna vertebral: hipercifosis ; hiperlordosis, y la llamada espalda plana en la cual hay disminución de la curvatura lumbar. Todas estas alteraciones, provocadas por las posturas defectuosas que asumen los usuarios por el uso indebido de Internet, se manifiestan con cervicalgia (dolor en el cuello) y a mediano o largo plazo con artrosis (degeneración del cartílago). Otra de las alteraciones documentadas y estudiadas es el síndrome del túnel carpiano que se manifiesta con dolor difuso, parestesias, hipoestesia o anestesia de la mano. Es provocado por el aumento de la presión en el interior del canal en el curso de una inflamación de los tendones de los músculos flexores que comprimen el nervio mediano en su paso por el canal. La aplicación inadecuada del teclado del computador, el empleo inapropiado de herramientas (Internet, telefonía celular) y los movimientos manuales repetitivos pueden causar síndrome del túnel carpiano. La educación bien orientada y la prevención primaria podrían disminuir las alteraciones orgánicas y funcionales provocadas por el empleo inapropiado de Internet.

From Needy and Dependent to Independent Homo Ludens

We began assembling this special issue because the use of digital computers for gaming (digital gaming) in later life has been rather underresearched, yet we know of a growing body of interested parties across the world starting to look into it and needed a place to bring it together. For this introduction to the articles on offer, we wanted to explore first why such a topic is so underresearched. We live in an aging society and in many nations across the globe, life expectancy is rising. In the United Kingdom, for example, there are now more people aged over 60 than those aged under 18 for the first time in history (Office for National Statistics [ONS], 2014b). In such countries, the number and proportion of people aged 65 and older are expected to continue to rise, with the prevalence of older adults increasing the most. The first issue is that an aging population is often viewed as dire and problematic for society; the burden of the old age utilizing health care and accessing benefits and pensions creating a drain on society.

Framework for Identifying Cybersecurity Risks in Manufacturing

Increasing connectivity, use of digital computation, and off-site data storage provide potential for dramatic improvements in manufacturing productivity, quality, and cost. However, there are also risks associated with the increased volume and pervasiveness of data that are generated and potentially accessible to competitors or adversaries. Enterprises have experienced cyber attacks that exfiltrate confidential and/or proprietary data, alter information to cause an unexpected or unwanted effect, and destroy capital assets. Manufacturers need tools to incorporate these risks into their existing risk management processes. This paper establishes a framework that considers the data flows within a manufacturing enterprise and throughout its supply chain. The framework provides several mechanisms for identifying generic and manufacturing-specific vulnerabilities and is illustrated with details pertinent to an automotive manufacturer. In addition to providing manufacturers with insights into their potential data risks, this framework addresses an outcome identified by the NIST Cybersecurity Framework.

State of the art: hardware in the loop modeling and simulation with its applications in design, development and implementation of system and control software

Nowadays due to the technology development and use of digital computers in various systems, need for development of high performance and robust software is attracting great attentions. Because of increasing complexity in algorithms and implementation hardware for embedded systems, proper simulation tools are required. In sophisticated systems design, hardware in the loop (HIL) simulation is known as a prominent simulation tool before realistic tests of the system and a step after software simulation. Simultaneously it can be used for verification and validation of automation and control software. HIL has had an historical background in aerospace industries. Recently, this tool has spread in different steps of system life cycle such as design, development, implementation and test of various applications including automobile industry, shipbuilding, power lines, robotic systems and etc. Utilizing a suitable hardware in the loop laboratory, in system design stages is a practical way to increase the system reliability and efficiency as well as value of product. Also, by proper investigation in this modelling and simulation method, many errors can be avoided in design procedure of software and hardware as well as their interconnections. In this study, structure and components of an hardware in the loop laboratory for different systems are explored, also it is tried to more evaluate the applications of HIL simulations in dynamics and control engineering. At last, general structure of an hardware in the loop lab for diverse industries is proposed and discussed.

Speech Recognition of Arabic Spoken Digits

With the widespread growth in the use of digital computers, there has been an increasing need to be able to communicate with machines in a simple manner. One of the main tasks that simplify the communication with machines is the speech recognition. Speech recognition is the translation of spoken words into text. However, speech recognition is a very complex problem. This paper is related to the recognition of spoken Arabic digits. Two recognition techniques have been implemented and tested: Pitch Detection Algorithm (PDA) and Cepstrum Correlation Algorithm (CCA). In order to analyze the recognition accuracy of the selected techniques, a database of spoken Arabic digits has been created. The performance of the two techniques has been analyzed based on the created database.

Neural control of hypersonic flight vehicle model via time-scale decomposition with throttle setting constraint

Considering the use of digital computers and samplers in the control circuitry, this paper describes the controller design in discrete time for the longitudinal dynamics of a generic hypersonic flight vehicle (HFV) with Neural Network (NN). Motivated by time-scale decomposition, the states are decomposed into slow dynamics of velocity, altitude and fast dynamics of attitude angles. By command transformation, the reference command for γ−θp−q subsystem is derived from h−γ subsystem. Furthermore, to simplify the backstepping design, we propose the controller for γ−θp−q subsystem from prediction function without virtual controller. For the velocity subsystem, the throttle setting constraint is considered and new NN adaption law is designed by auxiliary error dynamics. The uniformly ultimately boundedness (UUB) of the system is proved by Lyapunov stability method. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

A REVIEW ON COMPUTER AIDED DETECTION AND DIAGNOSIS OF LUNG CANCER NODULES

In this paper, a attempt has been made to summarize some of the information about CAD and CADx for the purpose of early detection and diagnosis of lung cancer. Computer Aided Detection (CADe) and Computer Aided Diagnosis (CADx), are procedures in medical information that assist doctors in the interpretation of medical images. Imaging techniques in X-ray, MRI, and Ultrasound diagnostics yield a great deal of information, which the radiologist has to analyze and evaluate comprehensively in a short time. Thus, the use of digital computers to assist practitioners and physicians in diagnosing diseases and to offer a rapid access to medical information gained importance. CAD systems help scan digital images, e.g. from Computed Tomography (CT), for typical appearances and to highlight conspicuous sections, such as focal areas of lung nodules.

System dynamics in medical education: a tool for life

A course in system dynamics has been included in the first year of our university's six-year medical curriculum. System Dynamics is a discipline that facilitates the modelling, simulation and analysis of a wide range of problems in terms of two fundamental concepts viz. rates and levels. Many topics encountered in the medical school curriculum, from biochemistry to sociology, can be understood in this way. The course was introduced following a curriculum review process in which it was concluded that knowledge of systems would serve to enhance problem-solving skills and clinical reasoning. The specific characteristics of system dynamics, the widespread use of digital computers, and the availability of suitable software made it possible to introduce the course at this level. The syllabus comprises a brief review of relevant mathematics followed by system dynamics topics taught in the context of examples, which are primarily but not exclusively medical. It is anticipated that this will introduce new thought processes to medical students, including holistic thinking and improved graphical visualisation skills.

A non-gradient based algorithm for the determination of surface tension from a pendant drop: Application to low Bond number drop shapes

The pendant drop method is one of the most widely used techniques to measure the surface tension between gas–liquid and liquid–liquid interfaces. The method consists of fitting the Young–Laplace equation to the digitized shape of a drop suspended from the end of a capillary tube. The first use of digital computers to solve this problem utilized nonlinear least squares fitting and since then numerous subroutines and algorithms have been reported for improving efficiency and accuracy. However, current algorithms which rely on gradient based methods have difficulty converging for almost spherical drop shapes (i.e. low Bond numbers). We present a non-gradient based algorithm based on the Nelder–Mead simplex method to solve the least squares problem. The main advantage of using a non-gradient based fitting routine is that it is robust against poor initial guesses and works for almost spherical bubble shapes. We have tested the algorithm against theoretical and experimental drop shapes to demonstrate both the efficiency and the accuracy of the fitting routine for a wide range of Bond numbers. Our study shows that this algorithm allows for surface tension measurements corresponding to Bond numbers previously shown to be ill suited for pendant drop measurements.

Numerical issues in backstepping control: Sensitivity and parameter tuning

Abstract The backstepping-based adaptive tuning functions design is a control-scheme for uncertain systems that ensures reasonably good stability and performance properties of the closed loop. The complexity of the controller makes inevitable the use of digital computers to perform the calculation of the control signal. This paper addresses the issue of the numerical sensitivity of this control scheme. It is shown that while the increase of the design parameters may be desirable to achieve a good transient performance, it harms the control signal as this increase introduces large high-frequency components due to the numerical errors. The presented results suggest that it is necessary a certain compromise between the choice of the design parameters and the numerical precision of the tools involved in the control design. This compromise can be quantified by explicit expressions.

Numerical search of optimal parameters for realistic measurements of change of electric field of quasimode

This paper is devoted to numerical search of optimal parameters for realistic measurements of change of electric field of quasimode. In stimulated Raman scattering two plasma waves arise. These waves can generate a quasimode. Plasma particles influence the amplitude of electric field of quasimode. The value of change of electric field of quasimode depends on the plasma temperature, the electron density, the laser wavelength and the laser intensity. In the present paper, these parameters are changed and the greatest change of electric field of quasimode is searched through the use of digital computation.

COMPUTING ADAPTIVE BACKSTEPPING CONTROL LAW USING MAPLE

The backstepping-based adaptive tuning functions design is a control scheme for uncertain systems that ensures reasonably good stability and performance properties of the closed loop. The complexity of the control algorithm makes inevitable the use of digital computers to perform the calculation of the control law. To this end, we use the computer algebra system namely Maple. The symbolic manipulation of Maple provides an excellent platform to derive the recursive algorithm.